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Year / Sem: II / VI
Unit I
To make white
- Room temp
Time
- 2- 3 hrs
pH
-10.5 - 11
- 80C
Time
- 1- 2 hrs
pH
- 10.5 - 11
Because of more whiteness, less damage, less time and combine scouring and bleaching process is
possible.
Sodium hypochlorite, being sodium salt of hypochlorous acid, does not require any dissolving
arrangement and are ready for immediate use.
Disadvantage
7.
Sodium hypochlorite cannot be used for the bleaching of synthetic fibres as it produces greater
damage to such fibres
It produces harsh handle on fabric. Furthermore, it cannot be used on natural animal fibres.
List out the advantage and disadvantage for hydrogen peroxide bleaching
Advantage
Peroxide is capable of continuing the scouring action simultaneously with the bleaching action, thus a
single stage combined scour and bleach or a continuous method is possible using hydrogen peroxide
Peroxide bleaching is in general less liable to have adverse effect on dyed threads. The white effect is
good and permanent and there is less risk of yellowing at a later stage.
Thorough rinsing followed by scouring or antichlor treatment is required with hypochlorite bleaching,
whereas with peroxide a comparatively short rinsing suffices.
With hydrogen peroxide, there is no danger of equipment corrosion, no unpleasent odours and no
limitations as to processing techniques.
Increasing strict control over the discharge of AOX from chlorine bleaching liquors has led to a
greater advantage of peroxide processes for bleaching cellulosic fibres
Disadvantages
8.
Hydrogen peroxide bleaching requires stabilisation usually with silicates which brings the risk of
forming resist stains in subsequent dyeing, and causes a build-up of hard crystalline deposits on plant
and machinery causing abrasion damage to the fabric during passage.
Catalytic damage' occurs during hydrogen peroxide bleaching of cotton fabrics and results in small
spots of unevenly dyed fabric or even, in severe cases, the formation of small holes.
There is limitation in white obtained on acrylic fibres. It also causes deleterious effect on skin when
used in a concentrated form.
Negligible degradation of fibres (1-2% weight loss for cellulosic fibres and no attack to the
polymeric chains in the synthetic fibres)
Versatile bleaching agent for cellulosics, synthetics and blends, especially poly-cotton blends. It is
also safe for those synthetic fibers which are sensitive to alkali.
Non sensitive to metal ions such as iron and Water hardness under acidic conditions.
Disadvantages
9. Why the bleaching agents used in textile industry are oxidizing agents and not used for reducing
agents?
Oxidizing bleaching agents provide the permanent whiteness compare to reducing bleaching agents.
10. How are the Bleaching method classified?
Bleaching method
Half bleaching
Full bleaching
2 -8 %
NaOH
0.4-0.6%
Na2Sio3
3%
Na2Co3
0.8 - 6%
Temp: 85-90C
pH: 4 0.2
In scouring:
In bleaching
Act as stabilizer
The cloth can be dyed in open width form of full width form.
Chemical and heat loses are less when compared to winch dyeing machine
The material to liquor ratio is 1:3 (or) 1:4 which saves considerable amount of chemical cost and
steam cost.
Demerits
It exerts lot of tension in the warp direction and because of this normally woolen, knitted fabrics, silk
etc are not dyed in jigger dyeing machine.
It directly comes from loom without involved any chemical treatment.it have natural and added
impurities and colour.
21. Write the properties of mercerized yarn.
Improve Luster.
Improve strength/elongation.
Improve smoothness.
It has been shown that the increase in the luster occurs because of an effect.
Saponifiable oils and free fatty acids are converted into soaps.
Pectins and pectoses are converted into soluble salts of pectic acid.
Proteins are degraded to simple soluble amino acids or ammonia.
Mineral matters are mostly dissolved.
Non-saponifiable oils are emulsified by the soluble soaps generated from the saponifiable oils.
Additive dirts are removed.
Residual sizing materials are broken down into soluble products.
Surfactants
Detergents
Chelating agent
Sodium silicate
Soda ash
Maintain pH
Assist emulsification by dissolving oily materials.
Solvent processing has been established due to reduced water pollution, reduced energy cost and
consumption apart from effective removal of impurities.
Solvent preparation gives excellent results in terms of uniformity, reproducibility and high
absorbency.
Foam degumming
B. Molecular level
1. Hydrogen bond readjustment
2. Orientation (parallelization) of molecular chains in amorphous region along the direction of
fiber length.
3. Orientation of the crystallinity in the direction of the fiber length.
4. Increased crystallinity
C. Chemical Changes
1. Increased rate of reaction on hydrolysis and oxidation
2. Liberation of heat during the caustic treatment.(heat of sorption and heat of reaction)
3. Increase in the alkali absorption.
4. Increase in the absorption of iodine.
37. What is mercerization?
Mercerization is a finishing treatment of cotton with a strong caustic alkaline solution in order to
improve the luster, hard and other properties, was names after its discoverer, John Mercer, and has
been in use for some time. It has been seeing an increase in application recently.
John Mercer invented a process which gives cotton a lustre resembling silk - a process known as
'mercerization'.
Impregnation of the material in in relaxed state, cold caustic solution of required strength and
wettability..
Stretching while the material is still impregnated in the caustic solution.
Washing off the caustic soda from the material while keeping the material still in the stretch state.
: 30-60 seconds
Temp
: 18-20o C
Concentration
: 48o - 56 o Tw.
2. Slack Mercerization
Not as lustrous as tension method
Elongation and recovery properties improve and thus have been used to produce comfort stretch garments
and fabric bandages, which need to conform to body shapes.
42. Define. Mercerization
It is a treatment for cotton articles and/or natural fibres composed by cellulose in a concentrated solution
of caustic soda (300 g/l), under tension and ambient temperature.
43. How can we quantify the mercerizing effect?
There are several tests which are done to quantify the mercerizing effect,
1.
X ray analysis showing changes in the fine structure
2.
Increased reactivity
(a) Reactivity ratio
(b) Hydrolysis number
3. Absorption Methods
(a) Moisture absorption or regain
(b) Dyestuff absorption
(C) Absorption from alkaline solutions
(i)Sodium hydroxide absorption
(ii) Barium Hydroxide absorption or Barium Number
(iii) Cuprammonium hydrate
4. Counting methods
(a) Deconvolution count
(b) Cross section count
5. Lusture
6. Shrinkage or Swelling
7. Mechanical properties
(a) Breaking load
(b) Extension or elongation at break
(c) Dimensional stability of yarn
44. List out factors involved for mercerization.
Twaddle
Temperature
Tension
Time
(1) Twaddle (Concentration of NaOH):
If the concentration of NaOH is increased above 56oTw improvement in luster will be attained but if
it is decrease below 48o Tw. The quality of luster will begin to be adversely affected.
(2) Temperature:
High degree of luster is attained at temperature 18-20oC. As the temperature is increased the quality
of luster is adversely affected but on lowering the temperature no improvement in the luster is
obtained.
(3) Tension:
For acquiring better luster the material must be stretch to its original dimension (both in warp and
weft direction during mercerization). If the material is allowed to shrink during mercerizing then
quality of luster will be impaired on the other hand if the material is stretched more no improvement
in luster is achieved.
(4) Time:
The optimum time for mercerizing is 30-60 seconds by increasing the duration of time no applicable
improvement in the quality of mercerization can be achieved but if the time limit is less than 30
seconds in the quality of mercerization will be improved.