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EXERCISE 4.1
Samples of a phosphate slurry mixture are analyzed in a lab. The following data describe
the relationship between the shear stress and the shear rate:
Shear Rate & ( sec 1 )
Shear Stress,
25
75
125
175
225
325
425
525
625
725
825
38
45
48
51
53
55.5
58
60
62
63.2
64.3
( Pa )
= k& n
log = log k + n log &
Shear Rate
25
75
125
175
225
325
425
525
625
725
825
1.58
1.65
1.68
1.71
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
Slope = 0.15
Intercept = 1.37
Slope = n = 0.15
Intercept = log k = 1.37
k = 23.4 Ns0.15/m2
app =
= 23.4& 0.85
&
Problem 4.1
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Shear Rate
Problem 4.1
Log (Shear Stress)
Shear Stress
Hence,
1.85
1.8
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.6
1.55
0
EXERCISE 4.2:
Verify equation 4.7
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 4.2:
r
z
rz = k z
dr
Hence,
P k d dvz
+
r
L r dr dr
P
p
has been replaced by +
since the pressure gradient is constant.
Here
L
z
Integrating once,
n
O=+
r P C1 dvz
+ =
2k L
r dr
1 +1
P n r n
+ C2 = v z
2 Lk 1 + 1
n
Applying the boundary condition that vz = 0 at r = R
1
1
1+
1+
n
R r n
P
vz = +
2kL n + 1
n
1
vAV =
2
rvz dr
R 2 0
Hence
R
vAV
1
1
1+
3+
1
2
n
n
n
2 P
R r
r
= 2
R 2kL n+1 3n + 1 n + 1
2
n n n
0
vAV
2 P n 3+ 1n
n
= 2
R
R 2kL
2 ( 3n + 1)
and
1
Simplifying with
vAV
D
=R
2
PD
=
4kL
Dn
2 ( 3n + 1)
EXERCISE 4.3:
Verify equation 4.28
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 4.3:
r
z
P 1
+
( r rz )
z r r
Pr d
= ( r rz )
dr
L
Integrating,
Pr
= rz
2L
For pipe flow
rz = y + p
dvz
dr
since
dvz
is negative for pipe flow
dr
Hence,
dv
Pr
= y + p z
2L
dr
Rearranging,
Pr y dvz
+
=
2 L p p dr
Integrating,
Pr 2 y r
+
+ C2 = v z
4 L p p
r=R
P R2 y R
+
= C2
4 L p
p
P ( R2 r2 ) y ( r R )
vz =
+
4 L p
p
This velocity profile is valid for R* r R . For the plug flow region r R* ,
dvz
= 0.
dr
PR*
2L
5
The plug flow velocity can be found by substituting this expression for y into the
velocity profile.
P ( R 2 R*2 )
vz =
4 L p
vz =
P ( R R* )
4 p L
P R* ( R* R )
2 L p
for 0 r R*
Both velocity regions must be integrated to determine the average velocity vAV .
vAV
2
= 2
R
R*
2
2
P
R R* ) rdr + 2
(
4 p L
R
R*
R 2 r 2 ) + y ( r R ) rdr
(
p
4 p L
Integrating,
vAV
4
PR 2 4 R* 1 R*
=
1 +
8 p L 3 R 3 R
vAV
4
R 0 4 y 1 y
1
=
+
4 p 3 0 3 0
or
0 =
RP
2L
EXERCISE 4.4
A slurry behaving as a pseudoplastic fluid is flowing through a smooth round tube having
an inside diameter of 5 cm at an average velocity of 8.5 m/s. The density of the slurry is
900 kg/m3 and its flow index and consistency index are n = 0.3 and k = 3.0 Ns0.3/m2.
Calculate the pressure drop for a) 50 m length of horizontal pipe and b) 50 m length of
vertical pipe with the flow moving against gravity.
*
transition
Re
(1.9 )
2.3
1.3
0.3
1.7
1.9
Re*transition = 2345
Re* at flow conditions,
1.7
kg
m
0.3
Re =
3.8
Ns 0.3
3.0
m2
Re* = 17340 > Re*transition turbulent
The friction factor f f is given by
1
4
= 0.75 log Re*
ff n
f f 2n
0.4
n
f f = 0.0026
a) the pressure drop for horizontal flow is then
p = 2 f f m
L 2
v AV
D
kg 50m
m
p = 2 ( 0.0026 ) 900 3
8.5 s
m
0.05m
)
2
p = 338
kN
m2
h f =
p
+ z
m g
or
L 2
p = m gh f + m g z = 2 f f m v AV
+ m g z
D
kg 50m m
kg
m
p = 2 ( 0.0026 ) 900 3
8.5 + 900 3 9.8 2 ( 50m )
m 0.05m
s
m s
p = 779
kN
m2
EXERCISE 4.5
The concentration of a water-based slurry sample is to be found by drying the slurry in an
oven. Determine the slurry weight concentration given the following data:
0.19
= 0.53
0.36
0.53
0.47
+
kg
kg
3000 3 1000 3
m
m
m = 1546
kg
m3
EXERCISE 4.6
A coal-water slurry has a specific gravity of 1.3. If the specific gravity of coal is 1.65,
what is the weight percent of coal in the slurry? What is the volume percent coal?
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 4.6:
Cw
(1 Cw )
f
(1 Cw )
1
C
= w +
1.3 1.65
1.0
Solving for Cw ,
Cw = 0.586
mass coal
Cw =
mass slurry
Cw m
EXERCISE 4.7
The following rheology test results were obtained for a mineral slurry containing 60
percent solids by weight. Which rheological model describes the slurry and what are the
appropriate rheological properties for this slurry?
0
0.1
1
10
15
25
40
45
4.0
4.03
4.2
5.3
5.8
6.7
7.8
8.2
The shear stress at zero shear rate is 4.0 Pa. Hence, this slurry exhibits yield stress equal
to 4.0 Pa. In order to determine whether the slurry behaves as a Bingham fluid or if it
follows the Herschel-Bulkley model, we need to plot y versus shear rate.
y (Pa)
0
0.03
0.2
1.3
1.8
2.7
3.8
4.2
A plot of y versus shear rate on an arithmetric scale is not linear. However, a plot
of y versus shear rate on a log-log scale is linear (the data for zero shear rate is
excluded)
y = k& n
ln ( y ) = ln k + n ln &
10
ln ( y )
ln &
-3.51
-1.61
+0.26
+0.59
+0.99
+1.34
+1.44
-2.30
0
+2.30
+2.71
+3.22
+3.69
+3.81
Shear Rate
0.1
1
10
15
25
40
45
Slope = 0.81 = n
Intercept = -1.62 = ln k
Ns 0.81
k = 0.20
m2
EXERCISE 4.8
A mud slurry is drained from a tank through a 50 ft. long horizontal plastic hose. The
hose has an elliptical cross-section, with a major axis of 4 inches and a minor axis of 2
inches. The open end of the hose is 10 feet below the level in the tank. The mud is a
Bingham plastic with a yield stress of 100 dynes/cm2, a plastic viscosity of 50cp, and a
density of 1.4 g/cm3.
a) At what velocity will water drain from the hose?
b) At what velocity will the mud drain from the hose?
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 4.8:
Applying the modified Bernoulli equation to the system between points 1 and 2,
11
2
vAV
0 = + h f + z +
2g
or,
2
vAV
0 = + h f + z2 z1 +
2g
where h f =
2 ff L 2
Need to determine the hydraulic diameter of the pipe with the elliptical cross-section:
Dh =
4 cross-sectional area
wetted perimeter
2b
2a
( 4 )( ab )
Dh =
Dh =
(a
+ b2 )
2
4 in 2 + 1 in 2
2
9.8 2
2 ) 9.8 2
(
s
s
2
2
0 = 0.051vAV
3.048 + 48.3 f f vAV
(*)
12
Solution Procedure:
1) Calculate He
2) Guess velocity v AV
3) Calculate Re
4) Find f f from Figure 6.
5) Check governing equation (*)
6) If governing equation is not satisfied, guess a new velocity vAV
kg
kg
2
1400 3 ( 0.0643 m ) 10
m D
m
m s2
He =
=
2
kg
0.050
ms
2
h y
2
p
He = 23,153
Solution via iterative procedure for water:
kg
m
Dv
m
s
=
= 2.3 105
Re =
kg
0.001
ms
vAV = 3.65 m s
vAV = 3.2
m
s
kg
m
13
EXERCISE 4.9
A coal slurry is found to behave as a power-law fluid with a flow index 0.3, a specific
gravity 1.5, and an apparent viscosity of 70cp at a shear rate 100s-1.
a) What volumetric flow rate of this fluid would be required to reach turbulent flow in a
1/2 in. I.D. smooth pipe which is 15 ft. long?
b) What is the pressure drop (in Pa) in the pipe under these conditions?
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 4.9:
*
*
transition
Re
6464 ( 0.3)
(1 + 3( 0.3) )
0.3
( 2 + 0.3)
2+ 0.3
1+ 0.3
+
1
3
0.3
(
)
20.3
Re*transition = 2340
Also, need to calculate k , the consistency index
app = k& n1
kg
100
= k
0.07
m s
s
k = 1.76
0.7
kg
ms1.7
Applying equation 4.19, the average velocity in the smooth pipe can be found.
2 n
n
8 m D nvAV
Re =
k
( 6n + 2 )
kg
0.3
0.3
8 1500 3 ( 0.0127 m ) v1.7
AV
0.3
m
2340=
kg
6
0.3
2
+
(
)
1.76
ms1.7
Solving for vAV
14
vAV = 1.61
m
s
m
2 0.0254 m
1.61 ( 0.5 in )
s
1 in
m3
s
b)
L 2
p = 2 f f m vAV
D
ff =
16
= 0.007
Re*
kg 4.572 m
m
p = 2 ( 0.007 ) 1500 3
1.61
m 0.0127 m
s
p = 19600 Pa
EXERCISE 4.10
A mud slurry is draining from the bottom of a large tank through a 1 m long vertical pipe
that is 1 cm I.D. The open end of the pipe is 4 m below the level in the tank. The mud
behaves as a Bingham plastic with a yield stress of 10 N/m2, an apparent viscosity of 0.04
kg/ms, and a density of 1500 kg/m3. At what velocity will the mud slurry drain from the
hose?
15
h f = z2 z1 +
2
vAV
2
2g
Assuming the flow is laminar, the head loss due to pipe friction is given by
hf =
p3 p2
m g
32 p vAV2 L
hf =
m g
16 y L
3D
kg
N
32 0.04
vAV2 (1 m ) 16 10 2 (1 m )
m s
m
+
2
3 ( 0.01 m )
( 0.01 m )
hf =
kg
m
1500 3 9.8 2
m
s
h f = 0.87vAV + 0.36
16
Plugging this head loss back into the modified Bernoulli equation,
2
vAV
0.87vAV 0.36 = 4 +
2 ( 9.8 )
Rearranging,
2
0 = 71.3 + 17.1 vAV + vAV
vAV =
17.1
vAV = 3.5 m
(17.1)
4 ( 71.3)
2
s
kg
m
v D
m
s
Re = m AV =
= 1300
kg
p
0.04
m s
EXERCISE 4.11
A mud slurry is draining in laminar flow from the bottom of a large tank through a 5 m
long horizontal pipe that is 1 cm inside diameter. The open end of the pipe is 5 m below
the level in the tank. The mud is a Bingham plastic with a yield stress of 15 N/m2, an
apparent viscosity of 0.06 kg/ms, and a density of 2000 kg/m3. At what velocity will the
mud slurry drain from the hose?
17
Assuming the flow is laminar, the head loss due to pipe friction is given by
hf =
p3 p2
=
m g
32 p vAV2 L
D2
m g
16 y L
3D
kg
N
32 0.06
vAV2 ( 5 m ) 16 15 2 ( 5 m )
m s
m
+
2
3 ( 0.01 m )
( 0.01 m )
hf =
kg
m
2000 3 9.8 2
m
s
18
Plugging this head loss back into the modified Bernoulli equation,
4.9vAV2 2.04 = 5 +
2
vAV
2 9.8 2
s
Rearranging,
2
vAV
+ 96.0 vAV 58 = 0
vAV =
96
vAV = 0.6
( 96 )
4 ( 58 )
2
m
s
kg
m
v D
m
s
Re = m AV =
kg
p
0.06
m s
19