Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
GCE Economics
Supporting you
Edexcel aims to provide the most comprehensive support for our qualifications. We have therefore published
our own dedicated suite of resources for teachers and students written by qualification experts. We also
endorse a wide range of materials from other publishers to give you a choice of approach.
For more information on our wide range of support and services for this GCE in Economics qualification, visit
our GCE website:www.edexcel.com.
Specification updates
This specification is Issue 4 and is valid for Advanced Subsidiary (AS) examination from 2009 and A2
examination from 2010. If there are any significant changes to the specification Edexcel will write to centres to
let them know. Changes will also be posted on our website.
For more information please visit www.edexcel.com/ or www.edexcel.com/gce2008.
Introduction
Contents
A Specification at a glance
B Specification overview
Qualification summary
11
Course structure
12
Unit 1 Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail
13
23
35
45
55
Assessment information
55
Additional information
59
Contents
Contents
E Resources, support and training
63
63
63
Edexcel publications
63
64
Support
65
Training
66
F Appendices
67
69
73
75
81
Appendix 5 Codes
83
85
91
Contents
A Specification at a glance
AS
Externally assessed
25% of
the total
GCE
marks
Content summary:
This unit provides an introduction to the nature of economics and examines how the
price mechanism allocates resources in markets. It analyses the nature of market
failure, its causes and possible policy remedies. At the end of this unit, students should
be able to apply supply and demand analysis to real-world situations; to understand
why markets might not allocate resources efficiently and the methods of dealing with
market failure, together with an evaluation of their effectiveness.
Assessment:
Examination of 1 hour 30 minutes, consisting of supported multiple-choice questions
and one data response question out of a choice of two questions.
Externally assessed
50%
of the
total AS
marks
25% of
the total
GCE
marks
Content summary:
This unit introduces the key measures of economic performance and the main
objectives and instruments of economic policy. Students should be able to use a basic
AD/AS model to understand why demand and/or supply side policies may be seen as
appropriate ways of managing an economy; predict the possible impact of such policies
and to recognise the assumptions involved; argue for different approaches and identify
criteria for success.
Assessment:
Examination of 1 hour 30 minutes, consisting of one data response question out of a
choice of two questions.
* See Appendix 5 for description of this code and all other codes relevant to this qualification.
Section A
Specification at a glance A
20% of
the total
GCE
marks
Content summary:
This unit develops the content of Unit 1 and examines how the pricing and nature of
competition between firms is affected by the number and size of market participants. At
the end of this unit, students should be able to analyse the pricing and output decisions
of firms in different contexts. They should also be capable of making an appraisal of
government intervention aimed at promoting competitive markets.
Assessment:
Examination of 1 hour 30 minutes, consisting of supported multiple-choice questions
and one data response question out of a choice of two questions.
Externally assessed
60%
of the
total A2
marks
Availability: June
First assessment: June 2010
30% of
the total
GCE
marks
Content summary:
This unit develops the knowledge and skills gained in Unit 2 so that they can be applied
in a global context. The application, analysis and evaluation of economic models is
required as well as an ability to assess policies which might be used to deal with
economic problems. An awareness of trends and developments in the global economy
over the last 10 years is required.
Assessment:
Examination of 2 hours, consisting of one essay question with two parts from a choice
of three topic areas, and one data response question out of a choice of two questions.
Section A
B Specification overview
Summary of assessment requirements
Unit number and
unit title
Level
Assessment information
Number
of marks
allocated in
the unit
Unit 1: Competitive
Markets How
They Work and
Why They Fail
AS
80 marks
Unit 2: Managing
the Economy
AS
80 marks
Unit 3: Business
Economics
and Economic
Efficiency
A2
72 marks
A2
100 marks
% in A2
% in GCE
AO1
27.5%
22%
24.75%
AO2
27.5%
22%
24.75%
AO3
22.5%
28%
25.25%
AO4
22.5%
28%
25.25%
100%
100%
100%
TOTAL
Section B
Specification overview B
AO1
AO2
AO3
AO4
Unit 1
30%
30%
20%
20%
Unit 2
25%
25%
25%
25%
AS weighting
27.5%
27.5%
22.5%
22.5%
Unit 3
25%
25%
25%
25%
Unit 4
20%
20%
30%
30%
A2 weighing
22%
22%
28%
28%
Total for
Advanced GCE
24.75%
24.75%
25.25%
25.25%
Qualification summary
Subject criteria
Aims
Section B
B Specification overview
AS/A2 knowledge
and understanding
enquiry.
This Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE specification requires
students to:
understand and use simple micro- and macro-economic models.
demand and understand why supply-side and/or demandside policies may be seen as appropriate ways of managing an
economy (see Unit 2)
develop an understanding of the range of ways in which markets
Section B
Specification overview B
AS/A2 skills
Section B
B Specification overview
10
Section B
13
23
35
45
Section C
11
Course structure
Edexcels GCE in Economics comprises four units and contains an
(Units 1 and 2), plus two A2 units (Units 3 and4) which make
up the other 50 per cent of the Advanced GCE. Students wishing
to take the full Advanced GCE must, therefore, complete all four
units.
The structure of this qualification allows teachers to construct a
12
Section C
Section C
13
Unit 1 Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail
Scarcity
Production
possibility
frontiers
Positive and
normative
economics
14
Section C
Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail Unit 1
Movement along
the demand curve
Shifts in the
demand curve
Section C
15
Unit 1 Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail
Movement along
the supply curve
Price elasticity of
supply
16
Section C
Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail Unit 1
Determination of
market equilibrium
Functions of the
price mechanism
Section C
17
Unit 1 Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail
Price mechanism
18
Section C
Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail Unit 1
Section C
19
Unit 1 Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail
Market failure
Externalities
Public goods
20
Section C
Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail Unit 1
Content
Imperfect market
information
Section C
21
Unit 1 Competitive Markets How They Work and Why They Fail
Methods of
government
intervention
Government failure
22
Section C
the Economy
Unit 2 Managing
AS compulsory unit
Externally assessed
Section C
23
Economic growth
An understanding of the
following distinctions is
required:
growth measurement as a
measure of standards of living
problems of comparison
Inflation
24
Section C
Content
Employment and
unemployment
An understanding of measures
to measure unemployment
such as the claimant count
and International Labour
Organisation (ILO) measures is
required.
Balance of
Payments
Section C
25
Content
Other measures of
development
labour in agriculture
combined primary and
National income
Injections and
withdrawals
26
Section C
The components of
AD:
C + I + G + (X M)
Consumption (C)
Investment (I)
Government
expenditure (G)
Section C
27
Content
Exports Imports
(X-M)
world economy
non-price factors.
28
Section C
Aggregate Supply
(AS)
Movements along
and shifts of the AS
curve
Section C
29
2.3.5 What determines the price level and equilibrium level of real output?
What students need to learn:
Content
Equilibrium level of
output
The multiplier
2.3.6 What are the causes, costs and constraints on economic growth?
What students need to learn:
Content
30
Section C
Content
Causes and
constraints on
growth
rates
export-led growth.
Costs of growth
Section C
31
Current
macroeconomic
objectives
Conflicts between
objectives
32
Section C
Demand-side
policies
A diagrammatic treatment is
required, using AD/AS analysis.
Students require knowledge
of how the Bank of Englands
Monetary Policy Committee in
the UK operates; the factors
it takes into consideration
when making its decisions;
the problems in determining
the magnitude of the effects of
these policies.
Supply-side policies
A diagrammatic treatment is
required, using AD/AS analysis.
The difficulty in operating
supply-side policies without an
impact on aggregate demand
is a useful tool for evaluation.
Students need to know the
problems in determining the
magnitude of the effects of
these policies.
Section C
33
Conflicts resulting
from the use of
policy instruments
supply-side policies
the impact of fiscal policy
incorporate environmental
goals, for example using
green taxes
impact of a change in interest
34
Section C
This unit develops the content of Unit 1 and examines how the
pricing and nature of competition between firms is affected by
the number and size of market participants. At the end of this
unit, students should be able to analyse the pricing and output
decisions of firms in different contexts. They should also be
capable of making an appraisal of government intervention aimed
at promoting competitive markets. Where appropriate, students
should be able to relate the theoretical framework to real-world
examples.
Students will be required to make simple calculations involving
percentage changes and index numbers. They will also be required
to interpret diagrams and construct simple graphs.
Section C
35
Objectives
example, satisficing.
Company growth
36
Section C
Revenue
Costs
Economies and
diseconomies of
scale
Section C
37
Productive and
allocative efficiency
Normal and
supernormal profit
Profit maximisation
38
Section C
Barriers to market
entry and exit
Market
concentration
Understand market
concentration ratios and be
able to interpret the meaning
and significance for business
behaviour.
Section C
39
Perfect competition
Monopoly
A diagrammatic explanation
to compare the two market
structures is expected.
40
Section C
Content
Monopsony
Oligopoly
Section C
41
Content
Monopolistic
competition
NOTICE TO CENTRES
Edexcel GCE in Economics (First Teaching September 2008). Replacement for page 42 in
Specification (UA018872).
42
Section C
Contestability
Government
intervention
to maintain
competition in
markets
Section C
43
44
Section C
Global Economy
Unit 4 The
A2 compulsory unit
Externally assessed
Section C
45
Causes of
globalisation
Effects of
globalisation
46
Section C
Patterns of trade
Specialisation
and comparative
advantage
WTO
Restrictions on free
trade
Diagrammatic representation
of tariffs is required (to
include welfare changes and
government revenue).
Protectionism
Section C
47
Balance of
Payments
Current account
deficits and
surpluses
Influences on
exchange rates
Changes in
exchange rates
Monetary union
48
Section C
Measures of
competitiveness
Consider measures of
competitiveness.
Factors influencing
competitiveness
Government policy
Absolute and
relative poverty
An ability to understand/sketch
a Lorenz curve diagram and Gini
coefficients is required.
Measurements of
inequality
Identify measurements of
inequality: the Lorenz curve;
Gini coefficient.
Section C
49
4.3.6 What are the limits to growth and development in developed and developing
countries?
What students need to learn:
Content
Limits to growth
and development
poor infrastructure
human capital inadequacies
primary product dependency
savings gap; inadequate
capital accumulation
foreign currency gap
capital flight
corruption
population issues
debt
poor governance; civil wars.
50
Section C
4.3.7 What is the role of the state in promoting growth and development?
What students need to learn:
Content
Macro economic
policies
Public expenditure
Section C
51
Content
Taxation
52
Section C
4.3.8 What other measures can be used to promote growth and development?
What students need to learn:
Content
Ways of promoting
growth and
development
aid
debt relief
development of human capital
inward looking/outward
looking strategies
free market/government
intervention approaches
industrialisation; development
of tourism; agriculture
microfinance
fair trade schemes
role of international financial
Section C
53
54
Section C
Entering
candidates for this
qualification
Resitting of units
Awarding and
reporting
Performance
descriptions
Section D
55
Unit results
The minimum uniform marks required for each grade for each unit:
80
70
60
50
40
Unit 3
Unit grade
64
56
48
40
32
Unit 4
Unit grade
96
84
72
60
48
56
Section D
Qualification
results
160
140
120
100
80
Advanced GCE
Qualification grade
320
280
240
200
160
Language of
assessment
Quality of written
communication
Section D
57
% in A2
% in GCE
AO1
27.5%
22%
24.75%
AO2
27.5%
22%
24.75%
AO3
22.5%
28%
25.25%
AO4
22.5%
28%
25.25%
100%
100%
100%
TOTAL
Synoptic
assessment
58
Section D
Stretch and
challenge
answers.
Additional information
Malpractice and
plagiarism
Section D
59
Access
arrangements
and special
requirements
special considerations
dates for submission of the forms.
Disability
Discrimination Act
60
Section D
Prior learning
Students who would benefit most from studying a GCE in
Economics are likely to have a Level 2 qualification such as a GCSE
in Economics or a GCSE in Business and Economics at grades A*C.
Progression
This qualification should enable students to progress to a straight
economics degree with a focus on theory, or a degree in applied
economics such as environmental economics, labour economics,
public sector economics or monetary economics. Alternatively,
students may like to study a business economics or mathematical
economics degree. Economics can also be combined with another
subject as a joint degree or with other subjects, for example
politics, philosophy or history as a combined degree. Some
universities require Advanced GCE Mathematics as well, others ask
only for a good grade at GCSE.
Post-university employment rates for economists are among
the highest for graduates. They are likely to find employment
in finance, banking, insurance, accountancy, management and
consultancy. Some become professional economists.
Combinations of
entry
Student
recruitment
required standard
they must be free from barriers that restrict access and
progression
equal opportunities exist for all students.
Section D
61
Key skills
The wider
curriculum
62
Section D
Edexcel publications
You can order further copies of the specification and specimen
exam papers from:
Edexcel Publications
Adamsway
Mansfield
Notts NG18 4FN
Telephone:
Fax:
Email:
Website:
01623 467467
01623 450481
publications@linney.com
www.edexcel.com
Section E
63
64
Section E
Support
Edexcel support
services
Section E
65
Training
A programme of professional development and training courses,
covering various aspects of the specification and examination, will
be arranged by Edexcel each year on a regional basis. Full details
can be obtained from:
Training from Edexcel
Edexcel
One90 High Holborn
London WC1V 7BH
Telephone:
Fax:
Email:
Website:
66
Section E
F Appendices
Appendix 1 Performance descriptions
69
73
75
81
Appendix 5 Codes
83
85
91
Section F
67
F Appendices
68
Section F
Section F
69
70
Section F
E/U
boundary
performance
descriptions
models.
institutions
terminology
b demonstrate some
understanding of:
a demonstrate knowledge
of some facts and
concepts included in the
AS specification
to issues arising in
familiar situations.
terminology
numerical and
graphical techniques
concepts
Candidates
characteristically:
to issues arising in
familiar and unfamiliar
situations.
terminology
numerical and
graphical techniques
Candidates
characteristically:
models.
institutions
terminology
b demonstrate clear
understanding of:
a apply:
a demonstrate detailed
knowledge of a range
of facts and concepts
included in the AS
specification
concepts
Candidates
characteristically:
Candidates
characteristically:
A/B
boundary
performance
descriptions
objectives
Demonstrate knowledge
and understanding of the
specified content.
Assessment objective 2
Assessment
Assessment objective 1
b demonstrate partial
explanations of
economic problems and
issues.
a demonstrate some
evidence of selecting
relevant concepts,
models, theories and
techniques
Candidates
characteristically:
Candidates
characteristically:
Assessment objective 3
stating conclusions.
offering judgements
a evaluate straightforward
economic arguments
and evidence at a simple
level, for example by:
Candidates
characteristically:
reaching and
presenting
conclusions.
making judgements
prioritising evidence
and arguments
a evaluate straightforward
economic arguments
and evidence by:
Candidates
characteristically:
Evaluate economic
arguments and evidence,
making informed
judgements.
Assessment objective 4
E/U
boundary
performance
descriptions
models
institutions
terminology
to complex issues
arising in a range of
situations, some of
which may be unfamiliar.
terminology
numerical and
graphical techniques
concepts
Candidates
characteristically:
to complex issues
arising in familiar and
unfamiliar situations.
terminology
Candidates
characteristically:
models
institutions
terminology
numerical and
graphical techniques
concepts
a detailed knowledge of
a range of facts and
concepts
Candidates
characteristically:
Candidates
characteristically:
A/B
boundary
performance
descriptions
objectives
Demonstrate knowledge
and understanding of the
specified content.
Assessment objective 2
Assessment
Assessment objective 1
b demonstrate partial
development of logical
explanations for complex
economic problems and
issues.
a demonstrate some
evidence of selecting
relevant concepts,
models, theories and
techniques
Candidates
characteristically:
Candidates
characteristically:
Assessment objective 3
make
recommendations.
make judgements
a demonstrate some
evaluative skills in
relation to complex
economic arguments
and evidence:
Candidates
characteristically:
make reasoned
recommendations.
make reasoned
judgements
prioritise evidence
and arguments
a evaluate effectively
complex economic
arguments:
Candidates
characteristically:
Evaluate economic
arguments and evidence,
making informed
judgements.
Assessment objective 4
Performance descriptions Appendix 1
Section F
71
F Appendices
72
Section F
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Application of number
N3.1
N3.2
N3.3
C3.1a
C3.1b
C3.2
C3.3
ICT3.1
ICT3.2
ICT3.3
LP3.1
LP3.2
LP3.3
PS3.1
PS3.2
PS3.3
WO3.1
WO3.2
WO3.3
Communication
Problem solving
Section F
73
F Appendices
74
Section F
diagrams (N3.3).
Key skills portfolio evidence
requirement
AS/A2
unit
N3.1
N3.2
a amounts or sizes
b scales or proportion
c handling statistics
d using formulae.
N3.3
1, 2, 3, 4
Section F
75
Communication Level 3
Key skills portfolio evidence
requirement
AS/A2
unit
C3.1a
1, 2, 3, 4
C3.1b
1, 2, 3, 4
C3.2
76
Section F
1, 2, 3, 4
AS/A2
unit
C3.3
1, 2, 3, 4
example of number
use one example of combined information such as text and
Section F
77
AS/A2
unit
ICT3.1
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
ICT3.3
1, 2, 3, 4
78
Section F
AS/A2
unit
LP3.1
1, 2, 3, 4
LP3.2
1, 2, 3, 4
LP3.3
1, 2, 3, 4
AS/A2
unit
PS3.1
1, 2, 3, 4
Section F
79
AS/A2
unit
PS3.2
1, 2, 3, 4
PS3.3
1, 2, 3, 4
AS/A2
unit
WO3.1
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
WO3.3
1, 2, 3, 4
80
Section F
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Spiritual
Moral
Ethical
Social
Cultural
Citizenship
Environmental
European initiatives
Development suggestions
Issue
AS/A2
units
Spiritual
What limits growth and development in different countries and what can
be done to promote it.
Moral
2 and 4
Ethical
Social
Cultural
Citizenship
Section F
81
Issue
AS/A2
units
Environmental
European initiatives
82
Section F
Appendix 5 Codes
Type of code
Use of code
Code number
National
classification codes
4410
National
Qualifications
Framework (NQF)
codes
AS 500/2430/9
Unit 1 6EC01
AS 8EC01
Unit codes
Cash in codes
Entry codes
Unit 2 6EC02
Unit 3 6EC03
Unit 4 6EC04
Section F
83
F Appendices
84
Section F
Books
Author
Title
Publisher
Longman
2005
9814088978
Anderson I and
Anderson F
Anforme Ltd
2004
0907529844
Anderton A G
Economics
2006
1902796926
Anderton A G
Economics AS Level
2006
1902796934
Anderton A G
2004
190279611X
Bamford C
Heinemann Educational
Publishers
2000
0435330462
Bamford C and
Munday S
Heinemann Educational
Publishers
2002
0435332236
Brewer Q
2004
0860036995
Chopra K
Development Economics
2002
0860032655
Clift P and
Simpson G
2005
1844893561
Cole R
2004
1844890023
Cole R
2004
0860039382
Cramp P
Anforme Ltd
2000
0907529569
Cramp P
Labour Markets
Anforme Ltd
2001
0907529607
Dransfield R
2003
074877081X
Gavin M
2004
0860039129
Gavin M
2003
0860036820
Gillespie A
Oxford University
Press
2005
0199150710
Publication
date
ISBN
0860034976
Section F
85
Author
Title
Publisher
Publication
date
ISBN
Grant S and
Vidler C
Heinemann Educational
Publishers
2004
0435330837
Grant S and
Vidler C
Economics in Context
Heinemann Educational
Publishers
2000
0435331116
Grant S, Vidler
C and Ellams A
Heinemann Educational
Publishers
2005
0435330772
Hearn J
A2 Economics: Macroeconomics
(Flash Revise Cards)
2005
1844892824
Hearn J
A2 Economics: Microeconomics
(Flash Revise Cards)
2005
1844892816
Hearn J
2000
0860033708
Jewell M
Anforme Ltd
2005
0907529984
Morgan J
2001
0748758224
Munday S
Heinemann Educational
Publishers
2000
0435330500
Nixson F I
Heinemann Educational
Publishers
2001
0435330489
Nutter R
2000
0860032477
Nutter R
Anforme Ltd
2006
1905504012
Nutter R
Nutter R
2005
1844891127
Nutter R
2005
1844891135
Smith M,
Etherington I
and Smith C
2006
1405807458
Smith P
2005
1844892093
Turner K,
Pearce D W and
Bateman I
Environmental Economics: An
Elementary Introduction
FT Prentice Hall
1993
0745010830
Wall N
Hodder Arnold
2003
0340872756
086003318X
NOTICE TO CENTRES
Edexcel GCE in Economics (First Teaching September 2008). Replacement for page 86 in
Specification (UA018872).
86
Section F
Useful websites
www.edexcel.com/gce2008
Barclays Bank www.barclays.co.uk
BBC News: Economics http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/
economy
Bized: Business Studies resources www.bized.co.uk
Bized: Virtual Economy www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy
Competition Commission www.competition-commission.org.uk
David Smiths EconomicsUK www.economicsuk.com
Deutsche Bank Research www.dbresearch.com
Economics Study Guides SparkNotes www.sparknotes.com/
economics
Europa (EU server) http://europa.eu/pol/emu/index_en.htm
Federal Statistical Office (Germany) www.statistik-bund.de/
e-home.htm
Institute for Public Policy Research www.ippr.org.uk
Institute: Social Sciences Economics www.sosig.ac.uk/
economics
Just Business Educational Resources www.jusbiz.org
Kevin Hindes Cyber Economics Tour www.kevinhinde.com
Larry Reynolds Economics www.boisestate.edu/econ/lreynol/web
NIESR www.niesr.ac.uk
National Statistics Online www.statistics.gov.uk
National Statistics Economic Trends www.statistics.gov.uk/
StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=308
Section F
87
88
Section F
Other support
Multimedia
Section F
89
F Appendices
90
Section F
Appendix 7
Section F
91
Edexcel, a Pearson company, is the UKs largest awarding body, offering academic and vocational
qualifications and testing to more than 25,000 schools, colleges, employers and other places of learning in
the UK and in over 100 countries worldwide. Qualifications include GCSE, AS and A Level, NVQ and our BTEC
suite of vocational qualifications from entry level to BTEC Higher National Diplomas, recognised by employers
and higher education institutions worldwide.
We deliver 9.4 million exam scripts each year, with more than 90% of exam papers marked onscreen
annually. As part of Pearson, Edexcel continues to invest in cutting-edge technology that has revolutionised
the examinations and assessment system. This includes the ability to provide detailed performance data to
teachers and students which helps to raise attainment.
This specification is Issue 4. Key changes are sidelined. We will inform centres of any changes to this issue.
The latest issue can be found on the Edexcel website: www.edexcel.com
Acknowledgements
This specification has been produced by Edexcel on the basis of consultation with teachers, examiners,
consultants and other interested parties. Edexcel acknowledges its indebtedness to all those who contributed
their time and expertise to the development of Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced GCE specifications.
References to third-party material made in this specification are made in good faith. Edexcel does not
endorse, approve or accept responsibility for the content of materials, which may be subject to change, or
any opinions expressed therein. (Material may include textbooks, journals, magazines and other publications
and websites.)
Authorised by Roger Beard
Prepared by Sara Furness
Publications code UA024837
All the material in this publication is copyright
Edexcel Limited 2010