C C N A C H E AT S H E E T S

Part 1: IP Addressing
ADDRESS CLASSES

GENERAL DETAILS

+ Operates at L3 of the OSI Model

Class A

- 8 network bits, 24 host Bits

- First Bit is 0 (From 0 to 126)
- Subnet Mask is 255.0.0.0

+ Expressed in dotted decimal (X.X.X.X)

+ Each decimal represents one octet (0-255)

Class B
- 16 Network bits, 16 host bits
- First 2 bits are 10 (From 128-191)
- Subnet Mask is 255.255.0.0

+ IP Addresses have 2 parts Network and Host Bits

+ A subnet mask is used to identify which bits are

Class C

network and which bits are host bits

+ A subnet mask is a binary toggle that is 1 for network

bits and 0 for host bits

- 24 Network Bits, 8 host Bits

- First 3 bits are 110 (From 192 223)
- Default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0

Class D (multicast)
- First 4 bits are 1110 (224-239)
- Used for 1 to Many communication

MORE SUBNETTING

FIXED LENGTH SUBNETTING

+ Subnet Masks can be represented in /n, where n is the

number of network bits.

Example: 192.168.1.0/24
To divide into 8 subnets, we convert 3 host bits

Class A = /8
Class B = /16
Class C = /24

New Subnet mask would have 3 more network bits.

+ Dividing a major classful IPv4 address into smaller parts.

New subnet mask is /27

+ Done by manipulating the host bits

First network would be 192.168.1.0/27 with 5 host bits (0

to 31)

+ Converting n host bits to Network bits would divide the

Next would be 192.168.1.32/27 with 5 host bits (32 to 63)

network into 2n parts.

+ First IP address in a subnet is the Network Address.

+ Last IP Address in a subnet is the Broadcast Address.
+ The addresses in the middle are assigned to hosts.

Remaining subnets would be 192.168.1.64/27 192.168.1.96/27,

192.168.1.128/24, 192.168.1.160/27, 192.168.1.192/27 and
192.168.1.224/27

Instead of having 1 /24, with 256 IP addresses we now

have 8 /27s with 32 IP addresses each. Nothing lost.

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C C N A C H E AT S H E E T S

PRIVATE IP ADDRESSING
+ Addresses that are used internally

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNETTING

+ One classful network can be divided into multiple

subnets of different sizes

+ Not routable on the internet

+ Free, you can design or reuse it as you want

+ Always start by dividing into 2 and then dividing further.

+ Different sizes based on different requirements.

+ Defined in RFC 1918

+ Class sizes can only be powers of 2

CLASS A
- 1 Private Subnet
- 10.0.0.0/8

+ First & Last IP in the subnet are reserved for network &
broadcast

CLASS B

Example: From a /16, we can get


256 /24s or

2 /17s or

1 /17 and 128 /24s

4 /19s, 6 /20s and 64 /24s

- 16 private subnets:
- 172.16.0.0/16 172.31.0.0/16

CLASS C
- 255 private Subnets
- 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.255.0/24
These addresses can be further subnetted into smaller ranges.

SUMMARIZATION / SUPERNETTING

+ Opposite of subnetting
+ Grouping multiple subnets into a bigger summary or
supernet
+ Achieved by converting network bits into host bits
+ You can only summarize contiguous IP subnets
+ By converting n network bits into host bits, you
summarize 2n networks into a larger supernet
Example:
192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 and
192.168.3.0/24 can be summarized into 192.168.0.0/22
4 /24 networks with 8 host bits each (256 addresses), gives
us 1 /22 network with 10 host bits (1024 addresses)

RESERVED ADDRESS

+ Loopback Address
- 127.0.0.0/8 is localhost network
- Used to refer to the host itself
- You can ping 127.0.0.1 to test if your TCP/IP stack is
functioning properly

+ Link Local Address
- 169.254.0.0 169.254.255.255
- Used on a directly connected network
- If a system does not receive a DHCP address, it can
assign itself a link local addresss

+ Class E IP range reserved for research

- First 4 bits are 1111
- From 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

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