The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the host name on the inter

net. In design, however, global titles are quite different. The structure is usu
ally hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, and is not necessarily a
wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backwards compatibility and
association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste

ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)

Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation

Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation

examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.

At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea

sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.

Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number

The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.

international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t

he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value

The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in

ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a

nalysis to any depth which is chosen.

In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178

E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile

Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->

NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)

Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.

It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th

is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks

See also: Mobile Application Part

In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi

s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an

area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure

In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is

easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global

title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:

Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.

The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne

twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)

Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868

3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]

Global Title Analysis

Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).

Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't

is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples

Outbound from America:

NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks

, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification

In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never

been needed before.

Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.

Numbering Plan Indicator

The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste
ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone

numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a

country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a

dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.

Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)
Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:

Signaling System 7The Global Title is similar in purpose on the PSTN to the
host name on the internet. In design, however, global titles are quite different
. The structure is usually hierarchical, the value can be of variable length, an
d is not necessarily a wholly numeric value though it often is for issues of backw
ards compatibility and association with regular telephone numbers.
Structure of the global title value
The structure of a global title for ITU-T applications is officially defined in
ITU-T Recommendation Q.713, and further extended in the supporting numbering pla
n standards. Other national variants of Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP
), such as the American National Standards Institute variant specified in ANSI T
1.112/2000, define their own format for the Global Title. The value of a global
title is a sequence of attributes which modify the address value. To summarize:
Global Title Format
A global title can be in a variety of formats, most of which are each defined in
separate standards. The format parameter indicates which of the available forma
ts are in use. Each format can include any of the subsequent parameters.
Numbering Plan Indicator
The Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) describes which numbering plan will be used f
or the global title. The numbering plan chosen will aid the routing system in de
termining the correct network system to direct the message.
Type of Number
The Type of Number (TON) or Nature of Address Indicator (NAI) parameter, which i
s of relevance to E.164 (regular telephone) numbers for example, indicates the s
cope of the address value, such as whether it is an international number (i.e. i
ncluding the country code), a "national" or domestic number (i.e. without countr
y code), and other formats such as "local" format (e.g. in the U.S., without an
area code).
Translation Type
The translation type (TT) parameter is used in a network to indicate the preferr
ed method of global title analysis (see below). Normally in European networks, t
his parameter is set to 0 (the default) value. In North American mobile networks
, different translation types are used for analysis of the IMSI and for messages
between telephone systems. This parameter is valuable in complex routing proble
ms, where the same number has to be routed differently depending on the circumst
ances, such as those introduced by number portability resolution.
Global title translation
Global title translation (GTT) is the SS7 equivalent to IP routing. Translation
examines the destination address (e.g. the number being called) and decides how
to identify it over the telephone network. This process can include global title
analysis, which is the act of looking up the number and finding a result addres
s, and global title modification.
It is possible for the result of Global Title Translation to be Route on SSN. Th
is means that, instead of the Global Title routing, lower level MTP routing will
be used for this message from this point on. Equivalently, in a system using SS
7 over IP (for example, SIGTRAN), the result from Global Title Translation may b
e to route to an IP server, though the exact details depend greatly on which var
iant of SS7 over IP is being used.[1]
Global Title Analysis
Global Title Analysis together with Global Title Translation. The situation in t
his case is somewhat complicated by the additional parameters possible in the gl
obal title. Each set of parameter values (TT=0 NP=E.164, TON=INT) can be treated
separately from each other one (TT=0 NP=E.214, TON=INT). This means that, inste

ad of one single table, we potentially need a separate table for each possible s
et of values.
The variable length of the global title makes certain optimisations that can be
used in IP routing are not so easy to use here. The number analysis of a Global
Title is most often done in a tree structure. This allows reasonably efficient a
nalysis to any depth which is chosen.
In the end, global title analysis gives some result. The exact possibilities var
y from system to system, is sometimes called an "action" or is integrated into t
he analysis table.
The destination would typically be given as a signalling point code in an MTP ne
twork, but could also be an IP system if we are using SS7 over IP[2]
Routing Structure
The most commonly used numbering plans for global title routing are E.164 and E.
214 (although E.212 is also common in America). These simply look like telephone
numbers. That is to say, in the most common, international, variant there is a
country code at the start of the number and a Network Code immediately following
the country code. Beyond that is the subscriber number or mobile subscriber ide
ntity number, though even that may be divided into sections. This structure allo
ws for the use of hierarchical routing.
international SCCP gateways know which systems handle each of the other coun
tries
the international SCCP gateway belonging to each country knows which SCCP ga
teways handle each network
the SCCP gateway of each network knows the network's own internal structure
In America, the limitations of the North American Number Plan mean that the dest
ination country is not immediately obvious from the called party address. Howeve
r, the fact that there is unified administration means that this can be overcome
by having complete analysis at every point where it is needed.
Global Title Modification
In Global Title Translation it is quite normal that at some point the Global Tit
le will have to be changed. This happens, for example, as GSM mobility managemen
t messages enter and leave networks in America. In America, typically most routi
ng of mobility management messages for all mobile networks is done using the E.2
12 (IMSI) number. In international networks, E.214 is always used.
At the boundary incoming toward America (this can mean the Signaling Transfer Po
int at the edge of the American operator's network), numbers routed from Europea
n networks are converted from E.214 numbers into E.212 numbers. In the outgoing
direction, from America toward the rest of the world, are converted from E.212 n
umbers into E.214 numbers.
Global Title Routing in Mobile Networks
See also: Mobile Application Part
In mobile networks, there are database queries such as "how can I tell if this s
ubscriber is really who he says he is" (MAP_Send_Authentication_Info) which have
to be routed back to the database which holds the subscriber's information (the
HLR, or in this case, the AUC).
Unfortunately, at the time the subscriber first arrives, we don't
is the subscriber's HLR. For this reason, the queries have to be
subscriber's identity (IMSI) is used to generate the called party
message. How this is done depends whether we are in world area 1
) or somewhere else.

know which HLR

routed on the
address in the
(North America

There are three types of GT in use in mobile networks known as E.164 (MSISDN), E
.212(IMSI) and E.214(MGT):[3]
E.164(MSISDN) = CC+NDC+SN - ( Country Code+National Destination Code+Subscri
ber Number) e.g. 91-98-71405178
E.212(IMSI) = MCC+MNC+MSIN - (Mobile Country Code+Mobile Network Code+Mobile
Subscription Identification Number) e.g. 404-68-6600620186 (MTNL delhi) E.214(MGT) = combination of E.212 and E.164 (Exact combination is defined in
the operators IR21 document)
Mobile Global Title Routing (Except North America)
Everywhere in the world, except North America, the subscriber's IMSI is converte
d to a Mobile Global Title (MGT) E.214 number. See the entry about the IMSI for
more details. The E.214 number has a structure which is similar to the E.164 num
ber, and, except in a mobile network it can be routed identically. This means th
at the same routing tables can be used for both and means considerably reduced a
dministrative overhead in maintaining the tables.
Once a signalling message with an E.214 number enters a mobile network in its ow
n country, the routing is dependent on the operator of that mobile network. In n
etworks without number portability, it is normal that the MSIN has a structure a
nd that, by analysing the first few digits we can further route the message to t
he right element.
IMSI Routing (North America)
In World Area 1 (corresponding to North America) ANSI SCCP is in use. In this ca
se, due to North American standards, the routing of mobility related messages mu
st be done with the E.212 number directly. This has the advantage that in it is
easier to identify to which country messages should be routed based on the mobil
e country code. The design of the North American Number Plan means that there is
not a separate country code for each country in North America. Working with E.2
14 numbers would not be an insurmountable challenge, as can be seen from the fac
t that routing of phone calls using E.164 numbers is normal, but it would mean a
dding full E.164 routing tables to signalling transfer points where it has never
been needed before.
Routing of mobility messages on the ANSI / ITU Boundary
Where a signalling message travels from North America to the rest of the world o
r from the rest of the world to North America, there must be a conversion done f
rom E.212 based global title to E.214 based global title. This conversion is rea
sonably simple, well defined and fully reversible.
Recommendation E.214 has been interpreted as suggesting that the analysis of the
Mobile Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC) should be done separate
ly. The relationship between the MNC and the Network Code (NC), however, varies
from country to country as does the length of the MNC (two or three digits). Thi
s means that the analysis of the MNC is dependent on the analysis of the MCC, or
alternatively that the analysis must be done for all five or six digits at once
(which is how it is done in practise across at least five separate switch vendo
rs).
Examples
Outbound from America:
NPI=E.212: 28405 xxxxxxxxxx (284 = Bulgaria MCC + 05 = Globul MNC) ->
NPI=E.214: 359888 xxxxxxxxx (359 = Bulgaria country code)

Please note the truncation of the number by one digit since E.214 numbers, as wi
th E.164 numbers, have a maximum length of 15 digits.
Inbound toward America:
NPI=E.214: 14054 xxxxxxxxx (1 = U.S. country code) ->
NPI=E.212: 310150 xxxxxxxxx (310 = U.S. MCC + 150 = Cingular MNC)
Notes
RFC 3868
RFC 3868
3GPP TS 29.002 Mobile Application Part (MAP) specification, section SCCP add
ressing
Categories:
Signaling System 7