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Textbook:
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry; DL Nelson (Sixth Edition)
Chapter 1: The Foundations of Biochemistry
1
Overview
Five Kingdoms
The Cell Concept
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells
Functions of Organelles
Bioenergetics
Life Science
Life Science (Biology) is devoted to the study of
living organisms.
Microbiology
Anatomy
Virology (viruses)
(gross structure)
Bacteriology (bacteria)
Physiology
(gross function)
Mycology (fungi)
Botany
Histology
(plants)
(tissue)
Zoology
Cell biology
(animals)
(cells)
Genetics
(inheritance)
Branches of Biology
Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology
(molecules)
Five Kingdoms
All cellular organisms fall into two natural groups, known as
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The terms prokaryote and eukaryotes refer to differences in the
location of the DNA (the genetic material).
Prokaryotes
The DNA is not enclosed by nuclear membranes and lies free in
the cytoplasm.
The cells therefore lack of true nuclei.
Eukaryotes
Do contain true nuclei.
Evolved from prokaryotes.
Five Kingdoms
Five kingdoms include the prokaryotae and four eukaryotae
kingdoms.
Living organism
Prokaryotae
e.g.
Bacteria
Viruses
Eukaryotae
Protocitista
Fungi
not cellular
Plantae
Animalia
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Five kingdoms
One group of organisms that does not fit neatly
into any classification scheme is the viruses.
Viruses are extremely small particles consisting
only of a piece of genetic material (DNA or RNA)
in a protective coat of protein.
Hepatitis B virus
(HBV)
Bacteriophage
Influenza virus
Hepatitis C virus
(HCV)
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It is selectively
permeable controlling
exchange between the
cell and its
environment.
It can communicate
with adjacent cells
and receive
extracellular signaling.
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Prokaryotic Cells
They are the most ancient group of organisms, having appeared
about 3500 million years ago.
The smallest organisms with a cellular structure.
Typical example: Escherichia coli (E. coli) - Rod-shaped bacterium
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Prokaryotic Cells
~ 0.5m, diameter
~ 1.5 m long
Surrounded by a plasma
membrane and usually by
a strong and rigid cell wall
which is made up of
polysaccharide chains.
The cytoplasm is not
divided into
compartments.
Nucleoid region
Ribosomes
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Periplasmic space
Cell wall
Outer membrane
Pili
Flagella
E. coli cell
~~
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Eukaryotic Cells
Most eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic ones.
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Eukaryotic Cells
Animal cell
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Eukaryotic Cells
Plant cell
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Evolution of Eukaryotes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
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Chromatins
Nuclear pores
Chromosome
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Flattened membrane-bound
chambers.
It is continuously formed at one end
of the stack and budded off as
vesicles at the other.
Internal processing system
30
Pieces of the ER bud off around proteins, form vesicles and deliver these proteins to the Golgi
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Plasmodesmata
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Biological Molecules
Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals
of living organisms.
Living creatures are composed mainly of a
very few elements, principally carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N).
These elements are important to life
because of their strong tendencies to form
covalent bonds.
A second tier of essential elements
includes sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P).
Sulphur: constituent of proteins.
Phosphorus: energy metabolism (ATP) and
the structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
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Bioenergetics
A living cell is a dynamic structure.
Bioenergetics
First law of Thermodynamics
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Bioenergetics
Second law of Thermodynamics
Systems of molecules have a natural tendency to randomization.
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Bioenergetics
Every biological system is open to exchange energy and matter
with its environment.
Both energy and entropy
changes will take place in
many reactions.
Both are important in
determining the direction
of thermodynamically
favorable processes.
40
Bioenergetics
The total (internal) energy is called enthalpy (H).
The useable energy is called Gibbs free energy (G).
Bioenergetics - Metabolism
Exergonic reaction
G products < G reactants
Reaction will
proceed.
spontaneously
Free energy is
released.
Endergonic reaction
G product > G reactants
Free energy is
required or
consumed.
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Bioenergetics - Examples
?G?
?G?
?G?
43
Bioenergetics - Metabolism
Functions of ATP
Provision of energy in macromolecules synthesis.
Transporting substances across the plasma membrane.
Motility, muscle contraction, beating flagella.
Structure of ATP
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Bioenergetics - Metabolism
ATP
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Bioenergetics - Metabolism
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Bioenergetics - Metabolism
The free energy released by the exergonic reaction can be
used to drive the endergonic reaction.
Coupled reactions
(Endergonic)
(Exergonic)
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