Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
input #2 at www.csemag.com/information
Circuit breaker.
Power broker.
JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2015
FEATURES
44 | Seismic design of
fire suppression piping
systems
COVER STORY
34 | VFD, motor strategies
for energy efficiency
A variable frequency drive (VFD) often is specified to
reduce operational cost for pumps, fans, compressors, or
any similar equipment with variable load profiles that may
be found in a typical building. Heres how to specify a VFD
to meet load conditions while achieving efficiency.
JOHN YOON, PE, LEED AP
DEPARTMENTS
09 | Viewpoint
Stay ahead of the curve
11 | Research
55 | Digital
Edition Exclusives
Lighting controls:
64 | Designing lab
ventilation systems
Engineers should consider the
codes and standards, safety, risk
mitigation, and potential energy
savings when designing laboratory ventilation systems.
JON EISENBERG, PE and JEFFREY
HUANG, PE, LEED AP
13 | Career Smart
Women, minorities in
engineering
71 | Advertiser Index
ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES
14 | MEP Roundtable
Driving data center design
72 | Future of
Engineering
HVAC
COMMUNICATIONS
LIGHTING
ELECTRICAL
PLUMBING
CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER (ISSN 0892-5046, Vol. 52, No. 1, GST #123397457) is published 11x per year, monthly except in February, by CFE Media, LLC, 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite
#250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Jim Langhenry, Group Publisher /Co-Founder; Steve Rourke CEO/COO/Co-Founder. CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER copyright 2015 by CFE Media, LLC. All rights reserved. CONSULTINGSPECIFYING ENGINEER is a registered trademark of CFE Media, LLC used under license. Periodicals postage paid at Oak Brook, IL 60523 and additional mailing offices. Circulation records are maintained at CFE Media, LLC, 1111
W. 22nd Street, Suite #250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. E-mail: customerservice@cfemedia.com. Postmaster: send address changes to CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER, 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite #250,
Oak Brook, IL 60523. Publications Mail Agreement No. 40685520. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite #250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Email: customerservice@
cfemedia.com. Rates for nonqualified subscriptions, including all issues: USA, $150/yr; Canada/Mexico, $180/yr (includes 7% GST, GST#123397457); International air delivery $325/yr. Except for special issues where price
changes are indicated, single copies are available for $30.00 US and $35.00 foreign. Please address all subscription mail to CONSULTING-SPECIFYING ENGINEER, 1111 W. 22nd Street, Suite #250, Oak Brook, IL 60523. Printed
in the USA. CFE Media, LLC does not assume and hereby disclaims any liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions in the material contained herein, regardless of whether such errors result from
negligence, accident or any other cause whatsoever.
www.csemag.com
omation
Automation
and controls
15%
4%
21%
18%
Read this on
your tablet
21%
21%
Fire and
life safety
HVAC
En
Energy
efficie
efficiency,
sustainab
sustainability
Read the Q&A about data centers and mission critical facilities on page 14. To view more poll results, visit www.csemag.com/poll/cse.
Web exclusives
Visit www.csemag.com/archives to read articles found only online.
Top 10 business trends to watch in 2015
Details on how ASHRAE 90.1 affects the plumbing engineer
Condensing boilers and emissions regulations
Redundant VFDs and fan arrays in critical operations
Fire risk from solid fuel commercial cooking
Mitigating data center harmonics
Transforming battery technology
FMI: Nonresidential construction index slowly rises
Proper installation ensures performance standards are met: Part 2
HVAC toolkit
This app is a suite/compilation of several of the individual applications offered by Carmel
Software plus bonus software (eight total, including: HVAC Quick Load, HVAC Duct Sizer,
HVAC Psychrometric Plus, Steam Tables, HVAC Pipe Sizer - Liquid, HVAC Pipe Sizer Steam, HVAC Pipe Sizer - Gas Low, and HVAC Pipe Sizer - Gas High).
Greenheck toolbox
This calculator will help engineers determine the flow rate of a duct when its performance
needs to be altered. Simply input basic specs (i.e. rpm, cfm, static pressure, and horsepower), and the desired performance you want and this app will compute the remaining
values to achieve the goal.
Upcoming
webcasts
Register for educational webcasts at
www.csemag.com/webcast:
Feb. 26: HVAC: Alternative heating/
cooling systems
Consulting-Specifying Engineer is on
Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, Twitter,
and SlideShare. Follow ConsultingSpecifying Engineer, join the discussions, and receive news and advice
from your peers.
Facebook:
www.facebook.com/CSEmag
Google+:
http://google.com/+csemag
LinkedIn:
http://tinyurl.com/CSElinkedin
Twitter:
www.twitter.com/AmaraRozgus
www.twitter.com/CSEmag
SlideShare:
www.csemag.com
www.slideshare.net/ConsultingSpecifyingEngineer
James Puritch
Vice President, R&D
Under
Forty
You drive your accomplishments and dictate your career success, and those achievements
deserve to be recognized. Stand among the past 280 Consulting-Specifying Engineer
40 Under 40 winners who have made their accomplishments known.
To qualify to be a 40 Under 40 winner, nominees must work in the building community, be 40 years
of age or younger (as of May 1, 2015), and be nominated by a supervisor, academic advisor, peer,
mentor, public relations professional, project leader, or other person directly involved in their
career progress.
40 UNDER 40 PROGRAM AWARDEES WILL:
Be highlighted in major media arenas as a Consulting-Specifying Engineer 40 Under 40 winner
Be offered networking opportunities with other 40 Under 40 awardees, enlarging
their professional circle
Increase the exposure of the company by highlighting projects the young engineer has worked on
Improve the companys recruitment efforts by showcasing young employees
Receive a handsome plaque to show off their accolades.
NOMINATIONS DUE JANUARY 30, 2015 | SUPPORTING MATERIALS DUE FEBRUARY 13, 2015
SPONSORED BY:
www.viega.us
1-800-976-9819
Copper
Stainless
Steel
Viega
ProPress
Viega
ProPress
Viega
MegaPress
Viega
PEX Press
Viega
PEX Press
Sealing
Elements:
EPDM
HNBR
Sealing
Elements:
EPDM
FKM
Sealing
Elements:
EPDM
HNBR
Sealing
Elements:
N/A
Sealing
Elements:
N/A
Applications:
150*
Applications:
225*
Applications:
35*
*Consult Viega Technical Support for more infomation on approved applications: 800-976-9819.
Applications:
POTABLE
WATER AND
HYDRONICS
Applications:
POTABLE
WATER AND
HYDRONICS
Zero Lead
Compliant:
YES
Zero Lead
Compliant:
YES
Zero Lead
Compliant:
YES
Zero Lead
Compliant:
YES
Carbon
Steel
Zero Lead
Compliant:
NO
Zero Lead
Bronze
1-800-976-9819
Polymer
Editors Viewpoint
1111 W. 22nd St. Suite 250, Oak Brook, IL 60523
630-571-4070 Fax 630-214-4504
CONTENT SPECIALISTS/EDITORIAL
AMARA ROZGUS, Editor in Chief/Content Manager
630-571-4070 x2211, ARozgus@CFEMedia.com
AMANDA PELLICCIONE, Director of Research
630-571-4070 x2209, APelliccione@CFEMedia.com
MICHAEL SMITH, Creative Director
630-779-8910, MSmith@CFEmedia.com
Amara Rozgus,
Editor in Chief
www.csemag.com
input #6 at www.csemag.com/information
Don't know
9%
17%
24%
10%
research
< $500,000
13%
16%
11%
$3.1 to
$5.0 million
$750,001
to $1.0 million
$1.1 to $3.0 million
47%
$7.3 million:
91%
85%
88%
82%
88%
80%
More research
Quarterly, Consulting-Specifying
Engineer surveys its audience on
four topics: fire and life safety, electrical and power, lighting and lighting controls, and HVAC and building
automation systems. All of the
reports are available online at
www.csemag.com/research.
84%
79%
2013
2014
Electrical
distribution
Circuit breakers,
fuses, etc.
Cable, wire,
etc.
Emergency,
standby power
Transformers
www.csemag.com
11
Critical Power
Monitoring for
Mission Critical
Success.
Introducing the new STARLINE
Critical Power Monitor (CPM).
input #7 at www.csemag.com/information
Career Smart
JOHN SUZUKIDA, PE
Lanex Consulting, Minneapolis
13
MEP Roundtable
Andrew Baxter, PE
Principal/
MEP Engineering Director
Page
Austin, Texas
Brandon Kingsley,
PE, CxA, CEM
Project Manager
Primary Integration
Solutions Inc.
Charlotte, N.C.
Dwayne Miller,
PE, RCDD
CEO
JBA Consulting Engineers
Hong Kong
14
Figure 1: Data center projects are among the most complex projects an engineer can
tackle. Because of the crucial and often sensitive information stored therein, power
reliability is one important aspect. Courtesy: JBA Consulting Engineers
15
MEP Roundtable
ule to ensure value engineering ideas are
fully vetted. Additionally, comprehensive
commissioning of the data center should
be provided by a third party to ensure all
components of the MEP system work
independently and as a system prior to
actually serving critical loads.
Baxter: Coordinating all systems
togethernot just the MEP and structuralcan be quite a challenge for these
types of facilities. The structure can
be very deep to carry the higher than
normal weight densities a data center
can impart to a structure, especially in
multi-level facilities. This, along with
the large number of cable trays, electrical raceways, mechanical systems, etc.,
can create significant space management challenges. Add in specific project
requirements such as seismic restraint,
excess wind loading capabilities, or
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) shielding,
and final coordination becomes critical.
input #8 at www.csemag.com/information
Miller: Its my personal belief that proliferation and support of an Uptime Institute
Tier III or Tier IV infrastructure environment, particularly for enterprise data centers, is not sustainable. In other words, the
level of complexity, redundancy, energy
consumption, first cost of infrastructure,
and ongoing maintenance expenses are all
going to make software-driven alternatives
more attractive. I would suggest a more
rational approach is to have a strategy
wherein my data is housed and manipulated in 2, 3, or 4 geographically diverse
locations. Each location is supported by
reasonable infrastructure (Tier I or Tier
II) with virtualization software providing seamless transfer between the sites in
the event of an incident in one location. I
believe this will also be the direction colocation sites will eventually take. In simple
terms, a self-healing mesh within a mesh.
Kingsley: We are seeing more modular and
scalable designs to provide for flexibility and
input #9 at www.csemag.com/information
MEP Roundtable
phased build-out of data centers over time.
Increasingly, these modular designs include
a chiller plant for each phase, which are integrated to operate as a single chiller plant when
the full build-out is completed. As commissioning agents, we always commission all
previous phases, not only the current phase,
to ensure that all phases are properly operating as an integrated system. I also think that a
design approach using the strategy of higher
reliability in the IT network and less in the
MEP systems will become more common as
owners find that they can save money by writing code rather than installing additional generators, air handlers, and electrical gear. There
is also discussion of integrating the IT servers
with the building automation system (BAS) to
enable the servers to control the mechanical
systems. This could be an effective strategy in
cloud data centers, which can operate at the
servers upper limits from the start. Each
server can provide input for the operation
of the HVAC system, rather than relying
TripleSwitch
Make
CSE: How have cloud computing, apps, cyber security, and other
trends changed the way in which
you design a data center?
Wat
c
Loa h Simp
d
l
eslp Bank ify Ge
ne
Te
wr.c
om/T sting rator
V
rip
leSw ideo:
itch
Vid
eo
TM
From the people who invented modern air conditioning comes a complete new line of
Ductless products. Visit us at this years AHR Expo, booth 1910, and discover all that
Carrier Ductless and VRF have to offer.
Carrier Corporation 12/2014. A unit of United Technologies Corporation. Stock symbol UTX.
MEP Roundtable
20
www.csemag.com
Trane is putting 102 years of expertise on display at the worlds largest HVAC show.
Building Commissioning
Association is dedicated to
creating and supporting the
highest standards for the
commissioning profession } } }
Through professional
development programs,
nationally-recognized
certications, tools and market
outreach the BCA has earned its
leadership role in accelerating
best practices and promoting
cross-industry collaboration.
Advocacy
Training
Tools & Resources
Certications
Networking
JOIN TODAY!
877.666.2292 } }
www.bcxa.org } }
input #13 at www.csemag.com/information
ASHRAE STANDARD 90.1: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings has been the benchmark for defining
energy-efficiency and simulation procedures in
the built environment since its inception in 1975.
It is a fluid document, designed to define the
minimum level of energy efficiency while being
mindful of the limits of technology and value
proposition of lifecycle cost.
As of the 2001 version, this standard is published in its entirety every 3 years. The period
between publishing cycles allows for review,
comment, and approval of new content. It is also
common for addenda to be issued between the
formal updates. The evolution from the 2010 to
the 2013 edition helps engineers and designers
understand how an integrated design process
provides the most efficient means of planning
for, and applying, the principles held within.
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 provides the minimum
benchmark for energy-efficient design practices
for building envelope, HVAC systems, water heating systems, power, and lighting. This standard
also provides one of the most recognized procedures for energy simulations of facilities.
Although Standard 90.1 is respected by many
jurisdictions, it is not necessarily recognized as
a code for all jurisdictions in the United States.
Therefore, the requirements of Standard 90.1
can be followed by the design professional, but
enforcement by the local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) is generally limited to the applicable building or energy conservation code.
www.csemag.com
23
Minimum efficiency
(cooling EER)
Minimum efficiency
(heating COP)
2010
16.2
3.6
2013
18.0
3.7
Table 1: This provides a summary of the data taken from various versions of ASHRAE
90.1. Data from ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 and 2013.
www.csemag.com
Lighting
Figure 3: Fayetteville (Ark.) High School earned U.S. Green Building Council LEED for Schools
Silver Certification applying design techniques prescribed in ASHRAE Standard 90.1.
Documentation
The future
ASHRAE will publish the next version of Standard 90.1 in 2016. Between
now and then, there will be addendums
to clarify important content and address
comments from users. The natural duration before Standard 90.1 is applied to
actual design situation seems to be
about 4 years. It takes that long for
the data in 90.1 to find its way into the
building codes, for the building codes
to be adopted, and for general acceptance of the material throughout the
design community.
In 2020, the matrix for the Architecture 2030 Challenge will be a building
energy performance target 80% better
than the 2003 benchmark for consumption. ASHRAE Standard 90.1 has shown
leadership in energy efficiency by defining the minimum criteria and processes
for the built environment to be judged.
ASHRAE Standard 189.1: Standard for
the Design of High-Performance Green
Buildings takes building design to the
next level for projects that are on the path
to achieve the goals of Architecture 2030.
Facilities that achieve lofty energy performance as prescribed by Architecture
2030 typically include passive features
and provisions that rely on the natural
environment in the strategy for energy
reduction.
25
Figure 4: The new Business Building on the Lisle, Ill., campus of Benedictine University is one of the first buildings permitted in Illinois under the new IECC 2012/
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 code.
26
BITZER
Dynamic Air Quality Solutions
Navien America Inc.
Staco Energy Products Co.
Unison Comfort Technologies
ADVERTISEMENT
Peter
Narreau
President,
BITZER US, Inc.
ADVERTISEMENT
Duke
Wiser
President,
Dynamic
Air Quality
Solutions
There is
still low hanging
fruit for
energy efficiency.
The savings are there. Theres still
plenty of low hanging fruit for
improved energy efficiency.
info@DynamicAQS.com
(800) 578-7873
www.DynamicAQS.com
ADVERTISEMENT
President
Staco Energy
Products Co.
Jeff
Hoffman
sales@stacoenergy.com 937-253-1191
www.stacoenergy.com
ADVERTISEMENT
Jay Althof
President,
Unison Comfort
Technologies
ADVERTISEMENT
201501cse_execVoice_HLFnavien.indd 1
Harrison Kim
CEO, Navien, Inc.
navien.com
12/16/2014 3:18:12 PM
www.csemag.com/2014HVACBAS
cse201509_research_HVAC_Hlf.indd 1
1/9/2015 3:52:30 PM
Learning
objectives
Review the evolution of
efficiency standards and how
they relate to the specification of VFDs and motors.
Understand how a standard
induction motor uses (and
wastes) electricity.
Introduce some emerging
standards and technologies
related to VFDs and motors.
Examine common pitfalls in
specifying motors and VFDs.
34
Figure 1: One emerging application for permanent magnet ac (PMAC) motors is in cooling
towers. This picture shows a 20-hp totally enclosed, air over (TEAO) PMAC motor directly
coupled to the fan instead of using a typical belt drive or gearbox; the view is from inside
a cooling tower. This particular tower is a two-cell cooling tower with 3,000 gpm total
capacity. The photo is looking up at a low-speed high-volume fan at the top of the tower.
Elimination of the gearbox dramatically improves the efficiency and reduces maintenance
requirements. All graphics courtesy: McGuire Engineers
35
36
date the worst-case loads, which generally represent a very small percentage of
total operating hours. If that motor were
to run at full speed, regardless of the load,
an incredible amount of power would be
wasted. However, through the affinity
laws, we know that power varies in relationship to speed by the following formula
for centrifugal loads:
hp2 = hp1 (rpm2/rpm1)3
Based on this formula, if a load can be
accommodated by a slower speed, you
can dramatically reduce the power that
the motor needs to produce.
To illustrate this relationship, lets apply
this concept to a simplified load profile
using a 7.5 hp, 1800 rpm motor (see Table
1). If the average speed required by our
theoretical load was of 75% of full load
speed, the average power required would
be 3.16 hp. Using equipment costs from
an online electrical distributor specializing in induction motors and VFDs, and
defining a few variables including electrical cost per kWh and hours of operation,
we can get a rough comparison of the cost
of the equipment compared to the energy
cost and the return on investment.
These variables are generic, and your
mileage may vary depending on the
exact operational characteristics of your
load and cost of electricity in your area.
Because the affinity laws tell us that motor
ac motor synchronous
speeds (60 Hz)
Poles
Speed (rpm)
3600
1800
1200
900
Initial
cost
$763
$1904
$1800
Electricity
cost,
additional
3 years at
100% speed
Electricity cost,
additional 3
years at 75%
speed
$5711
$843
Total cost of
ownership
$8378
$2528
$5171
Table 1: In this particular example, the return on investment (ROI) would be less than a year.
www.csemag.com
37
s specifying engineers, we have little control over the applicable efficiency standards and codes that we are mandated to follow.
However, we are still entrusted with designing
appropriately sized and functional systems. While
not an exhaustive list, these are several common
motor/variable frequency drive (VFD) issues that
can severely affect the functionality of the systems that you specify.
2.
38
3.
4.
5.
6.
www.csemag.com
Con
Use
Design A
Design B
Design C
Reduced efficiency.
Across-the-line start or
load with high initial
required torque (i.e.,
positive displacement
loads).
Design D
High-slip, low-efficiency.
Design E
7.
Beware of high VFD output carrier frequencies. High VFD carrier frequencies provide improved
PWM output waveform resolution/shaping, which
generally results in improved dynamic response
www.csemag.com
Table 2: High inertia loads with greater starting torque requirements generally necessitate NEMA motor designs with lower efficiency.
8.
9.
10.
39
Pre-EPAct
EPAct-1992
1.0
76.7
82.5
85.5
1.5
79.1
84.0
86.5
2.0
80.8
84.0
86.5
3.0
81.4
87.5
89.5
5.0
83.3
87.5
89.5
7.5
85.5
89.5
91.7
10.0
85.7
89.5
91.7
15.0
86.6
91.0
92.4
20.0
88.5
91.0
93.0
25.0
89.3
92.4
93.6
93.6
30.0
89.6
92.4
40.0
90.2
93.0
94.1
50.0
91.3
93.0
94.5
60.0
91.8
93.6
95.0
75.0
91.7
94.1
95.4
100.0
92.3
94.5
95.4
125.0
92.2
94.5
95.4
150.0
93.0
95.0
95.8
200.0
93.5
95.0
96.2
Table 3: Based on this data from the U.S. Dept. of Energy, MotorMaster software,
and NEMA 60 Hz database (2010), other motor technologies should be entertained
or other elements of the system, such as control by VFDs, should be more greatly
emphasized.
40
Navien innovation.
Now available in a boiler.
Introducing the Navien
NHB condensing boilers
As the leader in condensing technology, Navien has
already reinvented the water heating industry with the
award-winning NPE tankless water heaters and the
NCB combi-boilers. The new NHB boiler series is the
next in line of innovations from Navien. All NHB boilers
have Naviens advanced burner system, an AFUE of
95% and turn down ratios up to 15:1. Now available in
four sizes: NHB-55, NHB-80, NHB-110 and NHB-150.
Reinvent your thinking about boilers at
BoilersMadeSmart.com or Navien.com.
input #15 at www.csemag.com/information
T H E
L E A D E R
I N
C O N D E N S I N G
T E C H N O L O G Y
Seismic design
Learning
objectives
Learn about NFPA 13 and
other relevant codes, which
discuss seismic design of fire
suppression systems.
Understand the combination of flexibility and rigidity
to protect the fire suppression
piping.
Learn about the calculation
procedure using the zone
of influence concept to
determine the location and
strength of lateral, longitudinal, and four-way sway
braces for fire suppression
system piping.
44
45
46
Figure 3: This shows possible locations of lateral, longitudinal, and four-way braces. Courtesy: Aon Fire Protection
Engineering
www.csemag.com
The load that sway bracing must counteract in a braces zone of influence is
the total weight of pipe in the zone filled
with water multiplied by 1.15 to account
for valves and fittings on the pipe multiplied by the seismic coefficient.
The load that must be counteracted
by the brace is calculated by adding the
weight of all piping filled with water,
which may be taken from tables such as
Table A.9.3.5.9 in NFPA 13 (2013 edition). The total weight of all segments
of pipe filled with water added together
and multiplied by 1.15 is the load in the
zone of influence.
The horizontal force (Fpw) acting on
the brace is calculated by multiplying the seismic coefficient (C p) by the
weight (W p) calculated following the
equation below.
Fpw = CpWp
The coefficient of acceleration (Cp)
used in the calculation procedure is
assumed to be C p = 0.5 unless specified to be a lower value by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) or a lower
or higher value is derived from the
ground motion parameter (SS) at the
site. This ground motion parameter has
been developed by the USGS based on
research of previous earthquake events
and modeling techniques. The values of
SS are available on the USGS website.
This website offers a tool that enables
the user to select a site on an interactive
Figure 4: The figure shows the zone of influence to be considered in the design
of the lateral, longitudinal, and four-way braces. Courtesy: Aon Fire Protection
Engineering
Type
Length (ft)
Total (ft)
Weight per ft
Cp
Schedule 40
40+40+40+40+
40+40+40+40
320
5.13
0.35
575
Schedule 10
5+10+10+10+5
40
23.03
0.35
322.5
Subtotal
897.5
1,032
Total
1,032
Table 1: This sample sprinkler system load calculation has been developed by Aon Fire Protection Engineering to demonstrate
the zone of influence concept for determining the force required to be resisted by the lateral brace 2 in Figure 4. Courtesy: Aon
Fire Protection Engineering
www.csemag.com
47
Figure 5: The shows the pipes above the fire pump at a Navy Bachelor Enlisted Quarters project in Coronado, San Diego. The project contains: 4-in. sprinkler system riser with four-way brace attached to the wall, flowmeter pipe with longitudinal and lateral braces attached to
the wall, and city bypass pipe with longitudinal and lateral braces attached to the wall. Courtesy: Aon Fire Protection Engineering
48
www.csemag.com
Made in USA
www.russelectric.com
1-800-225-5250
An Employee-Owned Company
An Equal Oppor tunity Employer
- 2 sizes
available
Features include:
No-moving-parts design, ultrasonic flow sensor
with excellent accuracy and turndown
Precision matched platinum RTDs for accurate
temperature measurement
Native BACnet MS/TP
EN1434 compliant
input #18 at www.csemag.com/information
Where seismic
protection is provided,
C-type clamps are
required to be equipped
with a restraining strap.
rods less than 6 in. in length from the top
of the pipe to the point of attachment to
the building structure, additional restraint
is not required for these branch lines.
Sprigs up to supply sprinklers that are
4 ft or longer are required to be restrained
against lateral movement.
Where seismic protection is provided, C-type clamps are required to be
equipped with a restraining strap or the
strap is required to be through-bolted or
secured by a self-tapping screw. This is
to ensure that the C-type clamp does not
slip off the beam due to horizontal movement of the pipe.
Future codes and requirements
GO THE DISTANCE
Piping design
subject to earthquakes may now have to be aware of the seismic
design requirements contained in NFPA 13. It is common for
specifying engineers to specify that a sprinkler system meet
the requirements of NFPA 13 and then to review the submitted
drawings. The drawings that are submitted may be required to
provide sway bracing to resist seismic loads. It may then be
the responsibility of the specifying engineer to ensure that the
submitted plans meet the requirements of NFPA 13, including
the design of sway bracing to resist seismic loads.
The design of sprinkler system piping in an area where
seismic activity is such that a local building code or the AHJ
requires that the system be designed to resist horizontal movement due to an earthquake can be achieved by following the
design guidance contained in NFPA 13. This guidance includes:
n Clearance where needed to ensure that the piping is not
damaged by building movement
n Longitudinal and lateral sway bracing at prescribed intervals on the piping system to provide support against horizontal movement
ING
TRODUC
IN
AVOID HIGH
PRESSURE.
GO WITH HIGH
PERFORMANCE.
Kidde ADS
ADS
ADVANCED DELIVERY
www.kiddefiresystems.com
3M and Novec are trademarks of 3M.
52
Consulting-Specifying Engineer
NEW!
Vektor -MH
Vektor -H
High Plume
Vektor -CD
Vektor -HS
Vektor -MS
High Plume
Dilution
Vektor -MD
with ERS Unit
growing family
2014 Greenheck
715.359.6171
greenheck.com
Vektor-H
Vektor-MS
Vektor-MH
Vektor-HS
Vektor-MD
Vektor-CD
THATS THE
CRITICAL DIFFERENCE.
Emerson. Consider it Solved., Emerson Network Power and the Emerson Network Power logo are trademarks and service marks of Emerson Electric Co. 2015 Emerson Electric Co. All rights reserved.
Digital Edition
Exclusive Content
Visit www.csemag.com/digitaledition for exclusive content
and for technical features from past issues.
LIGHTING CONTROLS:
DE-1
DE-5
Go to www.csemag.com/digitaledition today
www.csemag.com
55
Lighting controls:
Learning
objectives
Learn how to create a lighting control strategy through
client inquiry.
Identify best practices for
lighting designers to work
with clients in making smart
lighting decisions.
Identify how human factors
impact lighting outcomes and
energy strategies.
DE-1
Figure 1: In public gathering areas of Alfonza W. Davis Middle School, Omaha, Neb., daylighting not only dramatically impacts the
need for lamp solutions, but also offers expansive views for student enjoyment. All graphics courtesy: DLR Group
Rehabilitation gymnasiums: Relay control for automatic-off control of lighting after hours,
and low-voltage switches with the room broken up into multiple zones to allow for some
lights to remain off if the entire gym is not in use.
Occupancy sensors, in a manual on and auto off configuration, were used in offices, work
rooms, storage rooms, restrooms, etc.
DE-2
DE-3
www.csemag.com
For spaces with audio-video systems, which could be as simple as a single projector and screen all the way to a
sophisticated boardroom, use motorized
shades as necessary to darken the room
when the projector is used and to raise
the shades when not in use. Occupants
tend to avoid manually raising and lowering the shades, and instead leave them
down, thus limiting the effectiveness of
daylight contribution to the non-audiovideo lighting control schemes.
The human factor
DE-4
2 More Minutes
DE-5
www.csemag.com
www.csemag.com: CSEmag.com is a highly rated industry website with industry news updated
throughout the day, a top-notch search engine that segments results by category, and thousands of
archived articles.
Subscribe today at
www.csemag.com/subscribe
Learning
objectives
Understand the codes and
standards that dictate lighting
design.
Learn the steps to design
and implement a smart lighting system.
Realize the importance
of control system commissioning.
56
he energy performance of Baltimore-based Coppin State Universitys Science and Technology Center, which is pending U.S. Green
Building Council LEED Gold certification, is 20% below the baseline for
an equivalent code-compliant lab building. One major factor in achieving
this superior performance is the buildings highly sophisticated lighting
control system, using both time scheduling and occupancy control, plus
four additional strategies: daylight harvesting, task tuning, personal
control, and load shedding. Combined, these six strategies significantly
reduce the buildings electricity consumption and maximize efficiency.
In most spaces, occupancy sensors signal the central lighting control
system to switch lights off 30 minutes after a space is vacated. Unlike
a typical occupancy sensor scheme, the system does not turn lights
ononly off. Occupants manually activate lighting in each lighting zone
57
Lighting controls
automatic based on natural light
contribution, and must be installed
in spaces with windows and skylights
www.csemag.com
Flexibility. Now in
a smaller package.
Lighting controls
vesting with conventional controls. Conventional controls require one daylight
sensor to control a group of lights, typically on one circuit or switch leg, which
means that large groups of luminaires are
controlled in the same manner. Centralized
software control is required to implement
task tuning, personal control, and load
shedding (demand response).
In addition to maximizing lighting efficiency, these systems increase occupant
satisfaction and possibly even productivity. When occupants have control over
their space, they tend to be happier and
more productive. Easy-to-use control system software helps make required adjustments to keep up with dynamic changes.
Best practices for design
implementation
General requirements:
n Start with a simple user-triggered
lighting strategy. In each area of the
building, occupants turn lights on via
a low-voltage switch, and off by the
same low-voltage switch. Electricity
savings are maximized if users turn the
lights on manually when they enter and
remember to turn them off when they
exit. If the user forgets to turn the lights
off, automatic sensor coverage picks up
the slack, signaling the central lighting
control system to switch the lighting off
in an area that is unoccupied or vacant,
per energy code requirements. Vacancy
sensors are generally considered more
efficient than, and therefore preferable
to, occupancy sensors, because they
60
61
Lighting controls
n Conference rooms: Occupants turn
the lights on and off by either pressing a
low-voltage wall switch or utilizing a preset scene dimming control station. Ceiling-mounted occupancy sensors operating in vacancy mode turn the lighting off
if occupants leave without turning off the
lights. Maximum light levels are set for
this space for certain tasks.
Commissioning lighting controls
NEW AP ARMAFLEX
BLACK LAPSEAL INSULATION
Unique
Lap seal closure,
greater seam
security
NEW
New Sizes
3/8 to 6 ID
3/8 to 2 Wall
The easy-to-install,
fiber-free, closed cell
pipe insulation with
a unique lap seal
for greater seam
security and increased
protection against
condensation, mold
and energy loss.
New angled cut and low
profile lap seal deliver
a superior bond that
installs quicker than
ever before.
Designing
lab ventilation systems
Engineers should consider the codes and standards, safety, risk mitigation,
and potential energy savings when designing laboratory ventilation systems.
BY JON EISENBERG, PE, Arup, Boston; and JEFFREY HUANG, PE, LEED AP, Arup, New York City
Learning
objectives
Know the codes and standards that dictate the design
of laboratory ventilation
systems.
Discuss the changes in the
2015 International Mechanical Code (IMC) section on
hazardous exhaust systems
(section 510).
Understand the potential
effects of the code changes
on energy use.
64
Figure 1: The new chemistry laboratory at the Princeton (N.J.) University Frick Laboratory is designed to support twice as much
research as the facility it replaced while imposing minimal energy demands on campus systems. Conserving energy was therefore a high priority. Courtesy: Warren Jagger Photography
65
Lab ventilation
biological safety cabinets, or other such
situations where a mixture of exhaust airstreams will produce contaminants that
exceed the levels stipulated above. Manifolding may not be appropriate where
long horizontal distribution is required,
particularly for low rise buildings.
To manifold the ductwork, the IMC
requires that redundant fans be provided to allow full exhaust airflow should
planned or unplanned maintenance
necessitate an individual fan shutdown.
For systems connecting more than two
control areas, this allows a reduction in
the number of fans even with the redundancy requirement. By extension, there
is potentially less cost and less maintenance, and exposure to hazardous
exhaust is reduced for the inspection
and maintenance personnel.
Manifolded exhausts can also reduce
the friction loss. An 8,000 cfm duct with
a velocity of 1000 fpm generates a friction loss of 0.032 in. wc/100 ft. In comparison, a single duct with 24,000 cfm
at the same velocity generates a friction
loss of 0.016 in. wc/100 ft, half that of
the individual exhaust ducts.
A fewer number of larger fans can
increase fan efficiency and reduce
energy consumption. Consider Table 1,
which reports three backward inclined
belt-driven utility fan selections: one fan
to handle the entire manifolded exhaust
system, three fans to handle three different control areas, and three fans assuming a modest 5% increase in static pressure representing the area savings of a
common shaft compared to individual
shaft partitions. Based on these selections, there is a 13% power reduction
at full load between using a single fan
The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) and ASHRAE Standard 90.1: Energy Standard for Buildings
Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
generally requires energy recovery for
air handling systems delivering outside
air greater than 70% of the design airflow
rate. Exhaust air energy recovery can take
many forms, commonly:
Static pressure
(in. WG)
Motor
horsepower (hp)
Brake horsepower
(bhp)
One fan
24,000
20
15.19
15.19
Three fans
8,000
7.5
5.86
17.58
Three fans
8,000
3.15
7.5
6.11
18.33
Table 1: This shows three different fan selections, indicating system brake horsepower differences. Results will vary depending
on the specific system and fan selections. Courtesy: Arup
66
www.csemag.com
Figure 3: Conventional high efficiency (low-flow) hoods for teaching and autosash closing research hoods were part of an integrated design at Princeton (N.J.) University Frick
Laboratory to reduce hazardous exhaust airflow from the laboratory spaces. Exhaust air
heat recovery and turndown during unoccupied periods were two other key energy saving
features of the air management system. Courtesy: Warren Jagger Photography
67
Lab ventilation
draining to the sanitary system, or otherwise captured and properly disposed. The
presence of condensate on coils, within
ductwork, or on AHU casings, coupled
with corrosive chemicals in the exhaust
airstream, can increase material deterioration, requiring more frequent maintenance
There is an ongoing
challenge for designers
to balance safety
and low energy for
which there are several
conditions and design
approaches to consider
in every lab project.
higher pressure steam, piping expansion,
and anchoring.
There is an ongoing challenge for
designers to balance safety and low
energy for which there are several conditions and design approaches to consider
in every laboratory project. The 2015
IMC provides new and innovative language on manifolding, fan redundancy,
and heat recovery for hazardous exhaust.
Each of these three provisions may be
used to achieve energy savings, which can
be substantial if they are implemented in
concert. Reduction or elimination of space
relative humidity requirements also will
save energy and infrastructure cost. NFPA
77 offers humidification as a method of
ignition control, which must be considered carefully to define a setpoint that
recognizes safety and energy use.
Jon Eisenberg is an associate principal in
Arups Boston office, and is an expert in
industrial and laboratory fire protection
and hazard analysis. Jeffrey Huang is an
associate in Arups New York office, and
applies the latest low-energy approaches
to the design of laboratories for both commercial and university clients.
input #26 at www.csemag.com/information
stay
informed
MOTOR
PLUGS
QUICKLY CONNECT
& DISCONNECT POWER
OFF
Button
Stay current
with technology
and trends in
electrical, mechanical,
lighting, and
fire/life safety.
Safety Shutter
(on receptacle)
To subscribe, visit
www.csemag.com/subscribe
Input #100 at www.csemag.com/information
cse_stayInformed_6th.indd 1
meltric.com
800.433.7642
Input #101 at www.csemag.com/information
2/24/2014 10:18:04 AM
u
ATEX & CSA rated
digital publication?
Earn continuing
education credits
by attending
our 1-hour-long
webcasts.
Register and view
today at
www.csemag.com/
webcast
cse2014_digitlEditn_6th.indd 1
www.csemag.com
www.csemag.com
Hazardous Location
cse201311_onDemWebcast_6th.indd
1
2/24/2014 11:37:44
AM
800.433.7642
meltric.com
Input #105 at www.csemag.com/information
11/13/2013 2:24:10 PM
Consulting-Specifying
Consulting-Specifying
Engineer JANUARY/FEBRUARY
Engineer MONTH 2015
69
So is the way
you
Pantone
382cuse information.
CFE Media delivers a world of knowledge to you. Personally.
To do your job better
each day, you need a
trusted source of
information: CFE Media
Content For Engineers.
CFE Media is home to
three of the most trusted
names in the business:
70
Visit www.csemag.com
Visit www.controleng.com
Visit www.plantengineering.com
www.csemag.com
1/3/2014 10:16:30 AM
Advertiser Index
PUBLICATION SERVICES
Jim Langhenry,
Co-Founder and Publisher, CFE Media
630-571-4070 x2203; JLanghenry@CFEMedia.com
Steve Rourke, Co-Founder, CFE Media
630-571-4070 x2204, SRourke@CFEMedia.com
Trudy Kelly, Executive Assistant
630-571-4070 x2205, TKelly@CFEMedia.com
Request more information about products and advertisers in this issue by using the
http://csemag.com/information link and reader service number located near each item.
If youre reading the digital edition, the link will be live. You may also check the circle
adjacent the page reference to indicate which companies you are interested in, then
FAX this back to Consulting-Specifying Engineer at 630-214-4504 for FREE information.
When you contact a company directly, please let them know you read about them in
Consulting-Specifying Engineer.
Reader
Service #
Company
Page
Phone #
Web site
Send Info
REPRINTS
PUBLICATION SALES
Midwest
Matt Waddell
MWaddell@CFEMedia.com
1111 W. 22nd St. Suite 250
312-961-6840
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Fax 630-214-4504
AL
Patrick Lynch
PLynch@CFEMedia.com
1111 W. 22nd St., Suite 250 630-571-4070 x2210
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Fax 630-214-4504
West, TX, OK
Tom Corcoran
TCorcoran@CFEMedia.com
1111 W. 22nd St., Suite 250
215-275-6420
Oak Brook, IL 60523
Fax 484-631-0598
Northeast
Richard A. Groth Jr. RGroth@CFEMedia.com
12 Pine Street
774-277-7266
Franklin, MA 02038
Fax 508-590-0432
International
Stuart Smith
SSM Global Media Ltd.
stuart.smith@ssm.co.uk
+44 208 464 5577
Fax +44 208 464 5588
Name
Title
Company
Address
City
State
Phone
Fax
Zip
Consulting-Specifying Engineer does not assume and hereby disclaims any liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by errors
or omissions in the Advertiser contacts regardless of whether such errors result from negligence, accident, or any other cause whatsoever.
www.csemag.com
71
Future of Engineering
Connecting buildings
via the Internet of Things
72
www.csemag.com
EXPECT LESS
LESS HARMONICS
YA S K A W A A M E R I C A , I N C .
DRIVES & MOTION DIVISION
1 - 8 0 0 - YA S K A W A | YA S K A W A . C O M
input #27 at www.csemag.com/information
2013 EnerSys. All rights reserved. Trademarks and logos are the property of EnerSys and its affiliates unless otherwise noted.
Subject to revision without prior notice. E.&O.E.