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Gear Definitions and Formulas

ActiveProfileisthatpartageartooththatactuallycomesintocontactwithitsmatingtooth
alongthelineofaction.

Addendum (a) is the radial or perpendicular distance between the


pitch circle and the top of the teeth.
Spur Gears - a = 1 / Pd
Helical Gears - a = 1 / Pnd

(Pd = Diametral Pitch)


(Pnd = Normal Diametral Pitch)

Angular Bevel Gears are bevel gears in which the axes are not at a
right angle.

Angular Pitch (N) is the angle subtended by the circular pitch.

Arc of Approach (Qt) is the arc of the pitch circle through which a tooth
travels from the time it first makes contact with a mating tooth
until it is in contact at the pitch point.

Arc of Recession (Qr) is the arc of pitch circle through which a tooth
travels from the time it is in contact with a mating tooth at the
pitch point until contact ceases.

Axial Direction A direction parallel to an axes.

Axial Pitch (Px) is the distance in an axial plane surface between


corresponding adjacent tooth profiles.
Px = Pt / Tan

(Pt = Transverse Circular Pitch, = Helix Angle)

Axial Pressure Angle (x) is the angle between the tangent to the tooth
profile in an axial plane at the pitch surface and a line
perpendicular to the axis.

Axial Runout is the runout measured in a direction parallel to the


axes of rotation.

Backlash (B) is the amount by which the width of a tooth space


exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth on the pitch circles.

Backlash Variation is the difference between the maximum and


minimum backlash occurring in one revolution of the larger of a
pair of mating gears.

Base Circular Thickness (tb) is the length of arc on the base circle
between two involute curves forming the profiles of a tooth.

Base Cylinder is the cylinder of the same diameter as the base circle.

Base Lead Angle (b) is the lead angle at the base cylinder.

Base Diameter (Db) is the diameter of the circle from which the
involute form is generated.
Db = D Cos

(D = Pitch Diameter, = Pressure Angle

Base Helix Angle (b) is the helix angle at the base cylinder.

Base Pitch (Pb) is the circular pitch in the plane of rotation at the
base circle.
Pb = Cos / Pd

( = Pressure Angle, Pd = Diametral Pitch)

Base Radius (rb) is the radius of the circle from which the involute
form is generated.

Base Tooth Thickness (Tb) is the distance on the base circle in the plane
of rotation between involutes of the same pitch.

Bevel Gears are gears of conical form designed to operate on


intersecting axes.

Bore Diameter is the diameter of the hole in a gear.

BottomLandisthesurfaceofagearbetweentheflanksoftwoadjacentteeth.Forexternal
gearsitismeasuredintherootandforinternalgearsitismeasuredattheminortipofthe
tooth.

Center Distance (C) is the radial distance from the center of a gear to
the center of its mating gear.

Chordal Addendum (ac) is the radial distance from the circular tooth
thickness chord to the top of the tooth.

Chordal Thickness (tc) is the length of the chord subtended by the


circular tooth thickness arc.
Circular Pitch (P) is the distance on the circumference of the pitch circle
between corresponding points of adjacent teeth.

P = / Pd

(Pd = Diametral Pitch)

Circular thickness (t) is the thickness of the tooth on the pitch circle.
t (Basic) = .5 P

(P = Circular Pitch)

Clearance (c) is the radial distance between the top of a tooth and
the bottom of the mating tooth space.
c = .157 / Pd

(Pd = Diametral Pitch)

Composite Action is the variation in center distance when two


gears are rolled in tight mesh.

Contact Ratio (mc) is the ratio of the arc of action to the circular pitch.
mc = sqrt(Ro1 - Rb1) + sqrt(Ro2 - Rb2-C SIN )
P COS
(Ro1 and Ro2 = Outside Radius of gear 1 and Gear 2)
(Rb1 and Rb2 = Base Radius of Gear 1 and Gear 2)
(C = Center Distance, P = Circular Pitch, = Pressure Angle)

ContactRatioTotal(mf)istheratioofthesumofthearcofactionandthefaceadvanceto
thecircularpitch.

CrownedTeethareteethhavingmodifiedsurfacesinthelengthwisedirectiontoprevent
contactattheirends.

Dedendum (b) is the radial or perpendicular distance between the


pitch circle and the bottom of the tooth space.

b = 1.157 / Pd

(Pd = Diametral Pitch)

Diametral Pitch (Pd) is the ratio of the number of teeth per inches
of pitch diameter.
Pd = / P
Pd = N / D
Pd = N + 2 / Do
Pd = (Pb / Cos ) /
Pd = 25.4 / m

(P = Circular Pitch)
(N = Number of Teeth, D = Pitch Diameter)
(Do = Outside Diameter)
(Pb = Base Pitch, = Pressure Angle)
(m = Module)

Double Helical Gear is a gear of cylindrical form with two sections of


teeth, one right hand and the other left hand, that engage
simultaneously with teeth of a similarly designed mating gear.

Effective Face Width (Fe) is the width of face that actually comes into
contact with a mating gear.

External Gear is a gear with teeth formed on the outer surface of a


cylinder or cone.

Face Width (F) is the width of the pitch surface.

Fillet Curve is the concave portion of the tooth profile where it joins
the bottom of the tooth space.

Fillet Radius (rt) is the radius of a circular arc approximating the fillet
curve.

Form Diameter (TIF) - is the diameter of the circle beyond which the
tooth profile must conform to the specified involute curve.

Full Depth Teeth are teeth in which the working depth equals 2.0
divided by the Diametral pitch.

Gear(s) are machine elements that transmit motion by means of


successively engaging teeth.

Gears Center is the center of the pitch circle.

Gear Ratio (mG is the ratio of the number of teeth in a mating set of
gears.

Helical Gear is a cylindrical gear with helical teeth.

Helix Angle () is the angle between a tangent to the helix and an


element of the cylinder. Usually the pitch helix is referred to.

Hub Diameter is the diameter of the central part of the gear body
surrounding the bore and extending beyond the web, spokes or
body.

Hub Extension is the distance that the hub extends beyond the face
of the gear body..

Interference is the contact between mating teeth at some other point


than along the line of action.

Inside Diameter (Di) is the diameter of the circle which contains the
tops of the teeth of an internal gear.

Involute is the curve that is described by the end of a line which is


unwound from the circumference of a circle.

Involute function of an angle is the difference between its Tangent and


its angular value in radians.
Inv.a=tan(a)-(a ( / 180))

(a = An angle in degrees)

Involute Polar Angle () is the angle between a radius vector to a point


on an involute curve and a radial line to the point where the curve
touches the base circle.

Involute Roll Angle () is an angle whose arc on the base circle of radius
unity equals the tangent of the pressure angle at a selected point
on the involute.

KFactor(K)Istheratiooftooththicknesschangetothemeasurementover/betweenpins
change.

Lead (L) is the axial advance of a helix for one complete turn, as in
the threads of cylindrical worms and teeth of helical gears.
L = D / Tan

(D = Pitch Diameter, = Helix Angle)

Lead Angle () is the angle between a tangent to the pitch helix and a
plane of rotation.

Length of Action (Z) is the distance on an involute line of action


through which the point of contact moves during the action of the
tooth profiles.

Line of Action is that portion of the common tangent to the base


circles along which contact between the mating involute teeth
occurs.

Line of Centers is the straight line through the center of tangent pitch
circles.

Line of Contact is the line or curve along which two tooth surfaces are
tangent to each other.

Long and Short addendum teeth are the teeth of engaging gears (on a
standard designed center distance), one of which has a long
addendum and the other has a short addendum.

Module(Metric)(m)istheratioofthepitchdiameterinmillimeterstothenumberofteeth.
m=25.4/Pd(Pd=DiametralPitch)

Normal Base Pitch (Pnb) is the circular pitch taken along the base circle
normal to the gear helix angle.
Pnb = Pn Cos n

(Pn = Normal Circular Pitch, n = Normal Pressure Angle)

Normal Chordal Addendum (anc) is the chordal addendum the normal


plane.

Normal Chordal Thickness (tnc) is the length of the normal thickness


chord between pitch line elements of a tooth.

Normal Circular Thickness (tn) is the circular thickness in a plane normal


to the helix angle.

tn = tt Cos

(tt = Transverse Circular Tooth Thickness, =

Helix Angle)

tn = .5 Pn

(Pn = Normal Circular Pitch)

Normal Circular Pitch (Pn) (Normal to the helix angle) is the shortest
distance on the pitch surface between corresponding pitch line
elements of adjacent teeth.
Pn = Pt Cos
Pn = / Pnd

(Pt = Transverse Circular Pitch, = Helix Angle)


(Pnd = Normal Diametral Pitch)

NormalDiametralPitch(Pnd)isthediametralpitchcorrespondingtothenormalcircular
pitchandcalculatedinthenormalplane.
Pnd = Pd / Cos

(Pd = Transverse Diametral Pitch, = Helix Angle)

Normal Helix is the helix on a pitch cylinder normal to the pitch


helix.

Normal Plane (n) is the plane perpendicular to a given straight line or


to a tangent to a curved line.

Normal Pressure Angle (n) is the pressure angle in a plane normal to


the pitch line element.
Tan n = Tan t / Cos

(n = Normal Pressure Angle, = Helix Angle)

Normal Profile Angle is the profile angle in a normal plane of a helical or


spiral tooth.

Number of teeth Number of gear teeth.


N = Pd D

(Pd = Diametral Pitch, D = Pitch Diameter)

Operating Pitch Diameters (dp) are the pitch diameters determined from
the numbers of teeth and the center distance at which gears
operate.
dp = Db / Cos

(Db = Base Circle Diameter, = Pressure Angle)

OutsideDiameter(Do)isthediameterofthecirclethatcontainsthetopsoftheteethofan
externalgear.
Do = N + 2 / Pd

(N = Number Of Teeth, Pd = Diametral Pitch)

Do = D + 2 / Pd

(D = Pitch Diameter, Pd = Diametral Pitch)

Outside Cylinder is the surface which coincides with the tops of the
teeth of an external cylindrical gear.

Outside helix Angle (o) is the helix angle at the outside Cylinder.

Outside Lead Angle (o) is the lead angle at the outside cylinder.

Outside Radius (Ro) is the radius of the circle which contains the tops
of the teeth of external gears.

Pinion is a gear with a small number of teeth. Of two mating gears,


the one with the smaller number of teeth is called the pinion.

PitchCircleisthecirclethroughthepitchpointhavingitscenterattheaxisofthegear.

Pitch Cylinder is the imaginary cylinder in a gear that rolls without


slipping on a pitch cylinder or pitch plane of another gear.

Pitch Diameter (D) is the diameter of the pitch circle.


D = N / Pd

(N=Number of teeth, Pd = Diametral Pitch)

D = N .3183 P
D = N / Pd

(P = Circular Pitch)

(Pd = Diametral Pitch or Transverse Diametral Pitch for helicals)

Pitch Radius (R) is the radius of the pitch circle.


R = .5 D

(D = Pitch Diameter)

Pitch Point is the intersection between the axes of the line of


centers and the line of action.

Pitch Range is the difference between the longest and the shortest
pitches on a gear.

Point of Contact is the point at which two profiles touch each other.
Plane of Rotation is any plane perpendicular to a gear axis.

Pressure Angle () is the angle between a tangent to the tooth profile


and a line perpendicular to the pitch surface.
Cos = Db / D

(Db = Base Diameter, D = Pitch Diameter)

Cos=Pb/(/Pd)(Pb=BasePitch,Pd=DiametralPitch)

Profile Control Diameter is the diameter of the circle beyond which the
tooth profile must conform to the specified involute curve.

Rack is a gear with teeth spaced along a straight line, and suitable
for straight-line motion. It is also described as a gear with an
infinite number of teeth.

Right Hand Helical Gear is a gear in which the teeth twist


clockwise as they recede from an observer looking along the axis.

RollAngle(Involute)()isananglewhosearconthebasecircleofradiusunityequalsthe
tangentofthepressureangleataselectedpointontheinvolute.

Roll Angle to Form Diameter Is the inactive angle of involute or the


amount of roll in degrees from the base circle to the start of active
profile.

Root Diameter (DR) is the diameter of the circle which contains the
roots of the teeth.

Root Radius (Rr) is the radius of the root circle containing the
bottoms of the tooth spaces.

Tooth Face is the surface between the pitch line element and the top
of the tooth.

Tooth Fillet is the curved surface of the tooth flank joining it to the
bottom land.

Tooth Flank is the surface between the pitch line and the bottom
land including the fillet.

Tooth Surface is the total area including the tooth face and the tooth
flank.

Tooth to Tooth Composite Action is the amount of composite action from


one tooth to the next.

Top Land is the surface of the top of the tooth.

Total Composite Action is the total amount of composite action for


an entire gear.
Transverse Circular Pitch (Pt) is the circular pitch in the transverse plane.
Pt = Pn / Cos
(Pn = Normal Circular Pitch, = Helix Angle)
Pt=/Ptd(Ptd=TransverseDiametralPitch)
Transverse Circular Thickness (tt) is the circular thickness in the transverse
plane.

tt = tn / Cos

(tn = Normal Circular tooth Thickness, =

Helix Angle)

Transverse Contact Ratio (mp) is the ratio of the arc of action to


the transverse circular pitch.
mp=sqrt(Ro1Rb1)+sqrt(Ro2Rb2C?SINt)
Pt COS t
(Ro1 and Ro2 = Outside Radius of gear 1 and Gear 2)
(Rb1 and Rb2 = Base Radius of Gear 1 and Gear 2)

(C = Center Distance, Pt = Transverse Circular Pitch, t = Transverse Pressure Angle)

Transverse Diametral Pitch (Pd) is the ratio of the number of teeth to


inches of transverse pitch diameter.
Pd = Pnd Cos
(Pnd = Normal Diametral Pitch, = Helix Angle)
Pd = / Pt

(Pt = Transverse Circular Pitch)

Transverse Plane (t) is perpendicular to the axial plane and to the pitch plane.
In parallel axis gears, the transverse plane and the plane of rotation
coincide.

Transverse Pressure Angle (t) is the pressure angle in the plane of


rotation.
Tan t = Tan n / Cos
(n = Normal Pressure Angle, = Helix Angle)
Cos t = Db / D

(Db = Base Diameter, D = Pitch Diameter)

TrueInvoluteFormDiameter(TIF)isthediameterofthecirclebeyondwhichthetooth
profilemustconformtothespecifiedinvolutecurve.

Undercut is a condition in generated gear teeth when any part of the


fillet curve lies inside of the line drawn tangent to the true involute
form and its lowest point. Undercut may be deliberately introduced
to facilitate finishing operation.

Whole Depth (ht) is the radial distance between the outside circle and
the root circle.
ht = 2.157 / Pd

(Pd = Diametral Pitch)

Working Depth (hk) is the greatest depth to which a tooth of one


gear extends into the tooth space of the mating gear.
hk = 2 / Pd

(Pd = Diametral Pitch)

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