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I. INTRODUCTION
The structures constructed with good techniques and
machines in the recent past have fallen prey to earthquakes
leading to enormous loss of life and property and untold
sufferings to the survivors of the earthquake hit area, which
has compelled the engineers and scientists to think of
innovative techniques and methods to save the buildings
and structures from the destructive forces of earthquake.
The earthquakes in the recent past have provided enough
evidence of performance of different type of structures
under different earthquake conditions and at different
foundation conditions as a food for thought to the engineers
and scientists. This has given birth to different type of
techniques to save the structures from the earthquakes.
Base isolation concept was coined by engineers and
scientists as early as in the year 1923 and thereafter
different methods of isolating the buildings and structures
from earthquake forces have been developed world over.
Countries like US, New Zealand, Japan, China and
European countries have adopted these techniques as their
normal routine for many public buildings and residential
buildings as well. Hundreds of buildings are being built
every year with base isolation technique in these countries.
1.2
1.0
Direction of
response control
along increse in damping
0.8
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
7%
10%
0.6
0.4
Region in which
Region
of
base isolated
Base
isolation
structure lies
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Time (Sec)
438
ub
mb
ub
(a)
(b)
rubber
(c)
Fig. 2. Laminated rubber bearing system - a) Sectional details b) Schematic diagram c) Force deformation behavior
439
response.
ub
F
mb
Bottom cover
plate
Steel plates
rubber
Lead core
(a)
ub
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3. New Zealand bearing system (a) Sectional details (b) Schematic diagram (c) Force deformation behavior
440
ub
F
Rubber plug
mb
ub
ub
Bottom cover
plate
(b)
(b)
mb
ub
(a)
(c)
Fig. 4. Resilient friction base isolation system a) Sectional details b) Schematic
441
ub
F
Bolt hole
mb
F
ub
ub
(b)
(a)
( b)
Fig. 7. High damping rubber bearing (a) Sectional details b) Force deformation
behavior
442
Articulated slider
Stainless steel
concave surface
Roller
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8. Friction Pendulum Base Isolator (a) Friction pendulum system (b) Roller pendulum system
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Smooth synthetic
liner
Ground
Fig. 10. Visco - Elastic Damper
Structure
X- Plates
Fixed lug
connecting lug
Fig. 11. Elasto-plastic damper
SMA wires
Outer cylinder
W
W
Moving inner
cylinder
Fixed lug
Fig. 14. SMA damper
Cross - section
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R T M (u R(ug ub ) M b (ug ub )
Cb u b K b u b f f c 0
(2)
445
TABLE I
NEHRP RECOMMENDATIONS
Earthquake Ground Motion Level
Risk Category
Minor (MMS
Intensity V)
Moderate
(MMS
Intensity >
V VII)
Major
(MMS
Intensity >
VII)
Life Safety a
F, I
F, I
F, I
F, I
F, I
F, I
Structural
damage b
Non structural
damage c
(contents
damage)
a
b
c
f x k p u x uNz x
(5)
f y k p u y uNz y
(6)
fx k p u x (k e k p )u y z x
(3)
f y k p u y (k e k p )u y z y
(4)
TABLE II
LOWER LIMIT BOUNDS FOR DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF ISOLATORS
Design Parameter
ELF procedure
Design displacement - DD
DD = (g/42)(SDiTD/BD)
Total design displacement - DT
DT > 1.1 D
Maximum displacement - DM
DM = (g/42)(SMITM/BM)
Total Maximum displacement - DTM > 1.1 DM
DTM
Design shear - Vb
Vb =kDmax DD
(at or below the isolation system)
Design shear Vs
Vs = kDmax DD/RI
(regular super structure)
Design shear Vs
Vs = kDmax DDRI
(irregular super structure)
Drift (Calculated using RI for Cd)
0.015hsx
446
Dynamic properties
Response
Response
spectrum
history
> 0.9 DT
> 0.9 DT
> 0.9 Vb
> 0.9 Vb
> 0.8 Vs
> 0.6 Vs
> 1.0 Vs
> 0.8 Vs
0.015hsx
0.020hsx
VIII. TESTING OF ISOLATORS Code requires that at least two full sized specimens of
each type of isolator be tested. The tests required are a
specified sequence of horizontal cycles under DL + 0.5LL
from small horizontal displacements up to DTM. In addition,
tests are also carried out for the maximum vertical load
1.2DL + 0.5LL + Emax and for the minimum load 0.8DL
Emin where Emax and Emin are the maximum downward
and upward load on the isolator that can be generated by an
earthquake.
1.2
1.0
G/Gmax
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
10
Shear Strain(%)
447
Direction
of
Equivalent Spring
Constant for
Rectangular
Foundation
Equivalent Damping
Horizontal
KH = 2(1+ )G
X(BL)
CH =C1KHR( /G)
Rocking
KR = (G/(I- ))
BL2
CR =C2KRR( /G)
Vertical
K=(G/(I-))(BL)
CV =C3KVR( /G)
Torsion
CT = (KTIT )/(1+2IT
/R5)
Motion
Coefficient
448
The size of the model is 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.5 m and the raft
model is provided with a base raft of size 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.1 m
and isolated footing model is provided with footings of size
0.35 x 0.35 x 0.1 m. The size of the cross section of beams
TABLE IV
REPRESENTATIVE VALUES OF ANGLE OF FRICTION FOR SANDS AND SILTS AND REPRESENTATIVE VALUES OF COHESION FOR CLAYS.
Sr.
no.
Effective angle
of friction - degrees
27 to 34
33 to 45
35 to 50
27 to 34
27 to 35
Sr.
no.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Soil (Clay)
Very soft clay
Soft to medium clay
Silt clay
Very stiff
Hard
449
Cohesion
in kN/sqm.
< 12
12 25
50 100
100 200
> 200
Property
Value
Property
Value
Gravel
5.6%
Cu
7.37
Coarse sand
19.4%
Cc
1.12
Medium Sand
53%
dmax
1.71g/cc
Fine Sand
17.6%
dmin
1.40g/cc
Silt + Clay
4.4%
Sp.gravity
2.66
D60
1.18mm
emax
0.77
D10
0.16mm
emin
0.48
D30
0.46mm
Z
Y
450
451
Acceleration
Time
Fig. 21a Acceleration time history for A6 signal for FXRAF
and ISODRY cases for zone V of IS 1893 excitation
Acceleration
References
[1] Fu Lin Zhou, Zheng Yang, Wen Guang Liu And Ping Tan - New
Seismic Isolation System For Irregular Structure With The Largest
Isolation Building Area In The World (13 th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004
Paper No.2349)
Time
Fig. 21b Acceleration time history for A6 signal for FXRAF and
IDSGM cases for zone V of IS 1893 excitation.
[5]
Time
Fig. 21c Acceleration time history for A6 signal for FXRAF and
RAFDRY cases for zone V of IS 1893 excitaion.
Time
452
[12] Veto Verma, Reddy G.R., Vaze K.K. & Khushwaha H.S. Base
isolation strategies for structures and components.
[18] Parulekar Y.M., Reddy G.R., Vaze K. K., Ghosh A.K.- Seismic
response control of complex piping system using elasto-plastic
dampers Experiments and analysis. (International Workshop on
Earthquake Hazards & Mitigations on December 7-8, 2007 at IIT
Guwahati, India, Paper No. 55)
[19] Parulekar Y.M., Reddy G.R., Vaze K.K., Ghosh A.K., Khushavha
H.S., Muthumani K. & Sreekala Passive Seismic Control Of
Piping System Using Shape Memory Alloy Damper. (13th
Symposium on Earthquake Engineering held at IIT, Roorkee, from
Dec 18-20, 2004, Paper No. 149)
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