Joseph Brodsky

Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky[2] (/brdski/; Russian: 2

, IPA: [osf lksandrvt brotskj]; 24 May 1940 28 January 1996)
2.1
was a Russian and American poet and essayist.
Born in Leningrad in 1940, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet
authorities and was expelled (strongly advised to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in America
with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters. He
taught thereafter at universities including those at Yale,
Cambridge and Michigan.

Career and family

Early career

So long had life together been, that once

the snow began to fall, it seemed unending;
that, lest the akes should make her eyelids wince,
Id shield them with my hand, and they, pretending
not to believe that cherishing of eyes,
would beat against my palm like butteries.

Brodsky was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature

for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of
thought and poetic intensity.[3] He was appointed United

States Poet Laureate in 1991.[4]

from Six Years Later," Trans. Richard Wilbur

In 1955, Brodsky began writing his own poetry and producing literary translations. He circulated them in secret, and some were published by the underground journal Sintaksis (Syntaxis). His writings were apolitical.[7]
By 1958 he was already well known in literary circles
for his poems The Jewish cemetery near Leningrad and
Pilgrims.[9] Asked when he rst felt called to poetry, he
recollected, In 1959, in Yakutsk, when walking in that
terrible city, I went into a bookstore. I snagged a copy
of poems by Baratynsky. I had nothing to read. So I
read that book and nally understood what I had to do
in life. Or got very excited, at least. So in a way, Evgeny
Abramovich Baratynsky is sort of responsible. His friend
Ludmila Shtern recalled working with Brodsky on an irrigation project in his Geological Period (working as a
geologists assistant): We bounced around the Leningrad
Province examining kilometers of canals, checking their
embankments, which looked terrible. They were falling
down, coming apart, had all sorts of strange things growing in them...It was during these trips, however, that I
was privileged to hear the poems The Hills and You
Will Gallop in the Dark. Brodsky read them aloud to
me between two train cars as we were going towards
Tikhvin.[9]

Early years

Brodsky was born into a Jewish family in Leningrad. His

father, Aleksandr Brodsky, was a professional photographer in the Soviet Navy and his mother, Maria Volpert
Brodsky, was a professional interpreter whose work often helped to support the family. They lived in communal apartments, in poverty, marginalized by their Jewish
status.[5] In early childhood Brodsky survived the Siege
of Leningrad where he and his parents nearly died of
starvation; one aunt did die of hunger.[6] He later suffered from various health problems caused by the siege.
Brodsky commented that many of his teachers were antiSemitic and that he felt like a dissident from an early age.
He noted I began to despise Lenin, even when I was
in the rst grade, not so much because of his political
philosophy or practice...but because of his omnipresent
images.[7]
As a young student Brodsky was an unruly child known
for his misbehavior during classes.[8] At fteen, Brodsky
left school and tried to enter the School of Submariners
without success. He went on to work as a milling machine
operator.[5] Later, having decided to become a physician,
he worked at the morgue at the Kresty Prison , cutting and
sewing bodies.[5] He subsequently held a variety of jobs in
hospitals, in a ships boiler room, and on geological expeditions. At the same time, Brodsky engaged in a program
of self-education. He learned Polish so he could translate
the works of Polish poets such as Czesaw Miosz, and
English so that he could translate John Donne. On the
way, he acquired a deep interest in classical philosophy,
religion, mythology, and English and American poetry.[7]

In 1960, the young Brodsky met Anna Akhmatova, one

of the leading poets of the silver age.[5] she encouraged
his work, and would go on to become his mentor.[10] In
1962, in Leningrad, Anna Akhmatova introduced him to
the artist Marina Basmanova, a young painter from an established artistic family who was drawing Akhmatovas
portrait. The two started a relationship; however, Brodskys then close friend and fellow poet Dmitri Bobyshev
was in love with Basmanova. Bobyshev began to pursue
1

2
the girl and immediately Brodsky began to be pursued by
the authorities; Bobyshev was widely held responsible for
denouncing him.[6] Brodsky dedicated much love poetry
to Marina Basmanova:
I was only that which
you touched with your palm
over which, in the deaf, raven-black
night, you bent your head...
I was practically blind.
You, appearing, then hiding,
taught me to see.[1]

CAREER AND FAMILY

making him a symbol of artistic resistance in a totalitarian

society, much like his mentor Akhmatova.
Since the stern art of poetry calls for words, I, morose,
deaf, and balding ambassador of a more or less
insignicant nation thats stuck in this super
power, wishing to spare my old brain,
put on clothes all by myself and head for the main
street: for the evening paper.

from The End of a Beautiful Era (Leningrad 1969)

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference New was invoked

His son Andrei was born on the 8 October 1967, and
but never dened (see the help page).
Basmanova broke o the relationship. Andrei was registered under Basmanovas surname because Brodsky did
not want his son to suer from political attacks that he
2.2 Denunciation
endured.[16] Marina Basmanova was threatened by the
Soviet authorities which prevented her from marrying
In 1963, Brodskys poetry was denounced by a Leningrad
Brodsky or joining him when he was exiled from the
newspaper as pornographic and anti-Soviet". His papers
country.[6][17] After the birth of their son, Brodsky conwere conscated, he was interrogated, twice put in a mentinued to dedicate love poetry to Basmanova.[6] In 1989,
tal institution[11] and then arrested. He was charged with
Brodsky wrote his last poem to M.B., describing himsocial parasitism[12] by the Soviet authorities in a trial in
self remembering their life in Leningrad:
1964, nding that his series of odd jobs and role as a
poet were not a sucient contribution to society.[5] [13] Your voice, your body, your name
They called him a pseudo-poet in velveteen trousers mean nothing to me now. No one destroyed them.
who failed to fulll his constitutional duty to work hon- Its just that, in order to forget one life, a person needs to
estly for the good of the motherland.[11] The trial judge live
asked Who has recognized you as a poet? Who has en- at least one other life. And I have served that portion.[1]
rolled you in the ranks of poets?" No one, Brod1. ^ Keith Gessen, Joseph Brodsky and the fortunes
sky replied, Who enrolled me in the ranks of the human
[7][14]
of misfortune, The New Yorker, May 23, 2011.
race?"
Brodsky was not yet 24.
For his parasitism Brodsky was sentenced to ve years
hard labor and served 18 months on a farm in the village of Norenskaya, in the Archangelsk region, 350 miles
from Leningrad. He rented his own small cottage, and
though it was without plumbing or central heating, having ones own, private space was taken to be a great luxury at the time.[6] Basmanova, Bobyshev and Brodskys
mother, among others, visited. He wrote on his typewriter, chopped wood, hauled manure and at night read
his anthologies of English and American poetry, including a lot of W. H. Auden and Robert Frost. Brodskys
close friend and biographer Lev Lose writes that while
connement in the mental hospital and the trial were miserable experiences, the 18 months in the Arctic were
among the best times of Brodskys life. Brodskys mentor, Anna Akhmatova, laughed at the KGBs shortsightedness. What a biography theyre fashioning for our redhaired friend! she said. Its as if hed hired them to do
it on purpose.[15]
Brodskys sentence was commuted in 1965 after protests
by prominent Soviet and foreign cultural gures, including Evgeny Evtushenko, Dmitri Shostakovich, and JeanPaul Sartre as well as Akhmatova [5] [10] Brodsky became
a cause clbre in the West also when a secret transcription of trial minutes was smuggled out of the country,

Brodsky returned to Leningrad in December 1965 and

continued to write over the next seven years, many of
his works being translated into German, French and English and published abroad. Verses and Poems was published by Inter-Language Literary Associates in Washington in 1965, Elegy to John Donne and Other Poems
was published in London in 1967 by Longmans Green,
and A Stop in the Desert was issued in 1970 by Chekhov
Publishing in New York. Only four of his poems were
published in Leningrad anthologies in 1966 and 1967,
most of his work appearing outside the Soviet Union or
circulated in secret (samizdat) until 1987. Persecuted
for his poetry and his Jewish heritage, he was denied
permission to travel. In 1972, while Brodsky was being considered for exile, the authorities consulted mental health expert Andrei Snezhnevsky, a key proponent
of the notorious pseudo-medical diagnosis of paranoid
reformist delusion.[18] This political tool allowed the
state to lock up dissenters in psychiatric institutions indenitely. Without examining him personally, Snezhnevsky diagnosed Brodsky as having "sluggishly progressing schizophrenia", concluding that he was not a
valuable person at all and may be let go.[18] In 1971,
Brodsky was twice invited to emigrate to Israel. When
called to the Ministry of the Interior in 1972 and asked

2.3

United States

why he had not accepted, he stated that he wished to stay

in the country. Within 10 days ocials broke into his
apartment, took his papers, and on 4 June 1972 put him
on a plane for Vienna, Austria.[7] He never returned to
Russia and never saw Basmanova again.[6] Brodsky later
wrote The Last Judgement is the Last Judgement, but
a human being who spent his life in Russia, has to be,
without any hesitation, placed into Paradise.[19][20]
In Austria, he met Carl Ray Proer and Auden, who facilitated Brodskys transit to America and proved inuential to Brodskys career. Proer, of the University of
Michigan and one of the co-founders of Ardis Publishers,
became Brodskys Russian publisher from this point on.
Recalling his landing in Vienna, Brodsky commented I
knew I was leaving my country for good, but for where, I
had no idea whatsoever. One thing which was quite clear
was that I didn't want to go to Israel...I never even believed that they'd allow me to go. I never believed they
would put me on a plane, and when they did I didn't know
whether the plane would go east or west...I didn't want to
be hounded by what was left of the Soviet Security Service in England. So I came to the States.[21] Although the
poet was invited back after the fall of the Soviet Union,
Brodsky never returned to his country.[7][22]

2.3

United States

Brodsky teaching at University of Michigan, c. 1972

After a short stay in Vienna, Brodsky settled in Ann

Arbor, with the help of poet Auden and Proer and
became poet in residence at the University of Michigan for a year.[21] Brodsky went on to become a Visiting Professor at Queens College (197374), Smith College, Columbia University, and Cambridge University,
later returning to the University of Michigan (1974
80). He was the Andrew Mellon Professor of Literature and Five College Professor of Literature at Mount
Holyoke College, brought there by poet and historian
Peter Viereck.[23] In 1978, Brodsky was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters at Yale University, and
on 23 May 1979, he was inducted as a member of the
American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He
moved to New Yorks Greenwich Village in 1980 and
In 1981, Brodsky received the John D. and Catherine T.

3
MacArthur Foundation's genius award.[5] He was also
a recipient of The International Center in New Yorks
Award of Excellence. In 1986, his collection of essays
Less Than One won the National Book Critics Award for
Criticism and he was given an honorary doctorate of literature from Oxford University.[11]
In 1987, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature, the fth
Russian-born writer to do so. In an interview he was
asked: You are an American citizen who is receiving
the Prize for Russian-language poetry. Who are you, an
American or a Russian?" Im Jewish; a Russian poet,
an English essayist and, of course, an American citizen, he responded.[24] The Academy stated that they had
awarded the prize for his all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity It also
called his writing rich and intensely vital, characterized
by great breadth in time and space It was a big step for
me, a small step for mankind, he joked.[7] The prize coincided with the rst legal publication in Russia of Brodskys poetry as an exile.
In 1991, Brodsky became Poet Laureate of the United
States. The Librarian of Congress said that Brodsky had
the open-ended interest of American life that immigrants have. This is a reminder that so much of American
creativity is from people not born in America.[7] His inauguration address was printed in Poetry Review. Brodsky held an honorary degree from the University of Silesia in Poland and was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science. In 1995, Gleb Uspensky,
a senior editor at the Russian publishing house Vagrius,
asked Brodsky to return to Russia for a tour but he could
not agree.[11] For the last ten years of his life, Brodsky was
under considerable pressure from those that regarded him
as a fortune maker. He was a greatly honored professor,
was on rst name terms with the heads of many large publishing houses, and connected to the signicant gures of
American literary life. His friend Ludmila Shtern wrote
that many Russian intellectuals in both Russia and America assumed his inuence was unlimited, that a nod from
him could secure them a book contract, a teaching post or
a grant, that it was in his gift to assure a glittering career.
A helping hand or a rejection of a petition for help could
create a storm in Russian literary circles, which Shtern
suggests became very personal at times. His position as a
lauded migr and Nobel Prize winner won him enemies
and stoked resentment, the politics of which, she writes,
made him feel deathly tired of it all towards the end.[25]
In 1990, while teaching literature in France, Brodsky married a young student, Maria Sozzani, who has
a Russian-Italian background; they had one daughter,
Anna.
Marina Basmanova lived in fear of the Soviet authorities,
until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; only after this was their son Andrei Basmanov allowed to join
his father in New York. In the 1990s, Brodsky invited
Andrei to visit him in New York for three months, and

WORK

Brodsky is perhaps most known for his poetry collections

A Part of Speech (1977) and To Urania (1988) and the essay collection Less Than One (1986), which won the National Book Critics Circle Award. Other notable works
include the play Marbles (1989) and Watermark, a prose
collection (1992).[11] Throughout his career he wrote in
Russian and English, self-translating and working with
eminent poet-translators.

3.1 Themes and forms

In his introduction to Brodskys Selected Poems (New
York and Harmondsworth, 1973), W. H. Auden described Brodsky as a traditionalist lyric poet fascinated
by encounters with nature, [...] reections upon the human condition, death, and the meaning of existence.[5]
He drew on wide-ranging themes, from Mexican and
Caribbean literature to Roman poetry, mixing the physical and the metaphysical, place and ideas about place,
now and the past and the future.[28] Critic Dinah Birch
Grave of Brodsky in the Protestant section of the Cimiterio di San
suggests that Brodskys " rst volume of poetry in EnMichele, Venice, Veneto, Italy
glish, Joseph Brodsky: Selected Poems (1973), shows that
although his strength was a distinctive kind of dry, medthey maintained a father-son relationship until Brodskys itative soliloquy, he was immensely versatile and techni[29]
death. Andrei married in the 1990s and had three chil- cally accomplished in a number of forms.
dren, all of whom were recognized and supported by To Urania: Selected Poems 19651985 collected transBrodsky as his grandchildren; Marina Basmanova, An- lations of older work with new work written during his
drei, and Brodskys grandchildren all live in Saint Pe- American exile and reect on themes of memory, home
tersburg. Andrei gave readings of his fathers poetry in and loss.[29] His two essay collections consist of critia documentary about Brodsky. The lm contains Brod- cal studies of such poets as Osip Mandelshtam, W. H.
skys poems dedicated to Marina Basmanova and written Auden, Thomas Hardy, Rainer Maria Rilke and Robert
between 1961 and 1982.[26]
Frost, sketches of his own life, and those of contempoBrodsky died of a heart attack aged 55, in his New York raries such as Akhmatova, Nadezhda Mandelshtam, and
[29]
City apartment on January 28, 1996. He had had open- Stephen Spender.
heart surgery in 1979 and later two bypass operations, re- A recurring theme in Brodskys writing is the relationmaining in frail health since that time. He was buried in ship between the poet and society. In particular, Broda non-Catholic section of the Isola di San Michele ceme- sky emphasized the power of literature to positively imtery in Venice, Italy,[11] also the resting place of Ezra pact its audience and to develop the language and culPound and Igor Stravinsky. In 1997, a plaque was placed ture in which it is situated. He suggested that the Weston his house in St Petersburg with his portrait in relief, ern literary tradition was in part responsible for the world
and the words In this house from 1940 to 1972 lived having overcome the catastrophes of the 20th century,
the great Russian poet Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky.[27] such as Nazism, Communism and the World Wars. DurBrodskys close friend, the Nobel laureate Derek Walcott, ing his term as Poet Laureate, Brodsky promoted the
memorialized him in his collection The Prodigal 2004.
idea of bringing the Anglo-American poetic heritage to a
wider American audience by distributing free poetry anthologies to the public through a government-sponsored
program. Billington wrote Joseph had diculty under3 Work
standing why poetry did not draw the large audiences in
the United States that it did in Russia. He was proud of
I was born and grew up in the Baltic marshland
becoming an American citizen in 1977 (the Soviets havby zinc-gray breakers that always marched on
ing made him stateless upon his expulsion in 1972) and
in twos.
valued the freedoms that life in the United States provided. But he regarded poetry as languages highest de
gree of maturity, and wanted everyone to be susceptible

to it. As Poet Laureate, he suggested that inexpensive anFrom the title poem in A Part of Speech (1980)
thologies of the best American poets be made available
in hotels and airports, hospitals and supermarkets. He

5
thought that people who are restless or fearful or lonely poet Henri Cole notes that Brodskys own translations
or weary might pick up poetry and discover unexpectedly have been criticized for turgidness, lacking a native sense
that others had experienced these emotions before and of musicality.[5]
had used them to celebrate life rather than escape from
it. Josephs idea was picked up, and thousands of such
books have in fact been placed where people may come 4 Awards and honors
across them out of need or curiosity.[28]
This passion for promoting the seriousness and importance of poetry comes through in Brodskys opening remarks as the U.S. Poet Laureate in October 1991. He
says By failing to read or listen to poets, society dooms
itself to inferior modes of articulation, those of the politician, the salesman or the charlatan. [...] In other words,
it forfeits its own evolutionary potential. For what distinguishes us from the rest of the animal kingdom is precisely the gift of speech. [...] Poetry is not a form of
entertainment and in a certain sense not even a form of
art, but it is our anthropological, genetic goal, our evolutionary, linguistic beacon.[28] This sentiment is echoed
throughout his work. In interview with Sven Birkerts in
1979 Brodsky reected In the works of the better poets
you get the sensation that they're not talking to people any
more, or to some seraphical creature. What they're doing
is simply talking back to the language itself, as beauty,
sensuality, wisdom, irony, those aspects of language of
which the poet is a clear mirror. Poetry is not an art or a
branch of art, its something more. If what distinguishes
us from other species is speech, then poetry, which is the
supreme linguistic operation, is our anthropological, indeed genetic, goal. Anyone who regards poetry as an
entertainment, as a read, commits an anthropological
crime, in the rst place, against himself.[30]

1978 Honorary degree of Doctor of Letters, Yale

University

3.2

1993 Honorary degree from the University of Silesia in Poland

Inuences

1979 Fellowship of American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters

1981 John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation award
1986 Honorary doctorate of literature from Oxford University
The International Center in New Yorks Award of
Excellence
1986 National Book Critics Award for Criticism,
for Less Than One (essay collection)
1987 Nobel Prize
1989 Honorary doctorate from the University of
Essex[32]
1989 Honorary degree from Dartmouth College[33]
1991 United States Poet Laureate
1991 Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath
Award

Librarian of Congress Dr James Billington, wrote He

Honorary member of the International Academy of
was the favored protg of the great lady of Petersburg,
Science
Anna Akhmatova, and to hear him read her poems in
Russian in the Library of Congress was an experience
to make ones hair stand on end even if one did not
understand the Russian language. Joseph Brodsky was 5 Works
the embodiment of the hopes not only of Anna Akhmatova, the last of the great Petersburg poets from the be- 5.1 Poetry collections
ginning of the century, but also Nadezhda Mandelstam,
the widow of another great martyred poet Osip Mandel 1967: Elegy for John Donne and Other Poems,
stam. Both of them saw Joseph as part of the guiding
selected, translated, and introduced by Nicholas
light that might some day lead Russia back to her own
William Bethell, London: Longman[34]
deep roots.[28][31] Brodsky was also deeply inuenced by
1968: Velka elegie, Paris: Edice Svedectvi
the English metaphysical poets from John Donne to Auden. Many works were dedicated to other writers such
1972: Poems, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ardis
as Tomas Venclova, Octavio Paz, Robert Lowell, Derek
Walcott, and Benedetta Craveri.[28]
1973: Selected Poems, translated from the Russian
by George L. Kline. New York: Harper & Row
Brodskys work is seen to have been vitally enhanced by
the work of renowned translators. A Part of Speech (New
1977: A Part of Speech[35]
York and Oxford, 1980), his second major collection in
1977: Poems and Translations, Keele: University of
English, includes translations by Anthony Hecht, Howard
Moss, Derek Walcott and Richard Wilbur. Critic and
Keele

8
1980: A Part of Speech, New York: Farrar, Straus
& Giroux

COLLECTIONS IN RUSSIAN

7 In music

The 2011 contemporary classical album Troika includes

1981: Verses on the Winter Campaign 1980, trans- Eskender Bekmambetovs critically acclaimed [36][37]
lation by Alan Myers.London: Anvil Press
song cycle there, set to ve of Josephs Brodskys
Russian-language poems and his own translations of the
1988: To Urania : Selected Poems, 19651985, New poems into English.[38] Victoria Poleva wrote Summer
York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
music (2008), a chamber cantata based on the verses by
Brodsky for violin solo, children choir and Strings and Ars
1995: On Grief and Reason: Essays, New York: moriendi (19832012), 22 monologues about death for
Farrar, Straus & Giroux
soprano and piano (two monologues based on the verses
by Brodsky (Song and Empty circle).
1996: So Forth : Poems, New York: Farrar, Straus
& Giroux
1999: Discovery, New York: Farrar, Straus &
Giroux
2000: Collected Poems in English, 19721999,
edited by Ann Kjellberg, New York: Farrar, Straus
& Giroux
2001: Nativity Poems, translated by Melissa Green
New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux

5.2

Essay and interview collections

1965: Stikhotvoreniia i poemy, Washington, D.C. :

Inter-Language Literary Associates
1970: Ostanovka v pustyne, New York: Izdatelstvo
imeni Chekhova (Rev. ed. Ann Arbor, Mich.:
Ardis, 1989)
1977: Chast' rechi: Stikhotvoreniia 197276, Ann
Arbor, Mich.: Ardis
1977: Konets prekrasnoi epokhi : stikhotvoreniia
196471, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis

1986: Less Than One: Selected Essays, New York:

Farrar, Straus & Giroux. (Winner of the National
Book Critics Circle Award)

1977: V Anglii, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis

1992: Watermark, Noonday Press; New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux

1983: Novye stansy k Avguste : stikhi k M.B., 1962

1982, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis

1995: On Grief and Reason: Essays. Farrar, Straus

and Giroux.
2003: Joseph Brodsky: Conversations, edited by
Cynthia L. Haven. Jackson, Miss.: University Press
of Mississippi Literary Conversations Series.

5.3

Plays

1989: Marbles : a Play in Three Acts, translated by

Alan Myers with Joseph Brodsky.New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux
1991: Democracy! in Granta 30 New Europe, translated by Alan Myers and Joseph Brodsky.

8 Collections in Russian

In lm

A lm based on his life has been made, A Room And A

Half, directed by Andrei Khrzhanovsky.

1982: Rimskie elegii, New York: Russica

1984: Mramor, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis

1984: Uraniia : novaia kniga stikhov, Ann Arbor,
Mich.: Ardis
1989: Ostanovka v pustyne, revised edition, Ann
Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1989 (original edition: New
York: Izdatelstvo imeni Chekhova, 1970)
1990: Nazidanie : stikhi 19621989, Leningrad :
Smart
1990: Chast' rechi : Izbrannye stikhi 19621989,
Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura
1990: Osennii krik iastreba : Stikhotvoreniia 1962
1989, Leningrad: KTP LO IMA Press
1990: Primechaniia paporotnika, Bromma, Sweden
: Hylaea
1991: Ballada o malen'kom buksire, Leningrad:
Detskaia literatura
1991: Kholmy : Bolshie stikhotvoreniia i poemy,
Saint Petersburg: LP VTPO Kinotsentr

7
1991: Stikhotvoreniia, Tallinn: Eesti Raamat
1992: Naberezhnaia neistselimykh: Trinadtsat' essei,
Moscow: Slovo

2000: Peizazh s navodneniem, Saint Petersburg:

Pushkinskii fond
2000: Bolshaia kniga interv'iu, Moscow: Zakharov

1992: Rozhdestvenskie stikhi, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta (revised edition in 1996)

2001: Novaia Odisseia : Pamiati Iosifa Brodskogo,

Moscow: Staroe literaturnoe obozrenie

19921995:
Sochineniia, Saint Petersburg:
Pushkinskii fond, 19921995, four volumes

2001: Peremena imperii : Stikhotvoreniia 1960

1996, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta

1992: Vspominaia Akhmatovu / Joseph Brodsky,

Solomon Volkov, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta

2001: Vtoroi vek posle nashei ery : dramaturgija

Iosifa Brodskogo, Saint Petersburg: Zvezda

1992: Forma vremeni : stikhotvoreniia, esse, p'esy,

Minsk: Eridan, two volumes
1993: Kappadokiia.Saint Petersburg
1994: Persian Arrow/Persidskaia strela, with etchings by Edik Steinberg.Verona: * Edizione d'Arte
Gibralfaro & ECM
1995: Peresechennaia mestnost ': Puteshestviia s
kommentariiami, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta
1995:
V okrestnostiakh Atlantidy :
Novye
stikhotvoreniia, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii
fond
1996: Peizazh s navodneniem, compiled by Aleksandr Sumerkin.Dana Point, Cal.: Ardis
1996: Rozhdestvenskie stikhi, Moscow: Nezavisimaia gazeta, revised edition of a work originally
published in 1992
1997: Brodskii o Tsvetaevoi, Moscow: Nezavisimaia
gazeta
1998: Pismo Goratsiiu, Moscow: Nash dom
1996 and after: Sochineniia, Saint Petersburg:
Pushkinskii fond, eight volumes
1999: Gorbunov i Gorchakov, Saint Petersburg:
Pushkinskii fond
1999: Predstavlenie : novoe literaturnoe obozrenie,
Moscow
2000: Ostanovka v pustyne, Saint Petersburg:
Pushkinskii fond
2000: Chast' rechi, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii
fond
2000: Konets prekrasnoi epokhi, Saint Petersburg:
Pushkinskii fond

9 See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates

10 References
[1] http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/
laureates/1987/brodsky.html
[2] Also known as Josip, Josef or Joseph.
[3] The Nobel Prize in Literature 1987. Nobelprize. October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
[4] Poet Laureate Timeline: 19811990.
Congress. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-01.

Library of

[5] Cole, Henri Brodsky, Joseph. The Oxford Companion to

Twentieth-Century Poetry in English. Ian Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 1996.
[6]
[7] Obituary pp. 46 New York Times Joseph Brodsky, Exiled Poet Who Won Nobel, Dies at 55 29 January 1996.
[8] Scammell, Michael (18 May 2012). The New Republic
http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/
103341/joseph-brodsky-russian-literature-lev-loseff.
Retrieved 4 June 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[9] Shtern, Ludmila (2004). Brodsky: A Personal Memoir.
Baskerville Publishers, p. 63. ISBN 978-1-880909-70-6
[10] Natalia Zhdanova, Timelessness: Water Frees Time from
Time Itself, Neva News, 1 August 2007.
[11] Obituary New York Times Joseph Brodsky, Exiled Poet
Who Won Nobel, Dies at 55 29 January 1996.
[12] Remnick, David (December 20, 2010). Gulag Lite. The
New Yorker. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
[13] Cissie Dore Hill (trans.)Remembering Joseph Brodsky.
Hoover Institution

2000: Novye stansy k Avguste, Saint Petersburg: [14] " ?

" ["Are you trained to do that?"
Pushkinskii fond
2000: Uraniia, Saint Petersburg: Pushkinskii fond

Transcription of Joseph Brodsky court case]. TV Rain.

2014-12-03. Retrieved 2014-12-03.

12

EXTERNAL LINKS

[15] Remnick, David (December 20, 2010). Gulag Lite. The

New Yorker. Retrieved 11 October 2011.

[36] Poetry and Song to Plumb the Russian Souls Depths by

Vivien Schweitzer, New York Times (14 February 2008)

[16] Russian writers since 1980, Volume 285 of Dictionary of

literary biography. Editors Marina Balina, Mark Naumovich Lipovets ki. Gale publishers (2004), p. 28

[37] Performing Arts: Chamber Orchestra Kremlin by Joe

Banno, Washington Post (p. C9, 18 February 2008)

[17] .
, Interview magazine: "
1968
. ,
-
, .
[18] Brintlinger, Angela; Vinitsky, Ilya (2007). Madness and
the mad in Russian culture. University of Toronto Press.
p. 92. ISBN 0-8020-9140-7.
[19] D. Smirnov-Sadovsky, Song from Underground, Booklet of the Festival Masterpieces of the Russian Underground, Lincoln Center, New York, USA, January 2003,
pp. 16-19
[20] Song from Underground, Wikilivres
[21] Haven (2006) p84
[22] Lose, Lev (2010) Joseph Brodsky: A Literary Life, Yale
University Press (New Haven, CT)
[23] Prole at Mount Holyoke College
[24] Gross, Irena. A Jewish Boy with a Head Full of Russian Rhymes. Paper presented at the annual meeting of
the Association for Slavic, East European and Eurasian
Studies 45th Annual Convention, Boston Marriott Copley
Place, Boston, MA. Abstract

[38] Troika: Russias westerly poetry in three orchestral song

cycles, Rideau Rouge Records, ASIN: B005USB24A,
2011.

11 Sources
Bethea, David (1994) Joseph Brodsky and the Creation of Exile, Princeton University Press (Princeton, NJ)
Miosz, Czesaw and Haven, Cynthia L. (Ed.)
(2006) Czesaw Miosz: Conversations. Includes
Interview between Joseph Brodsky and Czeslaw
Milosz. University Press of Mississippi ISBN 9781-57806-829-6
Lose, Lev (2010) Joseph Brodsky: a Literary Life,
Yale University Press (New Haven, CT)
Speh, Alice J (1996) The Poet as Traveler: Joseph
Brodsky in Mexico and Rome, Peter Lang (New
York, NY)
Shtern, Ludmila (2004) Brodsky: A Personal Memoir, Baskerville Publishers ISBN 978-1-880909-706

[25] Stern (2004) p. 305

[26] Brodsky, Joseph. New Stances Ardis, 1983, USA
[27] Stern (2004) p. 330
[28] 19 February 1996 Death of a Poet Laureate: Joseph
Brodsky Turned Exile into Inspiration Library of
Congress, obituary

12 External links
19 February 1996 Death of a Poet Laureate:
Joseph Brodsky Turned Exile into Inspiration
Library of Congress, obituary.

[29] Brodsky, Joseph The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Edited by Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press.

Sven Birkerts (Spring 1982). ""Joseph Brodsky,

interview. The Art of Poetry No. 28. The Paris
Review.

[30] Dingle, Carol (2003) Memorable Quotations: Jewish Writers of the Past p. 22 ISBN 978-0-595-27245-7

Interview 29 January 1996 PBS (US)

[31] Martin, Eden (2007) Collecting Anna Akhmatova. The

Caxtonian Vol. 4 April 2007, p. 2 Journal of the Caxton
Club Accessed 2010-10-21
[32] Honorary Graduates. University of Essex. Retrieved 5
November 2014.
[33] Commencement: Dartmouth College. New York Times.
June 12, 1989.
[34] Joseph Brodsky Bibliography.
accessdate=2009-01-01

nobelprize.org (1987).

[35] Robert D. McFadden (29 January 1996). Joseph Brodsky, Exiled Poet Who Won Nobel, Dies at 55. The New
York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-01.

Prole, poems and audio les from the Academy of

American Poets.
Brodsky Biography and bibliography, Poetry Foundation (US)
Obituary New York Times Joseph Brodsky, Exiled
Poet Who Won Nobel, Dies at 55 29 January 1996.
Short Biography
Joseph BrodskyBiography at Nobelprize.org
Written in Stone Burial locations of literary gures.

9
Finding aid for the Joseph Brodsky Papers at the
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale
University
Brodsky speaks about his life, with translated readings by Frances Horowitz - a British Library sound
recording
Joseph Brodsky Collection at Mount Holyoke College

10

13

13
13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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