Introduction to Electronics

Operational Amplifiers (OP

(OP--AMP)
CHAPTER 7

Ref:: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory

Ref
Boylestad

OP-AMP

The Basic Op-Amp

Op-Amp: A high gain differential
amplifier with a high input
impedance (<1 k ; typically in
M) and low output impedance
(<1 k ; typically less than
100).

Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output.

Op-Amps can be connected in open-loop or closed-loop configurations.

Closed-loop: A configuration that has a negative feedback path from the
op-amp output back to input. Negative feedback reduces the gain and
improves many characteristics of the op-amp.
Open-loop: No feedback from the op-amp output back to input. Open-loop
gain typically exceeds 104.
YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

OP-AMP

Ideal Op-Amp
R i:
R o:
Av:
Vi:

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

OP-AMP
The input signal is applied to
the inverting () input
The non-inverting input (+)
is grounded
The feedback resistor (Rf)
is connected from the output
to the negative (inverting)
input; providing negative
feedback.

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

Inverting Op-Amp

Inverting Op-Amp Gain

OP-AMP
Gain is set using external
resistors: Rf and R1
Av =

Vo R f
=
V i R1

Gain can be set to any value

by manipulating the values of
Rf and R1.
Rf = R1
Unity gain (Av = 1):

Rf
Av =
= 1
R1

The negative sign denotes a 180 phase shift between input and output.
YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

OP-AMP

Inverting Op-Amp Gain

The op-amp has such high

input impedance that even
with a high gain there is no
current through the inverting
input pin, therefore all of the
input current passes through
R f.
Virtual ground: A term used
to describe the condition
where Vi 0 V (at the inverting
input) when the non-inverting
input is grounded.

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

OP-AMP

1. Inverting amplifier
2. Non-inverting amplifier
3. Unity follower
4. Summing amplifier
5. Integrator
6. Differentiator

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

Common Op-Amp
Circuits

OP-AMP

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

Inverting Amplifiers

OP-AMP

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to

Electronics

Non-Inverting
Amplifiers

OP-AMP

Unity Follower (Buffer)

Vo = Vi

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

OP-AMP

Because the op-amp

has a high input
impedance, the
multiple inputs are
treated as separate
inputs.

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

Summing Amplifier

OP-AMP
The output is the integral of
the input; i.e., proportional to
the area under the input
waveform. This circuit is
useful in low-pass filter
circuits and sensor
conditioning circuits.

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

Integrator

OP-AMP
The differentiator
takes the derivative
of the input. This
circuit is useful in
high-pass filter
circuits.

YTU-Dep. Electrical Eng. / Introduction to Electronics

Differentiator