Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction
The advent of technology has changed the way we live, work, and spends leisure time.
Even before a long time ago, technology already develops and still continues to evolve as
long as people have been around. The rise of this creation of a man made ones life easier
and help build a better lifestyle. It can be considered that technology was the lifeblood of
society, a basic necessity, a livelihood, an income, and means of support. Bill Gates once said
that I think it's fair to say that personal computers have become the most empowering tool
we've ever created. They're tools of communication, they're tools of creativity, and they can
be shaped by their user, from his quotation, any individual wouldnt resist the truth that
technology is one of the best things a man invented because of its benefits and advantages in
our lives. Because technology provided the world with so many benefits, it already became
an important part in our lives.
As technology changes and improves at a rapid pace, businesses and institutions have
come up with it. Many machineries are often utilized among people and inventions spread
out to replace the work of human beings. Due to the fast advancements of technologies, the
daily lives of humans have become more accommodating and convenient. Because most of
the works nowadays are done using computers, machinery have given mankind the ability to
live longer and more efficiently. Likewise, through technology, different transactions and
processing have become computerized for greater ease and accuracy. The use of automated
systems have become one of the techniques of many companies, offices, institutions and

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industries brought about the use of automated systems which decreases their works and
hassle free.
The popularity of technology has caught up the voting industry and developing
computerized voting systems counterparts the traditional method of voting. Voting is a way
of participating in an election, expressing your chosen candidate and preference, and
deciding a group in an election. It is the most vital citizen participation process in democracy
because a citizen is given an essential right to vote a candidate that will make a big difference
in the society. In modern days, Election is an important part of our societys Democratic
Government. The brief history of Election started in the ancient Athens in Rome where
selection of popes and holy roman emperors happens but the origins of election lies in the
government of Europe and North America in the 17th century while election in Asia
including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines started in 1970s. In the Philippines,
election began in 1935 after the sanction of the 1935 constitution of the Philippines where
Manual Quezon was elected as the President. Election is a formal process of selecting a
person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition by voting
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182308/election). (Heinz Eulau / Emeritus
Professor of Political Science, Stanford University, California. Author of The Politics of
Representation and others/ Last Updated 2-6-2014). Through election, the voters will have
the power to elect their chosen and deserving candidates to be the leaders of the society. The
voters will be given the chance to express their thoughts on how they should be governed.
Because technology had reached the voting industry, many elections have become automated
to make voting easier and to lessen the work of the people involved. Even in our country,
automation of elections has led to a much smoother and modern way, more convenient and
user friendly. Automated election uses technology for voting and electronic machines as a

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means to count votes and canvass or combine the results; it decreases election costs and
expand public participation through appropriate voting process. While technology
influenced the modern age, it is unmistakable that some institutions still do not adopt the use
of these machineries particularly in some schools and their organizations, were manual
operations are still used. As years passed by, the number of students grow and various cases
about the manual method is no longer useful. The Supreme Student Council of City College
of Calamba would consider to have a fast and hassle free voting process which reduces time
consumption.
City College of Calamba is a non-sectarian, public institution of higher learning
established on 2006 and founded by Justin Marc Sb. Chipeco. The establishment is located
in Burgos St., Barangay 7 (Poblacion), Calamba City. The school have several organizations
and one is the Supreme Student Council (SSC) which is under the Office of Student Affairs
and the highest governing body in City College of Calamba because it works for all the
students. The SSC is a group of students working together which is broadly recognized and
respected by the students because it influence and mold student leaders to be vigilant and
active citizens in their community. This organization is the arm of the school in
implementing student activities. Election of Supreme Student Council leaders is a decision
making process where the whole collegiate population of CCC chooses a student candidate
to govern the Council. It has always been a perennial and important event of the school
where the students is given a power to elect a candidate that will speak on behalf of them.
The election taught and encouraged the students to exercise the right of suffrage. The
Council form a committee called Nominations in Elections composed of two different
students for every courses. It is the arm of the Supreme Student Council which handles the
election in the school. The history of election in CCC started the year it is established where

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Representational Voting were done. By that time, there will be a section representative
coming from block sections and among that representatives, they will vote who will be their
leaders. There was no actual direct voting from the students. The direct voting started on
2008 where students vote for candidates from different courses. This is the year where
manual process of voting begun. The voting process in CCC always starts at the end of
second semester and last for only a day. Participating in the election is not required which
means the candidates should find a way to encourage the students to vote them.
The election process Supreme Student Council begins with posting an announcement
about the candidacy for election a month prior to scheduled day of voting. The
announcement is about the qualifications in different positions and the deadline of the
requirements. The candidates will send the candidacy form at the SSC office and approved
only if they finished passing the requirements. Individual candidacy is accepted but they can
also form their own party. The candidates will be given a week for candidacy and campaign
to convince every students to vote them. The voting process proceeds with a particular date
set by the Office of Student Affairs. Watchers from a party list or candidate are present in
the voting premises. The students lines up at a given voting area only at their vacant time.
Chairs are already organize and a ballot paper is given to the voters. There will be a list of
candidates in every election room as a guideline for the voters to choose the candidate he or
she likes. After listing their chosen candidates, the voters will drop the filled-up ballot form
in the ballot box in order for the votes to be cast. Signing on the list given by the Supreme
Student Council is the indication that the student already voted in the election. When all the
ballot box are collected, it is the time that the Nomelec counts and tally the votes. Normally,
the counting starts from evening and ends till midnight until the results are acquired. The
whole voting process involves a lot of manual operations. The computing of votes manually

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and organizing the election have always been a burden to the Nomelec. It also consumes
time and effort because the results should be announced immediately. The process is slow
and tedious and it takes a lot of time in voting, checking and counting. Also, the election is
not appealing since some of the students choose not to vote.
The researchers also notices some problems in the process. One is the security of the
voting process. Because tallying the votes is manual, one can alter with the results or with the
ballot papers. The voting process is not environment friendly since it requires an enormous
amount of paper. Another problem the researchers observes is the lack of information about
the candidates. Some voters dont know anything about the candidate, or dont know the
candidate at all. This leads to voting anyone on the list and sometimes choosing not to vote.
Students also hesitate to vote because the election for them is dull, a waste of time, have
classes, and feels that their votes are not counted.
After the gathering of data, the researchers come up with an idea and a solution that will
address the problems encountered in the voting process of SSC of City College of Calamba.
The researcher plans to develop a system that will eliminate the problems encountered by
the client and improve the existing process. The need for a fast and efficient system was
idealized. This system will provide a more convenient way to vote and lessen the effort of
the people involved in the process. It will carry a database that will hold the data of the
students use in accessing the system where an identification card is check to prove an eligible
voter and information about the candidates, Nomelec, SSC officers, and other data. It will
help in presenting an accurate tally votes and avoid time wastage. This system also aims to
promote the client to be recognized which will encourage more students to participate and
vote in the election.

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Statement of the Problem

Guided by the fact that Supreme Student Council still use tedious process of voting and
manually counting of votes, the proposed study intends to manage and implement a web
based voting system which will give a fast, easier procedure and convenient way of voting.
Specifically, the following are the problems that aim to answer by the researchers:
1. How to inform the students about the background of the candidates?
2. How to speed up the counting of votes and proclamation of winners?
3. How to make the election process easier and more simplified for the voters?
4. How to motivate the students to participate in the election?
5. How to reduce the work of the Council and Nomelec and minimize the time consumed
during the election?
6. How to measure the effectiveness of the proposed system in terms of:
6.1 Accuracy
6.2 Reliability
6.3 Security
6.4 Efficiency
6.5 Environment friendly
7. How does the proposed system satisfy the user in adopting a web based technology?

Objectives of the Study

The purpose of the study is to develop a system that will support the current voting
process of Supreme Student Council and eliminate the problems encountered by the client.
Specifically, the study aims to provide the following:
1. To inform the students about the background of the candidates.

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2. To develop a system that will speed up the counting of votes and proclamation of
winners.
3. To develop a system that will make the election process easier and more simplified for the
voters.
4. To create a system that will motivate the students to participate in the election.
5. To develop a system that will reduce the work of the Council and Nomelec and minimize
the time consumed during the election
6. To measure the effectiveness of the system following the ISO 9162 in terms of:
6.1 Accuracy
6.2 Reliability
6.3 Security
6.4 Efficiency
6.5 Environment friendly
7. To develop a system that will satisfy the user in adopting a web based technology.

Conceptual Framework
In this study, the researcher made a conceptual framework which will serve as a guide and
provide a quick outlook of the whole research work. The conceptual framework illustrates
the process of input and output that occurs in the system. The information of the candidates
and students are the information needed in the voting process.

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INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

Log in details

Supreme Student

Result of Votes

Council Web based

Tally of Votes

Admin
(Username and
password)
Student
(Student id no.
and password)
Votes

Encoding of

Voting System in City

College of Calamba

List of previous
candidates and
votes gained

Candidates and
their Profile

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The first frame illustrates the input part which contains the student log in details, votes, and
the encoding of candidates profile. The student log in details contains the student id
number and username for each voter. The input part also includes the votes, and the profile
of the candidates. Under the profile of the candidates are name, year and section, position,
and their aims for the school. All the information needed to work for the system are
processed which helps the researchers to analyze and design a system. The output of the
study generates the result and tally of votes.

Significance of the Study

Because of the continuous use of manual operations which brought to the slow and
tedious process of voting, the study will formulate and provide a system that will generate an
accurate result of votes and minimizes the time and effort during the voting process. The
design will serve and help the council to facilitate a fair election and will make it easier and
convenient for the people involved in the system.

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The researchers are presently students of City College of Calamba who wants to put the
study in notion in the near future as possible.
They will give paramount importance to the following:

Institution. The study will help the Institution encourage more students to vote because
voting will be much easier with the system.
Students. One of the beneficiaries of the system is the Students. It will provide them a
faster way of voting and time falling in line will be lessened. It will give a fair result of votes
wherein voters (students) can ensure that their votes are counted and a will serve as a
guideline for knowing the candidates information easier.
Election Committee. The Election Committee will be benefited with the system by
lessening their time and effort for the whole voting process. The system will reduce their
work from the preparation of the voting, the voting itself and until the end were the votes
are counted and results are presented. It will provide them convenience, prevent stress, and
give them time for their studies.
Administrator. The Administrator will be benefited with the system by giving them control
over the system. They will be able to monitor the elections real time. The system will also
help them keep the votes secured to guarantee a fair election.
Researchers. The study will bring awareness to the researchers about the voting process in
their school and will significantly add more knowledge and idea to them.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a guideline and reference for future
researchers in developing such system. It will help them in understanding clearly the voting
process of the Supreme Student Council and will be aware of the existing problems

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experienced in the past few years. It will provide detailed information regarding the
developments of the system.

Scope and Limitation

The study entitled Supreme Student Council Web based Voting System is a system that
specifically designed for Supreme Student Council of City College of Calamba.
The voting system includes the profile of the candidates, all the basic information about
the candidate such as name, year and section, position running for, course, their aims for the
school, description, picture of the candidate, and the status indicating if the candidate is an
old or new elector. It also includes the party list profile where the candidates are in and the
information about the SSC officers and Nomelec.
The proposed system will focus on the voting process of the Supreme Student Council
where the students or the voters have the capability to choose who to vote that will be added
to the points of the selected candidate.
The system will cover the counting of the votes and will generate an accurate tally of
votes for every candidate that will show the number of votes for them and record the final
result of the election. It will also generate a report of the previous election of the SSC.
Creating an account of the students will also be covered by the system that will be used
by the students in accessing into the system and voting for their selected candidate. The
voters can only vote once and blocked by the system if the voter will vote again. The
election personnel will check the identification card of the student to prove that he or she is
an eligible voter.
The system will allow authorized person like the Administrator to interact with the
system. The admin have the capability to add, edit, delete, update, and upload data into the
system. It is designed to provide security to the voting process and in accessing the records

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of the system. The proposed Administrators of the system is the Adviser of SSC and the
President of the Council.
The system will secure all the data protected by a restricted username and password.
The system will provide convenience for the students and lessen the burden of the
council of election because it will do more jobs than the council. The election personnel will
only monitor, evaluate and guide the students if they are still following the correct procedure
of the system.
The process of selecting, approving a candidate, and passing of form will not be covered
by the system; it will be under the council's work.
Although having the privileges to interact with the system, the admin has the limitation of
adding, editing, or deleting a portion of data where the voting tally and results lie. It also
limits the admin to edit the data of the students in terms of logging into the system, only
adding and deleting.
It will not include the registration of a candidate from the students or voters to the
system and adding a candidate the day of the voting itself.

Definition of Terms
There are some terms in this study that need to be elaborated to acquire the necessary
meaning. This portion is made for a better understanding of the study. The researchers
prepared some words and terminologies that need to be defined.
CCC. City College of Calamba, a young institution with its goal to provide highest possible
quality of college education.
Computerized Voting System. It is a Computer-based voting system.
Database. It is an organized collection of data.

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Database Management System (DBMS). It is a software package with computer
programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of database.
Information. Data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the
recipient.
Information System. It refers to any combination of information technology a peoples
activities that support operations, management, and decision making.
Information Technology. It is concerned with the development, management, and use of
computer-based information systems.
Internet. It is a massive network that connects large computer networks.
Manual process. Business process that require human effort or sometimes only a little help
from other devices to accomplish.
Password. A sequence of characters that one must input to gain access to a computer
system.
Voting. The process where in the voters make a choice and select a candidate in an election.
Voting System. A system that will provide a way of storing information to a computer
system and a faster, more convenient way of generating final result from a counted vote that
will lessen the effort of the users.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter entails the discussion of concepts and ideas related to the web based voting
system presented by the researchers to the Supreme Student Council of CCC. The review is
based on literature and study, both foreign and local, done by other researchers as relevant
to the proposed study.

Related Literature
Information
Information can be found everywhere it is always a part in managing businesses or
organizations. When finding a solution for significant business issues and problems,
employees must obtain and analyze all the related information to the issues, so they can
make the best decision possible. Organizational information comes at different levels and in
different formats and granularities. Information levels consists of the individual knowledge,
goals and strategies, the departmental goals, revenues, expenses, processes and strategies and
the enterprise revenues, expenses, processes and strategies. Information formats consists of
documents (letters, memos, faxes, emails, report, marketing materials, and training materials),
presentation (product, strategy, process, financial customer and competitor), and spreadsheet
(sales, marketing, industry, financial, competitor, customer and order spreadsheets). (Baltzan
& Phillips, 2011)

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Information Technology
It is obvious that the field of Information Technology is very dynamic. From time to
time, changes happens in the IT industry and with the tools the IT people use. Many
programmers and developers are fond of using Visual Basic 6.0 in developing application
because of its simplicity in coding styles and syntax and easy to understand. Most of the
students today who wanted to learn Visual Programming, they use VB6.0 even Microsoft
release a new version of Visual Studio. Both the Microsoft .Net Platform and the
programming language called C#.Net is a framework that covers all the layers of software
development from the operating system. Still, according to the researcher, it is not the kind
of programming language being use by the programmer or the developer is the major factor
of being a good IT person but it depends only with what field of expertise one belong.
(http://jansoftsolutions.blogspot.com/2011/04/information-technology.html)
Information System
Information systems collect, store, analyze and disseminate information, Information
Systems can be found almost everywhere. Nowadays most information systems can be
found on computers which makes it more efficient. (Cegielski, et.al, 2011)
An information system refers to an integrated set of components for collecting, storing,
processing, and communicating information. Businesses, other entities, and individuals
usually rely on information systems to manage their operations, supply services, and enhance
personal lives. Information systems process financial accounts and manage human resources,
government agencies rely on similar systems to provide basic services to citizens and
individuals use the same system to study, shop, and bank. (Diaz, 2011)
Information is used as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity, deliver quality
products and services, maintain loyalty and make sound decision. In global economy with

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intense competition, information technology can make a difference between success and
failure.
Information systems combine information technology, people and data to support
business requirements. For example, information systems handle daily business transactions,
improve productivity of companies and help managers make good decisions. Large
businesses with thousands or millions of sales transactions require company-wide
information systems and powerful servers.
Information systems are sets of formal procedures by which data are collected, processed
into information and distributed to the users.
An information system has five key components: 1. Hardware that consists of everything
in the physical layer of the information system like computers, server and work stations, 2.
Software that refers to the programs that control the hardware and produced the desired
information or results, 3. Data which is the raw material that an is transform into useful
information, 4. Information processes that describes the tasks and business functions that
users, managers and it staff members perform to achieve specific results, 5. People the
primary purpose of an information system is to provide valuable information to users.
(Cashman, 2009)
Database
Databases are used as the preferred method of storage for large multiuser applications,
where coordination between many users is much needed. Databases can be found in many
applications, spanning almost the entire range of the computer software. Many users find
databases convenient and many computer programs base their programs on the standard
database technology. (Richmond, et.al, 2011)

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Databases can be found almost anywhere. Every day the knowledge about database
technology increases in importance. They are the heart of e-commerce and other web based
applications. It is used by thousands of workgroups and millions of individuals. The
estimated number of active databases in the world are more than 10 million. (Coraes, et.al,
2005)
Internet
There are a number of benefits that can be gained from the presence of the internet at
home, in school and at work. In government, for instance, the potential of new media like
the internet to enhance service delivery is seen in the growing on e-government and
governance. (Homburg, 2008)
Web based
The greatest advantage of web based systems is the fact that it can be access from
anywhere in the world as long as you have an internet connection and a browser. Web based
systems can be fast and efficient, it can be accessed with or without a password and
communication is fast and efficient. A manager or any other employee can easily exchange
data with any of the companys departments outside of the company anytime. This can be
useful for individuals who prefer to work at their homes or usually work outside of the
office. It also allows them to quickly communicate with their customer and serve them better
and it also make their work a lot easier. (Mutt, 2011)
Database Benefits
The use of databases has brought about many advantages in technology. It provides
useful functions and features that helps in utilizing a system. With the use of tools it has
provided many opportunities and benefits close at hand one of which is, it makes inputted
data to become customizable in different places. Datasets are also possible to be

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manipulated in multiple ways. Data organization and sorting can also be managed even in
large quantities. Easier analysis of information, automatic computations and up-to date
reports are also some of the advantages of a database. The possibility for the collaborations
and different locations or disciplinary boundaries are also improved. (Uribe, 2011).
Data Security
Data security is the means of ensuring that data is protected from corruption and that
access to it is suitably controlled. Thus, data security helps ensuring privacy and protection
of personal data.
In the UK, the data protection act is used to ensure that personal data is accessible to
those whom it concerns. And provides redress to individuals if there are inaccuracies. This is
necessary to ensure individuals are treated fairly. The data protection act states that only
individuals and companies with legitimate and lawful reasons can process personal
information.
The international standard ISO/ISE 17799 covers data security the topic of information
security, and one of its main principles is that all stored information must be owned so that
it is to protected and control access to that data.
VB.Net
The existence of visual basic.net created new ways in making different IS. Like Java, it is
much easier to use unlike other programming languages. It provides functionality that
includes set of class libraries. It also has a full-objected programming functionality that has
the ability to write console-based applications. In terms of producing reports, this type of
language is preferred to be used because of its well organized functionality and ability to
make transaction processing much easier. (Pepito, 2009)
Transaction Processing System

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Transaction is the occurrence of series of steps in doing an action. It makes these steps
more automated in the process with the use of a system. Transaction processing system
(TPS) is designed to handle processing and tracking of transactions. This kind of
information system creates a program for managing a data or transaction to keep it in a
consistent state. TPS can handle engaging a certain institution to protect it in discrepancies,
misinterpretation and loss of data. It is efficient for it process transaction related-commands
by group instead of individually. When a single element fails, the system does not continue
the rest of the operations. (Bernstein, 2009)
Computerized Voting System
Since the beginning of computer systems, people have invented Voting machines in the
field of politics to prevent irregularities and fraudulent voting. Voting machines are used to
accept, record and tabulate votes cast during an election so that the election results can be
obtainable in a matter of few hours after the polls are closed instead of several hours or days.
It removed some voting irregularities such as the problem of stuffing ballot boxes which
occurred with paper ballots and speeds up the voting process. Problems still exist in the
modern voting machines. One problem encountered is ensuring that the person voting is
actually the registered person permitted to vote and not a pretender. Voter identification,
sometimes, is not checked at the polling place. For some, identification is verified by
associating a voters vehicle drivers license or passport with the registered voter list. The
invention of computerized voting system is used as a method and device for positive
identification of voters to avoid duplicate or fraudulent voting. A computerized voting
system is composed of central computer, regional computers and voting modules. The
central computer database is access by the voting module. The voter data is created at the
voting modules and stored into the database. During the election, the input voter data for a

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given voter is compared to the stored data to verify that the given voter is eligible to vote. A
given voter is restricted to access the stored data to prevent a voter from voting more than
once during the election.
Students in Dagupan elect officers via automated polls
In Dagupan City, the students of La Salette School conducted their automated student
council elections were theyre able to vote a candidate without using pens, ballots, and
manual counting. The online voting system was patterned from the University of the
Philippines. Rex Lor, La Salette, the developer of the system and the Vice President for
Administrative Services and Development told that The on-line voting system does not just
teach different applications of Information Technology, but also integrates values important
in ensuring a just society. This will teach the students that there are other more efficient
alternatives to the traditional manual voting system. He also added that, It was designed to
be as user-friendly as possible to ensure that even grade school students can easily use it. It
follows a three-step process: Step 1: log-in; Step 2: vote; Step 3: confirm vote. Students will
be able to view the profile of each candidate by clicking an icon beside their names. A
username and password is provided to the students just before the voting starts as the
school's official enrolment list will be the basis for the registration. The system immediately
counts the votes cast every after a voter is done. The results were viewed, printed and
validated after the last vote is cast and the winners are proclaimed by the designated school
poll official. Lor explained, We are not wowing our students with high technology but we
are instilling in them values -- the sanctity of their votes, honesty and integrity in the
elections, and efficiency of the technology. Vote-buying in whatever form was strictly
prohibited, they followed guidelines during the short campaign period; the candidates
presented themselves during the miting de avance. Bottomline, it was their kind of

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leadership which they presented to their fellow students. (Liway C. ManantanYparraguirre/Sunnex)
Online voting system
The Online Voting System is about the automation of present voting system which is
done manually. The system aims to increase the voting percentage and improve and maintain
the security of voting system with valid votes. The proposed system also intends to increase
accuracy in the voting process, diminish the work pressure of maintaining details manually,
and enhance the performance of the system. The process follows with a person needs to fill
the registration form to register and the details in the form are validated with the details
loaded in the database. The username and password will be given to the user to utilize his
voting if the details match with the details in the database but if both the details didnt
matched, the transaction is rejected. The online voting system is a web application designed
in PHP and use My SQL as the database to store the details. The voters and administrators
handle the system. It can be presumed that through the system, the voting percentage
increases and the cost and maintenance are controlled. Still, the voters need to be educated
so that the present system can be employed properly and security should be implemented.
Online voting system
The automation of voting system in India is developed for a threat free and user oriented
voting process and is made for the people of the country. The existing system is the paper
ballot election which is manual and paper based where the voters vote through paper and
counted manually. The new kind of voting system is the automated ballot election called
electronic voting. The system will generate accurate and immediate result and the voting
process will be done by the internet so it can be called the Internet Voting. The electronic
voting systems nowadays are different because it uses punch cards, mark sense, and digital

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pen voting system. Using the electronic ballot marker, it will be easier for the voters to vote
by providing the selections on the display to vote on the electronic machine. The electronic
voting machine provides a list when the voter touches the display which consist of
mechanical and electro optical buttons, where the votes are accepted and possesses an image
or symbol on the display. The electronic ballots are connected to the central ballot system
where it directly accepts and updates the record of all the ballots and calculates all the votes
present at polling centers. Immediate results will be displayed because votes are counted
electronically.

Related Studies
Foreign Studies
Electronic Voting Machine
Bhardwaj, et.al (2013) defined voting machine as a mechanism that the system uses to
generate votes and grouped by the location where the system tabulates the votes. With the
utilization of an Electronic Voting Machine, it has produced many usages. The Electronic
Voting Machine ensures unblemished voting and retains all the characteristics of voting
while making it more convenient, thus becoming more well-known. The EVM is also more
accessible to all voters and to those with certain disabilities. The system has two modes of
selection. One is the Voting mode, which when the user toggle switch on, a display message
comes out (Please vote) and enables voting again after control switch is being pressed by
the Authority. The other mode is the Counting mode where the total number of votes of a
respective candidate is displayed on the screen. The advantages of an EVM are convenient
on the part of the voter, economical, less manpower required, time conscious because less
time is required for voting and counting, avoids invalid voting, and saves transportation cost
due to its compact size. The application of an EVM allows for an easy development and

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deployment of voting equipment that maintains system security and people valuing their
democracy would be paying attention to the quality of the software that is used for their
elections.
E-voting
The study E-Voting of ElAgamy, et.al (2011) stated that Electronic voting system is
increasingly replacing the traditional paper-based voting system. The system can make the
voting process more convenient and may lead to improved voters. The electronic counting
of votes could be faster, more accurate and less labor intensive. According to the
researchers, Elections is being manipulated in order to influence its result. Whether
electronic, traditional paper ballots, or mechanical devices, a good voting system must satisfy
a number of criteria. One is that a voters ballot must be protected to guarantee the voters
safety when voting against a malicious candidate and that voters have no evidence that
shows which candidates received their votes because presence of such evidence may lead to
purchasing of votes by a candidate. A good voting system must also be tampered-free from a
wide range of attacks such as ballot stuffing by the voters and incorrect tallying by the
insiders. Additionally, it must be understandable to and usable by the entire voting
population, regardless of age, infirmity, or disability. An electronic voting could be a great
improvement over current paper systems if security is done well in providing accessibility to
a diverse population, however, mistakes in a voting system can lead to uncertain and
incorrect election results.
The goal of the study is to automate the voting process, help in solving fraud, decreasing
the voting time, and the process of counting. The system will provide a service that allows
the people to vote from any poll site in the country electronically without the use of runaway
ballots and adding convenience and security to the voting process. It will lessen the number

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of authentic votes not counted by reducing the number of over-votes, decrease vote
tampering, and improve the registration process. The systems also increase the voters
confidence and improve voting experience. The system is being tested to detect the
differences between the existing and required conditions and to evaluate the features of the
system. Several changes and enhancements still need to be implemented in the e-voting
which will allow for a smooth introduction of the system in the province of Egypt. The
usability of the system will help guaranteeing security and build trust on the new voting
machines.
An Overview of E-Voting Systems and Vote Verification Techniques
Al-Shammari discussed about the E-Voting Systems and different Vote Verification
Techniques. E-voting, as defined in the study, is the use of technology to facilitate one or
more election processes such as record, store and count votes electronically; announce
results, and authorization of voters. There are two types of E-voting systems namely Inperson e-voting and Online (Internet) e-voting. In an In-person e-voting, a voter still needs
to visit a polling station and uses a dedicated machine in a controlled environment. It uses
Direct Recording Electronics (DRE) and Optical Scan Systems. While in Online (Internet) evoting, a voter can vote at home using a personal device (PC, smartphone, etc.) and doesnt
need to visit a polling station. It uses online voting to vote. Because Electronic Systems are
transparent enough for the voter, adoption of the system has been slow and criticized. The
major causes of this transparency are machines are subject to programming error, equipment
malfunction and malicious tampering; programs are proprietary information and are not
open to inspection, procedural and environmental implications, and do officials can be
trusted. Officials use Verifiability and Vote Verification to monitor the election results and
to cover the major causes. Verifiability support a voter, election official, and public entities

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with an evidence about the integrity of election results. It is used as an evidence to prove
the truth. There are three types of Verifiability specifically Individual (Voter) verifiability,
Universal (Public) verifiability, and Eligibility (Public) verifiability. Individual verifiability
supports a voter with evidence that his/her vote has been captured, cast, and counted as
intended. Universal verifiability supports the election officials and public entities with
evidence that the counted votes are the same with the intended votes by the voters. Lastly,
Eligibility verifiability is each counted vote comes from a single eligible voter. It is also stated
in the study the meaning of vote verification. Vote Verification could support integrity and
verifiability requirements and used to verify a vote. There are techniques to verify a vote:
1.

Voter Verified Audio Audit Transcript Trail (VVAATT) uses DRE systems and

votes are verified over a voice message heard through a headset.

2.

In a Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), a voter verifies his/her vote by

reading a printed paper trail and voters cant take the printed trail.
3.

In an Electronic Trails, votes are verified using an electronic verification device and

the electronic copy of verified votes are stored in the verification device to be used for
recounting.
4.

VoteHere, Votegrity, Scantegrity, and Pret is a voter has a partial information about

the ballot encrypted in receipt and is given to a voter for an end-to-end verifications.
After performing the study, the researcher concluded that any critical system could be
compromised by a failure and an attack from an insider or outsider, and regular system
provides receipt to any user to verify the integrity of his/her data. In E-voting system, it is
not possible to provide such receipts because a vote must be anonymous and a voter must
not be able to approve to anyone about how he/she voted. However, Academic and

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Industrial sectors provide some techniques that balance between allowing vote verification
and keeping the privacy and receipt freeness requirements.
Electronic Voting System Security
A study conducted by Javaid (2014) which examine thes main security problems in
electronic voting systems, particularly security threats to DRE voting systems and security
threats to the Internet voting systems. Security in using electronic voting system is one of
the most significant current discussions in Computer Science; it plays a vital role in
democratic organizations and a new technology which helps the voters to cast their ballots in
an election using computerized systems. It is more convenient in making ballots, precision in
the voting process, quickness of implementation, and accessibility. However, electronic
voting systems have a number of limitations in security issues and it has been a controversial
issue in democratic societies because electronic voting can lead to electoral fraud. Javaid
enumerated the security problems in an electronic voting system.
One security problem is the Security threats to DRE Voting systems. DRE voting system
is manufactured by Diebold Corporation in United States and one of the most serious
weaknesses is the program or source code comprising a set of instructions written in
computer programming language is not revealed to the public. It is closed-source software
having a protected copyright and does not allow other programmers to modify it or examine
it. Because it is used to conduct elections, it may be exposed to a wide range of
modifications to influence the voting process, raising concerns about integrity of the voting
results. The Diebold machines, having been reliable and secure, still doubt by the public
because the programmers of the software could manipulate the source code in support to a
specific candidate through allowing more votes to be counted. Inside the system is the
Global Election Management System (GEMS) which is the software that runs on Diebold

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DRE machines. The software uses Microsoft Access database as the database management
system (DBMS) to store the votes, where the deficiency of security is it has insufficient
protection and susceptible to hacking. The database can be access by ordinary or
professional users thus tampering the voting outcome and fairness in the voting process.
The security feature of the GEMS is deficient and vulnerable to a series of attacks. Another
security threats to DRE Voting systems is the Audit ability and Verifiability. DRE systems
do not include verification to prove that votes have been counted. One example of
verification is the Voter-Verified Audit Trail (VVAT) which is a printer used to print a
paper-based record of the voters elections and an essential factor in verifying and auditing
votes to prevent an adversary from modifying and tampering of the voting outcome. Lack of
verification may lead to security breach and results to negative reflection on the integrity of
the election process.
Another security problem is the Security Threats to Internet Voting Systems. Denial of
Service Attacks (DoS) is a security threat wherein an attacker attempts to make a server
unavailable which aims to prevent rightful citizens from accessing the election web through
disturbing a host server. These attacks may result in serious security problems and influence
the fairness of the election because it prevents the voters from voting through making the
web server unreachable. Another is the Virus Infestation and Malicious Software which also
threaten the democratic societies. Malicious software can affect the voting process without
the voters awareness because it may be difficult to detect it for some anti-virus programs
cannot identify new viruses. Lastly, Spoofing Attacks is also a security threat to Internet
voting system. Spoofing attacks tricks the voters that they are communicating with the
election web server. For instance, the attacker would redirect the voters to another fake
election web server when the voter type the name of an official election website in the

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browser. This deceive the voters knowing that they are at a real voting website tampering the
votes and favoring a particular party.
The researcher suggest effective solutions to the security problems of electronic voting
system. One is the use of Open-Source Software which can enhance some security
limitations of electronic voting software and a solution to closed-source software. It enables
developers and experts to determine errors and modifications that can influence the voting
results. Using Open-source software, security and reliability of electronic voting system
improves and persuades the public in depending on the system, and developing electors
confidence in the electoral process. Second solution to lack of verifiability is using the Voter
Verifiable Audit Trails (VVAT) which minimizes errors and tampering with the vote results.
The VVAT assure voters that their votes have been recorded correctly and as proof if there
is some doubt about the integrity of the electronic record. Another is using Layer (SSL)
Protocol which is a possible solution to Spoofing attacks. The Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
protocol protects the sensitive data sent between a voter and a voting server over the
network through the process of encryption. The use of encryption prevents a third party
from manipulating the voting outcome and guarantees data integrity because the data
transmitted is only between the voter and the voting server. Lastly is with the use of digital
signature scheme (a type of cryptography) as a solution to Diebold DRE. The use of
cryptographic techniques protects the input data in the database, voters privacy can be
protected, and helps to verify that a voter is an eligible and that the digital document is sent
by a legal sender.
The research aims a reliable and accurate record of electors votes to make the voting
process fair and transparent. Javaid (2014) concludes that electronic voting systems may
offer significant benefits to democratic societies. The system should meet the security

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requirements to build a more secure, reliable, and confidential voting process. The researcher
also noted that voting systems lacks protection that can be easily exposed and vulnerable to
various malicious attacks.
Online election system
Election representatives is an important activity within a democracy, a way to express an
electorates will, and a very delicate process where various disturbances, attempts of fraud
and etc. happens. It is the backbone of democracy where people has to elect their states
leader. In the study Online Election System - A proposed election system for Pakistan,
online system is treated as a good solution to replace the current system of Pakistan which is
manual election system where people go to the polling booths and given two ballot papers
after checking their identity. The collection of data is done manually where representatives of
Election Commission distribute election forms to each home and collected after a few days.
Wrong information or mistakes in the registration would remove the voters ability to cast
their votes. The current Paper Polling System (manual) of Pakistan had brought problems to
the election system such as Speed, Intelligibility, Accessibility, and Transparency. Manual
counting of votes is time consuming, results can be uncertain when using pens, stamps,
punch cards or ballot papers and can be manipulated, and some people hesitate to vote
because of disabilities, duty-bound, weather conditions, expenses and trouble of
transportation, and youngsters who doesnt have charm to cast the vote. Reviewing the
problems would lead to building a system that will solve and speed up the election system.
The researcher conducted the study to boost the turnout of votes and to avoid difficulty in
committing fraud and cheating during an election. The study will allow people to cast votes
in a more convenient way by using available resources which facilitates the voters during
elections. An Interview and analysis is performed and finds out that it is necessary to design

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a centralized system that will cover the problems, a need for a secure and efficient electronic
system. The researcher concluded that the system proposed in this thesis will not just
convert the current manual system to an electronic equivalent but will be possible to run in
parallel with the current system and thus make it easier for the people who are not able to
cast their votes due to different reasons as related above. This online system will be helpful
for casting votes by different electronic ways. People will be able to cast votes through their
home PC, through polling booths, and Netcafes. This multitude of opportunities will make
voting more accessible, and thereby hopefully create more attraction for those people who
do not cast their votes today. Aziz (2011).
Online Voting System
Online voting uses electronic machines to choose leaders via web driven application. The
voters have choices of how they will vote at their own free time. It minimizes the errors in
vote counting where the votes are submitted in a database to find out who has the highest
number of votes for a given post. Bashin (2013) defined Online Voting System as an online
voting technique and a term encompassing several different types of voting embracing both
electronic means of counting votes. Electronic voting technology can include punched cards,
optical scan voting systems and DRE. It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes
via telephones, private computer networks, or the internet. The existing manual system of
Kenya brought problems such as expensive and time consuming, too much paper work,
errors during data entry, loss of registration forms, short time provided to view the voter
register, and a number of voters end up being locked out from voting. The proposed Online
voting system will help the people of Kenya in voting without going to any physical polling
station. The voters registered to the system through the System administrator by sending
their details to the admin and registering the voters on a special site visited only by the admin

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for security reasons. The voters are given a secret voter ID after register is done which he or
she can use to log into the system. The online voting will provide a means for a fast and
convenient voting, allowing people to vote from any part of the globe, helping people to get
used to work with the computers, miscount votes will be solved, and reduce time spend in
casting the votes during the voting. The objectives of the study is to review the existing
voting process in Kenya, coming up with an automated voting system, applying the system,
and validate the system to guarantee that only eligible voters are allowed to vote.
After a series of research, Bashin concluded that Online Voting system will manage the
Voters information by which voter can login and use his voting rights. The system will
incorporate all features of voting system. It provides the tools for maintaining voters vote
to every party and it count total no. of votes of every party. There is a database which is
maintained by the Election Commission of India in which all the names of voter with
complete information is stored. The system lessens the cost and time of voting process, and
easy to use and debug.
Applying Trustworthy Computing to End-To-End Electronic Voting
Fink (2010) conducted a study on adding Trustworthy Computing (TC) in an End-toEnd (E2E) voting system to manage election secrets inside a Trustworthy hardware,
improve usability and accessibility while maintaining security. The voting system has several
principles to ensure that everyone can vote and votes are casted and counted. One principle
is the Voter utility that provides a usable and efficient election system which is accessible to
voters especially to disabled person, easy to use, does not need training in computer systems,
ensures that the procedures and equipment are understandable, and transparency which
enables the voter to understand whats going on with their votes and the election. Another is
the Information assurance which includes integrity, privacy, availability, and non-repudiation.

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Last principle is Ease of administration where election systems must be easy to administer,
one that is efficient, scalable, and affordable. Votes should be easy to tally and verify. Voting
system also have risk which could tamper the election results by a smart and determined
adversary, obstruct the certification of winners, and affects the entire voting system which
alarms the public. Because the research aims to provide usable, transparent, and secure
voting system, an End-to-End voting is combined with Trustworthy Computing for greater
trust, privacy, accessibility, and usability. An End-to-End Cryptographic voting system as
defined in the study, is a system that guarantees integrity through software independence by
giving the voter a proof that his votes are cast and added in the final election tally. It is a
software that ensures that the outcome of the election is not manipulated by the actions of
the software; helps in printing ballots, record the results, and forwarding of data for tallying;
and provides flexible user interface. Malicious software affects the E2E system by changing
the selections and frequency for the voters, interrupt the voter privacy, manipulates the
election outcome, and reduce system availability and reliability. Applying the TC could help
in detecting and preventing the misconfiguration attacks, and safeguards the vital election
secrets by storing them in a tamper-resistant hardware. Trustworthy Computing (TC)
improves the security of software systems significantly. The Trusted Platform Module
(TPM) protects secrets and enforces security policy in a self-contained cryptographic coprocessor. Joining TC to E2E can lead to the main benefits of TC in guaranteeing privacy
by binding public-key cryptography to correct software state to protect the commitment
codes and scanned ballot images from exposure to malicious software. The TC can
improve E2Es three goals. In Administration, it can be benefited through auditability and
policy enforcement. In Assurance, the benefits that can be achieved are accuracy,
authenticity, availability, integrity, privacy, public confidence in dispute resolution, and

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custody chain. While benefits can be achieved in voter utility by accessibility, usability, and
identifying the problems in precinct.
After analyzing and conducting the study, it is concluded that it is practical and possible
to apply TC to voting systems, and enhances privacy even in E2E systems is managing the
election. The TC has a place in voting systems that uses computer technology. Privacy
should be ensured through secure hardware. Fink also added that by using Trustworthy
Computing, we enable the safe addition of accessibility interfaces, automatic vote verification
by third party voting rights groups, and improve the usability of the election systems for
voters. Applying TC to the systems architecture of E2E voting systems can help achieve
greater privacy, usability, and accessibility without weakening E2Es strong integrity
properties.
The Design of an Electronic Voting System
According to the study done by Ofori-Dwumfuo and Paatey (2011), an electronic voting
is a recent method devised to improve existing methods along with the changes happened in
all aspects of life influenced by information technology. It is used to replace the outdated
paper ballot, punched cards, and other mechanical voting systems with paperless electronic
or online voting systems. Elections will became simple while reducing the total cost of the
election. Voting allows a group of individuals to choose between a numbers of options. A
Voting system must also satisfy the voters and the election candidates. It must be reliable for
the voters and candidates to accept the results; and transparent and understandable to avoid
inaccurate election results. Privacy of a voters ballot must also be well-preserved to ensure
voters safeness and guarantees that there are no evidence to prove which candidate received
the voters vote. Another is the tamper-proof characteristics of the voting system to prevent

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wide range of attacks, and lastly it should be user-friendly for the entire voting population to
easily understand and use the voting system.
The aim of the study is to develop an online voting system (OVS) based upon the current
voting procedures in Ghana and to simplify the electoral process. The OVS seeks to ensure
proper management of the personal data of voters, reduce election costs, prevent double
voting, ensure that invalid votes are not issued, ensure quick, effective and efficient
processing of votes cast during elections, and speed up the release of election results. The
electoral process of Ghana involves the voter registration, voter register exhibition, voting,
vote counting, and collation and publication of results. The first process comes with the
registration of voters to enable them to be an eligible voter and should be 18 years of age or
above. The next process is the exhibition of the voter register where voters polling station
are displayed after the registration is over to avoid inconsistencies. The third process is the
actual voting for casting the ballots. The eligible voter goes to the polling station with his
voter registration number for him to be issued a ballot paper given by the official and
marked the left thumb with ab indelible ink. He fill up the ballot paper and deposits into the
ballot box. The last process is the counting of votes and publication of the results where
ballots are counted manually and publishes the final results. The manual electoral process of
Ghana are associated with problems such as invalid votes, long voting process, delays in
result publication, and high cost of election organizing. The development of an Online
voting system will help the electoral process more simplified, and has several security
requirements which makes it secure and reliable. It is also user friendly making the voting
easy and enjoyable. The design of the OVIS comes with a top-down structure which
includes Online Voter Registration System (OVRS, manages the voter registration where
voters can enter records and update their records), Online Ballot System (OBS, manages the

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online balloting activities where voters cast their votes), Election Statistics System (ESS,
responsible for tallying votes automatically) and OVIS Database Manager (ODM, part that
stores all information of the OVIS). After conducting and finishing the study, the researcher
discussed that online voting offers convenience and accuracy in acquiring election results.
Having a number of advantages, computerized voting still must overcome challenges to fully
realize its benefits. These challenges are high initial costs of implementing the system,
electorate needs to be educated on the use of online voting, security of the system to avoid
hackers and fraudsters, and electronic voting systems must be examined by experts to ensure
public confidence into the system. Accordingly, the study presented offers a number of
advantages over the conventional manual paper-based voting system employed in Ghana.
Secured and Transparent Computerized Voting System
The study Secured and Transparent Computerized Voting System (STCVS) accessible
everywhere is a new way of processing the votes secured and transparent. The STCVS uses
computerized devices for voting procedures, counting of votes, and analysis. Voters can
used their own computerized communicator devices such as smart phone, PC, laptop, tablet,
and other devices. The researcher introduce an approach of implementing a computerized
voting system that is secured, and supported by the Internet. The need for an electronic
voting system would reduce early voting systems disadvantages such as overcrowding of
people at the polling stations, vulnerability of the documents and forgery, and difficulty in
achieving counted votes. Through Elgamal cryptography (enables to store sensitive
information or transmit across vulnerable networks which cannot be read by anyone except
the expected recipient) algorithm with hashed base data structures, a secured system will be
achieved. Using a feedback, an acknowledgement SMS is sent to the voters registered phone
to verify their vote. Voting data is also encrypted from the client-side to eliminate risk of

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attacks and for reliability. According to the researchers, the Elgamal Encryption works for
reasons such as it is an effective algorithm and still not attacked, do not need large memory,
do not share private keys, and could save the processing time. The structure of the proposed
voting system starts with accessing the system using computerized communicator devices
and filling up the record that is stored in the database (MySQL) to access the voting. The
voting data that is sent to the Host server is encrypted using Asymmetric Encryption
Algorithm to prevent attacks. After the data has been sent, the user should receive a
feedback on the registered phone regardless of what communicator device is used in the
voting process. Vote attacks will be prevented since a voter pass-code will only be used once
and cannot be used again because it would be expired. Also, voters can only vote once using
the system which prevents the voting duplication. After a series of studies, the researcher
concluded that STCVS is a multipurpose system because it can be access everywhere and
using computerized communicator devices which helps in achieving the voting process. The
system saves the cost of massive number of electronic voting machines, and eliminates the
overcrowding of people at polling stations. The data of the votes are secured and protected;
and cheating, counterfeiting and hacking would be eliminated. The STCVS saves the time of
the voters spent in voting, and assures that votes will not be influenced (Elbarbary,
Abdelhady, Elbehiery, and Zekry, 2014).
Design and Implementation of an Online Voting System
According to Gboyega (2011) on his study the Design and Implementation of an Online
Voting System, the profound progress of the internet determines the possibilities of online
systems to arise such as online voting. The internet voting opens the door to all sorts of
possibilities for our state voting future. Gboyega defines voting as a means of selecting or
choosing leaders. The conduct of elections in a democratic society is very important not

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only because through it, a change of government is effected but also because voting is the
main form of political participation for most people. Democracy should be anchored on
election free from fraud, for it to be sound.
Over the years, the voting operation has been put under a manual system of operation
which mostly results to inaccurate and ineffective election. It is gradually being realized that
much faster, accurate, effective and efficient system is needed to be adopted. Here, online is
institute to handle voting.
With an online voting, votes can be cast only once. It will also offend people who are
sick and unable to go to the polling stations to cast their votes, to do so. It should be noted,
however, that an online voting will not replace the existing ballot forms, but is offered as a
supplementary way of casting ballot.
The researcher found out that the inefficiency of voting process has resulted to a lot of
problems such as a single voter cast its vote multiple times, inefficiency and inaccuracy of
votes by officials concerned, illegal voters casting their votes without being noticed by the
poll watchers, long lines observed at polling stations, and the loss of votes due to either
wrong voting of the use of case of any accident occurring during transportation of the
statement of result and other electoral materials to the collection centers. Designing and
implementing an online voting system will solve the major problems associated with the old
system and will remove the difficult administrative task of the electoral body. The study
analyzes the political nature of voting system in Oyo State which with the use of online
voting will result into prevention of multiple votes by any single voter irrespective of the
different polling site he/she might use, eliminating the illegal means of acquiring more votes
to favor a particular party or candidates and a more convenient way of voting, the voting
process in the state, as the researcher found out, should be updated and made electronic, a

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system that is free and fair voting should be put in place to instate a sound democracy and
stability in the political system of Oyo State.

Local Studies
The May 2010 National Elections: An Assessment on the First National Automated
Elections in the Philippines
Amangan (2010) conducted a research entitled The May 2010 National Elections: An
Assessment on the First National Automated Elections in the Philippines to assess the
outcome of the elections through feedback from the voters which it will be analyzed
systematically through a series of guide questions that leads the study towards an improved
and more credible automated election system. According to Amangan, from the beginning
of elections in the Philippines, the electoral process has been generally characterized by the
wrongdoings of the people such as terrorism, violence, fraud, corruption, vote-buying, ballot
snatching and cheating. This affects the credibility of the whole democratic process and
mocks at the sacred right to suffrage, he said. Another problem in the research is the
traditional way of writing the name of their chosen candidate in a piece of paper covered
with a folder. For so many years, the manual counting of votes has always been a problem
for the canvassers and the long process has been the cause of countless election fraud. The
slow results of the winners is also a burden because the counting of votes is performed
manually, this becomes the reasons why many candidates appeals to the Commission on
Elections and to the court that they have been cheated. It gave rise to the illegal election
practices like tampering of election returns and statements of votes.
The study uses descriptive method and the instrument used to collect data are
questionnaire which will gather feedback of the voters on the automated election system,

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and interview used in gathering necessary data which will help in arriving a more complex
and valid information.
The researcher finds the study to be relevant and significant in achieving an honest and
clean election exercise in the Philippines. He found out that Through automation a credible
transition of power as well as a clean, honest and orderly election can be ensured. Setting up
the countrys automated and electoral system is a crucial step towards clean and honest
election. While it will not be a cure-all election, consolidation and transmission of documents
will be an order, transparent and credible, and the results will be cast faster, accurate and
reflective of the genuine will of the people.
Automated Supreme Student Council Election System for Consolacion Community
College
The study Automated Supreme Student Council Election System for Consolacion
Community College researched by Deuna, et.al (2010) was conducted to improve the
existing election system of Consolacion Community College as well as to alleviate the
burdensome of election operations of the school personnel involved. According to the
researchers, the election Supreme Student Council was done manually since the history. A
lot of problems happened when ballot based election is used because the ballot-based cast
and count the votes manually. The researchers develop a system which allows the voters to
vote through online using their computers or laptops through the web. The proposed system
used a specialized computer to vote a candidate instead of using the usual process which is
paper and ballot boxes where the voters cast their votes by writing on the paper. The
automated system will reduced the election costs and increase student participation by
making the voting process more appropriate. The study will also significantly avoid the
chances of errors and tampering, minimizes the task of election officers, automates the

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counting and tally of votes without human intervention and helps the election process in a
more effective way.
Computerized Voting System of Putlod National High School
Mactal, et.al (2013) conducted their study in Putlod National High School at Gapan City
and proposed a system entitled Computerized Voting System of Putlod National High
School. The researchers found out that the voting process of the school is manually
operated. The students undergo several process such as they go to the Administration Office
for verification, follows the voting area and filling up the paper ballot. The student submits
the filled up ballot form to the voting administrator in order for his votes to be cast. An
indelible ink is marked to the student to signify that he has already voted. The votes are
collected and counted manually which could take several hours to several days. It produces
inconvenience not only to the voters but also to the election facilitators. The proponent then
aims to convert the existing manual system of Putlod into a Computerized Voting System
which will enhance and facilitate the process of voting and vote counting, prevents fraud,
permit only eligible voters and ensure that each voter can only vote once, and minimize the
time of gathering files and data; a system for fast, secure, accurate, and user-friendly voting
process. According to the researchers, "The computerized voting system has a central
computer, regional computers and voting modules connected to a data transfer link for
communication with one another. The voting modules access the central computer database
under control of the central computer control center. Voter data is created at one of the
voting modules and communicated to the database for storage. Input voter data for a given
voter at any one of the plurality of voting modules during an election is compared to the
stored data for the given voter to verify that the given voter is eligible to vote. Access to the
stored voter data for the given voter during an election is restricted to prevent the given

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voter from voting more than once during the election." The registration of the voters
signifies the purpose of being allowed to vote in elections. A database containing the voter
registration information can be searched by a proctor or official at the polling station to
determine whether a voter is eligible to vote. The design of the system will be carried out
using Microsoft Office Access 2007. Based on the research, the proposed system will lessen
the difficulty of filling up the ballot paper, accurately and faster counting of votes, lessen the
way they vote, handy and convenient, and minimizes the paper works of the election
officials.
Automated Voting System for Isabela State University-Roxas Campus
Election is a beginning and an ending process. It is in the hands of the people to change
our world through election by using the automated electoral system machine which will
significantly reduce the chances of errors, because vote counting is based on an internal
machine count rather than on individual ballots. The votes are properly viewed, stored,
approved, processed, documented and accurately coded for accounting and distribution.
Computation of the votes are accurate.
The election of student leaders in Isabela State University-Roxas Campus uses the
traditional way of voting and computing the votes of the students. The process is not easy
due to the manual counting and performing the task consumes more time and money. The
results is inaccurate because it causes duplicity of votes or errors. Working in the manual
basis brings so much stress and pressure to the election personnel and the university
experienced all the consequences. They encounter acts such as malicious acts and flying
voters appeared during the election. Cheaters could not easily noticed. The creation of an
Automated Voting System for Isabela State University-Roxas Campus will help the work of
the election personnel a lot easier and more effective. Using the system, errors will be

P a g e | 41
avoided and display results faster. Based on the data gathered, the system will improve the
traditional way of voting and lessen the burden of the students, election personnel, and
candidates. The votes are quickly and automatically counted with accurate and correct result.
Cheating, dishonesty and flying voters will be prevented.
Mindanao State University at Naawan Campus Computerized Voting System
Since the institution was founded, the Mindanao State University at Naawan Campus had
already conducted many major university election of officers for the Supreme Student
Council for many years. It is apparent that the turnover of the election had turned to be slow
and tiresome. According to the researchers, it was slow because of the following scenarios:
1.

The election is done manually, so the canvassing is consuming a big amount of time,

in fact in most of the elections, the canvassing of votes took a long hours and more time
consume.
2.

Miscount of votes that may cause for under vote or otherwise over vote.

3.

Incorrect tally and misstated vote for a candidate.

On the part of the election facilitators, it was hard and tiresome because it requirements a

lot energy and time to overcome the difficulty of the preparations and conducting of the
election until the canvassing of votes. The researchers concluded that by implementing a
computerized voting system, the existing traditional and manual voting system will be
replaced, reformed, and revitalized. Through the formulation of the system, the students will
be self-assured that the whole election process will be fast, quick, accurate and precise,
secure, and user-friendly. It will help in eliminating frauds and maneuvers canvassing because
the computer will be the one to count the votes. It will also provide convenience to the
students and facilitators in terms of time consumption and hassles. (Echavez, Garay, &
Ratunil, 2011)

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Philippine Science High School Ilocos Region Campus Web Portal
This study determined the profile of the PSHS-IRC; level of awareness and need for
inclusion in the development; level of accessibility and adequacy of facilities and sources for
Internet access ;) development of the school web portal prototype, its degree of usability;
and the development of web portal for PSHSIRC and developed a web portal for the
Philippine Science High School Ilocos Region Campus (PSHSIRC). This study is a
descriptive-developmental research they used questionnaire and conducted interviews to
gather data for Phase I. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) was used to tackle Phase
2 of the study (Development of the Web Portal). It was determined that the school, users,
stakeholders background, and technical requirements are essential data to be considered to
address constraints and weaknesses in the development. Awareness and need for school
information plays an important role in the development of this web portal. PSHS-IRC Web
Portal is ready for use with the url: www.irc.pshs.edu.ph.
Descriptive developmental research design was used in the study. Descriptive research
design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a
subject. Developmental research was utilized because this study further focused on the
development of a prototype web portal based from the gathered information from the
respondents. The final output was the usable or acceptable web portal for Philippine Science
High School Ilocos Region Campus. (Viloria, 2012)
Online Student Information System of Benguet State University (OSIS-BSU),
Philippines
Advances in technology allowed schools to utilize databases and applications such as
Online Student Information System (OSIS) thus, making the accessing of records easier and
centralized. One of the changes that came about is the onlinebased applications. These

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applications improved the traditional transaction processing systems. Thus, most
universities switch to the onlinebased system because of its effectivity to acquire, process,
store and retrieve information from the Internet. Furthermore, the system can be easily
accessed by all students as long as they can connect to the internet. Benguet State University
(BSU) is still uses a semicomputer based system and paperbased student information
system. The staff finds it difficult in searching and preparing reports on students
information and also painstaking due to repetition of processes done in filling and updating
of records. The main goal of the school to generate and disseminate new knowledge and
technologies that will promote sustainable resource development and enrich the competent
and effective services geared towards efficiency and economy the current system doesnt
fulfill the schools main goal. The methodology used in the study was Rapid Application
Development (RAD). RAD is designed to provide quick software methodology that involves
iterative development and quick construction of prototypes. (Pacio, 2013)
Online Hotel Reservation and Management System for the College of International
Tourism and Hospitality Management (CITHM)
This study aims to develop and design an online hotel reservation and management
system for the College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management of the Lyceum
of the Philippines University, Batangas Campus. It offers user-friendly features that will help
familiarize CITHM students on the online hotel reservation system, evaluate it and highlight
the benefits it can provide to the college and staff. In addition, it will purvey supplement
material in their front desk operation course. The researchers used the System Development
Life Cycle and Microsoft Web Developer 2008 as the programming language. The developed
software served as a tool for teaching the students of CITHM on how to operate an online
hotel reservation system. The developed software helped the instructors a lot in teaching the

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basic operations of hotel reservation system to their students. It also provided online security
to protect privacy and financial information of clients.
The system can be accessed via the Internet. The researchers used Microsoft Web
Developer 2008 as a programming language. Microsoft Visual Web Developer was used to
create web sites, web applications and web services using ASP.NET. It is an Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) that provides a set of tools and utilities for developing
ASP.Net 2.0 web applications. It is a part of Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 that can be used
to develop powerful ASP.Net web applications using various tools for developing web
applications included in .Net Framework. Visual Web Developer offers the programmer
benefits of productivity and easy web site administration utilities along with wide variety of
improvements that provide much better IDE. Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 Edition includes
many improvements that enable one to create the ASP.Net 2.0 web applications by using
pre-built server controls and developing rich user-friendly features with few lines of code.
Since, the system will handle a large volume of data for creating accounts and hotel
reservation it required a large storage in a form of database. A database is a repository of
interrelated data organized by software called Database Management System (DBMS). For
this purpose, the researchers used MySQL Server 2005. MySQL serves as a tool for storing
record. It provides quick access to the data with the combination of Visual Web Developer
for the proper display of information. (Delizo, & Esguerra, 2013)
A Study on the Impact of Election Spending on the Philippine Economy
An election is a very important activity, mobilizing manpower, finances and can have big
effects on the structure of political and administrative powers. Elections in our country by
common knowledge influence markets, prices, the labor market and economic activities.
Authoritative and qualitative political examines prosper that looked into the sources of

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political finance and its impact to governance. Though, there is a need for a study that details
how the impact of an electoral process contributes to economic growth in sectors and
industries. Such study should be fairly comprehensive in nature, exploring into national and
local election coverages to be able to establish forward and backward linkages among
sectors. The methodology utilized also has to be robust and easily replicated by other
researchers.
There is a prevailing general perception that too much money is spent on political
campaigns. According to Rocamora (2001), the key issue is the rising election campaign
expenses, where running election campaigns have become so costly that only a few
individuals or those with big contributors can run, in effect separating qualified yet resourcepoor candidates or those without backers. Since the early days of the exercise of the right of
suffrage and campaign expenses are said to have grown exponentially. Today, legal allowable
limits for campaign expenditures are specified under RA 90061. The Omnibus Election
Code2 and subsequently RA 71663 sets the limit as to how much a candidate can spend as
well as to the types of lawful expenditures that a candidate can spend on. A candidate must
also submit a statement of expenditures and sources of funds after the conduct of elections.
(Ballester, et.al, 2010)
Online enrollment and billing system
Presently new technologies have made our life easier and helped us build a better lifestyle.
A faster and hassle free enrollment system is what ACLC Taguig Branch currently needs.
The institution still uses a manual system is very time consuming. Enrollees are required to
go to registrar`s office then they need to be evaluated by the office staff about the subject
that they are taking for the next semester. After evaluation, the enrollees will have to choose
their schedule for every subject then, the enrollees have to go to the cashier for payment.

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After payment, they have to return the copy of the registration form to the registrar`s office.
Only after that was the time that the students is classified as enrolled.
To make this process easier, the researchers proposed a system entitled Online
enrollment and billing system that will lessen the effort and time consumed. The system
have separate login for the student and for the admins for security. The system also has a
form to be filled up by the students/enrollees that are printable. This system makes the
process a lot more efficient, reliable and secured. (Adriatico, Mendoza, & Pamplona, 2013)
Computerized Voting System of the Student Council Organization of Redeeming
Grace Learning Center (RGL)
The study entitled Computerized Voting System of the Student Council Organization of
Redeeming Grace Learning Center (RGL) was created to replace the existing manual voting
process of the school that had produced inconvenience on both the voters and the election
facilitators. The researchers of the study has a goal of developing a secure, fast, accurate, and
user friendly system for a small scale election. The formulation of a computerized voting
system will help the students to be confident on the whole electoral process which will not
only be fast and quick but most of all be accurate and precise. The problems encountered by
the Learning center are:
1.

The manual voting requires a fast and accurate count of votes to be able to rapidly

know the results of the election and the winners. Several factors came out regarding the
miscount of votes by the facilitators, accuracy in the counting of votes, and reliability.
2.

The tallying and transmitting of votes are the root of unsecured voting process

which revolves around security issues a traditional problem faced in manual voting.

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3.

Voting manually takes a lot of time because students write down on a piece of paper

their chosen candidate where the votes are manually counted by the teachers or election
officers which is hassle and time consuming.
A user security access level is designed for determining the authentication of a student in
the system. The student can only vote once if they are officially registered. The system will
speed up the counting of votes; generate correct, accurate, reliable canvassing result; and has
the capability of releasing required reports regarding the list of votes, candidates and
canvassing results. The researchers used the V-model as the methodology which includes
different phases, and uses questionnaire as a source of information. Based on the
researchers, the study will help in securing the votes of the voters, minimizes the time
consumed, and reliability issues and hassles. (Manacal, Tabamo, & Tabal, 2012)
Patient Information Management System for St. Michaels Medical Clinic and
Diagnostic Center
The study entitled Patient Information Management System for St. Michaels Medical
Clinic and Diagnostic Center uses a network based system which gives major help for the
staff because it can make the process more accurate, fast, and efficient. The existing process
is manual including the writing of patient information and issuing a medical receipt in a piece
of paper. It makes the transaction too extensive and time consuming. The records of the
patient are also kept or stored in a room which may result to data loss, duplication, and
errors. These reasons led to the development of a system which can oppose the current
manual system. It will lessen the tedious and time consuming paperwork, secured and safe
data, update data and generate reports, and can assure that the transaction processes
performed in punctual, accurate, and more professional approach. Electronic system can
diminish the pain by giving a full computerized system in managing records and transactions.

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The computerized system provides a fast transaction processing without using a lot of paper
that is hustle to use and saves money. A transaction processing system monitors the process
in order to avoid errors. The proponents concluded that the system will the input and output
of data more accurately and fast. The security of data can be assured, user friendly and can
easily understand, and it can make the processing of transaction more precise and effective.
(Concepcion, Gutierrez & Valdez, 2013)
Online Registration and Grading System of Lawa National High School
The system Online Registration and Grading System of Lawa National High School
register the students by inputting the data which can make the process easier and more
convenient, hassle free through which the registration can be done online, updating the
record will not go through the existing tedious process, and provides an enormous
improvement over the old paper-based method. Based on the study, the manual process is
very prompt to risk in any circumstances, time consuming, records cannot be retrieved in
case they are lost, slow procedures, and accuracy and security is not been so definite. The use
of an online system will eliminate the manual process which can provide a fast and reliable
processing and accessing of data, lessen their time and effort, manage, store and organize the
data easily, and user-friendly. The researchers uses PHP as the language of the program and
MySQL to store databases and conducted a research, interview, and survey to gather
information and continue with the system. The proponents concluded that the proposed
system will improve the manner of managing and organizing the records easily, faster
process and lesser time, human errors would also be minimized, data are stored in the
database of the system for an efficient access, retrieval, and storage. (Esquivel, Fabian, &
Flores, 2013)
A Web based Barangay Information Services for Calamba City

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The study A Web based Barangay Information Services for Calamba City uses a manual
process of transaction. The development of a web based system is utilize for the process to
be more efficient and faster in gathering information and data in every barangay. The system
is based on the current set-up of Information and Transaction Processing System
component. The TPS will allow the modules to generate reports and has records storage in
the database. The transaction will be quick, fast or time-saving, and providing information
that are reliable and easily accessible. The system will help the client to store information,
better management of the records which are secured and monitored, and easy generation of
reports. An easy and effective system will be developed where transactions process and data
management becomes more efficient. Because the system is online, the giving and sharing of
information will be transparent for creating reports and documents that will help the
government to gain development and enhancement in their services. In the study,
Transaction Processing System is defined as a set of information which executes the
transaction of data in the database system. The purpose of this is that it can manage data that
are left in a consistent state. A TPS manage information generated that is included in the
day-by-day business operations. Whenever a specific transaction occurs, it performs a series
of task and gives a better output. Customer satisfaction must be considered in any
transactions and having a TPS, a good transaction of conducting the services will be
provided. To provide a findings for the study, the researchers conducted interviews and
surveys. The development of the system will be based on the results of the survey conducted
by the proponents. The study ended up by a conclusion of using a very efficient database
that is capable of handling a large volume of data. It will be efficient in searching of files and
sorting information. Reports and other important records will be stored inside the database
and access these records faster and more convenient. (Arnaldo & Caliguia, 2012)

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Ivote: Letran-Calamba voting system
The study Ivote: Letran-Calamba voting system of Atun, et.al (2013) stated that the
Office of Student Affairs of Letran Calamba is an organization that is part of the department
called the Student Development and Services Department (SDSD). It envisions a network
of programs and services that excels in meeting students out of classroom needs
complementing their academic experiences and building a community on a diverse campus.
One of their program was the annual elections for new members of Student Council. The
researchers quoted that the current state of technology was manual process of voting, cases
of errors in votes, and passing of votes. They encountered problems such as the processing
of votes done manually, inconsistency and a deviation of the directions w/ a voters decision,
time consummation, accuracy and expenses. The researchers came up with creating a user
friendly system that will make the voting process more clear and concise for its user friendly
system that will make the voting process more clear and concise for its users to follow; a
system designed to provide an electronic form of elections, a secure database of votes and
reduce the amount of work done and time spent. The study uses descriptive and
comparative research method to analyze and improve the current problems being
encountered and a survey was conducted in order to evaluate the performance of the system.
Based on the result of the survey, majority of the respondents approved and showed positive
feedback for the system. The researchers found out that the current system used by the OSA
is traditional or manual voting system. The researchers also conclude that the proposed
system will help the OSA eliminate the problems that they encounter every year, it is a huge
help for giving the candidates have an advertisement of themselves for their fellow students
to know them and will reduce the expenses and the use of manpower.

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Synthesis of Review of Related Literature

The studies and literatures researched by the proponents helped a lot to see the
advantages of the proposed system and serve as the basis for the betterment of the systems
development. These serves as a tool for better understanding of the process and helps lessen
the existing problems of the college. The concepts will be discussed further in the following
paragraphs.
Information technology plays a vital role in every aspect of human life. It really helps a lot
numerous of the people in the world. But being a programmer, it not a necessary to indicate
what platform to use as a major factor, it depends with the field of expertise one belong and
how he use his abilities.
Today, information system can be found on computers making it more efficient.
Businesses, other entities and individuals usually rely on information systems where
information can be a weapon to increase productivity, deliver quality products and services,
maintain loyalty and make sound decision. It is associated with Information Technology
which can make a difference between success and failures. Daily business transactions,
improve productivity of companies and help managers make good decisions are handled by
information system. Businesses with tons of transactions require company-wide information
systems and powerful servers.
Quality of human life was greatly improved by the technology. The evolution of
computers as a product of technology has helped everyone in terms of entertainment,
transactions, business, research, and communication. Various institutions, organizations, and
companies raised the standard of using web based system and more and more colleges and
universities are encouraged to leave pen and paper process. It is a fact that web based
systems can be access everywhere as long as there is internet connection and browser

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making it fast and efficient. Data can be easily exchange anytime allows quick
communication. An internet based architecture is provided by the web server in the form of
html coded documents that are interpreted and displayed by the clients browser.
Html coded documents can be coded in visual basic.net. The advancement of technology
lead to the existence of visual basic.net which created new ways in making different
Information Systems. It has a full-objected programming functionality that has the ability to
write console-based applications, and ability to make transaction processing much easier.
Database can be found in visual basic.net and in many applications covering almost entire
range of computer software. It can be used to store large multiuser applications. Databases
are more convenient and easy to use. It is the heart of e-commerce and other web based
applications.
The development of database brought many advantages in technology. It provides useful
functions and features that helps in utilizing a system. Using this tool, data can be
manipulated in multiple ways, data organization and sorting can also be managed.
Information can easily be analyze and automatic features lessen the work of the users.
Because there are enormous of data processed every day, it should be secured and
protected. Data security ensures privacy and protection of data from corruption and access
to it is controlled. Personal data are only accessible to whom it concerns. Only eligible
individuals and legitimate companies can process personal information.
As the technology continues to offer numerous benefits, transactions became automated
in the process with the use of a system. Transaction processing system is designed to handle
processing and tracking of transactions. It is designed to create program for managing data
or transaction and automates a given business activity.

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In recent years, elections are done manually in the most effective way in order to monitor
the process. As time passed by and technology developed, various new ways of election
process were implemented and influenced by the technology. The evolvement of elections
from manual to electronic leads to the development of Computerized Voting system which
used as a method for casting votes electronically to avoid duplicate and fraudulent voting.
Elections are also done online and the new kind of voting system will generate accurate and
immediate result. It will increase accuracy in the voting process, diminish the work pressure
of maintaining details manually, and enhance the performance of the system.
Most of the literature agrees that an advance voting system should be implemented to
help the election process around the globe. Based on the study of Bhardwaj, et.al (2013),
ElAgamy, et.al (2011), Aziz (2011), Bashin (2013), Gboyega (2011),and Ofori-Dwumfuo and
Paatey (2011), electronic voting systems should be implemented because it will diminished
problems encountered in the manual or existing voting process. Votes can be cast by
different electronic ways and produced many usages. The use of this technology is
increasingly replacing the old paper based system and provides convenience, flexibility,
accuracy, efficiency, and reliability. Security of data is also protected. Votes are counted
automatically to reduce task of the facilitators and fast release of election results. A database
will hold the data of the election and voters will cast vote by choosing a candidate using
technology. In line with this, frauds, cheating, double voting, and attacks will be avoided, and
privacy of the votes are controlled and protected.
Ofori-Dwumfuo and Paatey (2011) also added that having a number of advantages,
computerized voting still must overcome challenges to fully realize its benefits. These
challenges are high initial costs of implementing the system, electorate needs to be educated
on the use of online voting, security of the system to avoid hackers and fraudsters, and

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electronic voting systems must be examined by experts to ensure public confidence into the
system.
According to Al-Shammari, there are different verifiability and vote verification
techniques to avoid the transparency of the system and monitor the election results. It
provides evidence about the integrity of the results to satisfy the voters. The three types of
Verifiability are Individual (Voter) verifiability, Universal (Public) verifiability, and Eligibility
(Public) verifiability. While the techniques to verify a vote are Voter Verified Audio Audit
Transcript Trail (VVAATT), Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), Electronic Trails,
and VoteHere, Votegrity, Scantegrity, and Pret a voter.
Javaid (2014) examines a list of security threats as a main problems in an electronic voting
system. Security is one of the most significant current problems in voting system. Reliable
and accurate votes makes the voting process fair and transparent. The system should meet
the security requirements to acquire its benefits and to build a more secure, reliable, and
confidential voting process. Some of the voting systems lacks protection and can easily be
exposed to vulnerable attacks.
In the study conducted by Fink (2010), Trustworthy Computing (TC) is added to an Endto-End (E2E) voting system to manage election secrets, greater trust, improve usability and
accessibility while maintaining security. It is possible to apply the TC which could help in
detecting and preventing the misconfiguration attacks, and safeguards the vital election
secrets and privacy by storing them in a tamper-resistant hardware.
Secured and Transparent Computerized Voting System (STCVS) is also a foreign study
done by (Elbarbary, Abdelhady, Elbehiery, and Zekry, 2014) which uses Elgamal
cryptography that store sensitive information and transmit across the network which cannot
be read by anyone. It also uses feedback which an acknowledgement SMS is sent to the

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voters. The data of the votes are secured and protected; and cheating, counterfeiting and
hacking would be eliminated. The STCVS saves the time of the voters spent in voting, and
assures that votes will not be influenced.
Amangan (2010), Deuna, et.al (2010), Mactal, et.al (2013), (Echavez, et.al, 2011), Atun,
et.al (2013), and Manacal, Tabamo, & Tabal, (2012), are authors of different local study
which approves the use of the new developments in voting system which will help the fast
turnover of results and a convenient way of casting votes. It will replace the existing manual
elections that are paper based and time consuming. The technology introduced the new ways
of voting which are adopted by many schools and sectors in the Philippines.
Ballester, et.al (2010) states the expenses spend in an election that too much money are
spent in campaigns. Today, expenses in election campaigns are limit which is specified under
RA 90061.
Some of the local study done by Viloria (2012), Pacio (2013), Delizo, & Esguerra (2013),
Adriatico, Mendoza, & Pamplona (2013), Concepcion,et.al (2013), Arnaldo & Caliguia
(2012), and Esquivel, et.al(2013) which suffers from the manual process leads to the
developments of new technology that enhance the process and makes it easier, more
convenient, and hassle free.
After gathering all the views, facts, and information related to the proposed system, the
proponents concludes that it will be helpful in conceptualizing and designing a Web based
Voting System. The related literature and studies that have mentioned provides necessary
knowledge to the proponents on the relevance and advantages of applying technology
through a web based system.

Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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This chapter contains all the methods and strategies used in acquiring and gathering the
sufficient information in developing the study. It discusses the research flow and how it was
conducted and finalized. This includes some appropriate methods on how the data are
gathered that became helpful in the study.

Research Design
Identifying the problem itself is one way of solving the problem. The method used in the
study is Descriptive research which seek out necessary information about the current process
of conducting the election.
Descriptive Research is a fact finding technique which describes data, obtains
information, provide a knowledge base, and uncover new facts and meaning about the topic
being studied. It is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior
of a subject. It starts with setting the goals, determining the needed population sample,
choosing the interview methodology, making the questionnaire, conducting interview, and
analyzing and summarization of the gathered data. It involves the collection of data in order
to answer questions related with the study.
Software Development Methodology
The proponents intents the use of Rapid Application Development (RAD). RAD is a
methodology that is used for developing PC-based application. It emphasizes series of
prototype and minimizes planning. It speeds up information system development and allows
users to examine a working model as early as possible. It determines whether the needs are
met, suggest necessary changes, and assured that the software made was working properly.
Using RAD, the expenses and time consumed lessen in developing the system. Furthermore,
the process of RAD helps in meeting the standards of the end users making them satisfied.

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The researchers collaborate with the client during the development of the system to
further analyze the clients needs and improved the system. End-users suggestions were also
taken to serve as a basis for the system flow.

Figure 3.1 shows the four phases of RAD.

Requirements Planning
This phase shows the elements of the system planning and its analysis of the System
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) were combined. The researchers analyze the institutional
needs, project scopes, constraints and system requirements as the key issue and obtaining the
authorization of the client to proceed with the system.
User Design
This phase shows the interaction of the user with the system analyst and developed
models and prototypes which will represent all the system process with inputs and outputs
understood by the user. The process is continuously enhance for the user to modify, test,
and provide comments until it approves the working model and agree to a final system.
Construction
This phase focuses on the program and application development tools similar to SDLC.
It involves the construction of the system process and the testing done by the developer to

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improved and reconstruct the system. The functionality of the system is enhanced for better
performance and minimized the possible errors. The client still participates in this phase for
suggestions and changes that will enhanced the system.
Cut Over
The last phase resembles the final tasks in SDLC implementation phase, including the
data conversion, testing, changeover to the new system, and user training. The developed
system is integrated and made ready for testing and implementation.

Research Locale
The client of the proposed study is the Supreme Student Council of City College of
Calamba. The SSC is the highest governing body which develop the leadership skills and
qualities of all student leaders. It is located inside the schools old building inside the CCC at
Burgos St. Brgy. 7 Old Municipal Building, Calamba City.

Figure 3.2 Location map of CCC.

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Figure 3.2 Location map of SSC.

Population of the Study/ Sampling Design

The respondents of the study are the students, election facilitators (NOMELEC), and
student council officers of City College of Calamba being as the users of the proposed
system. The researchers used the stratified random sampling method to gather data for the
study. According to Investopedia.com, a Stratified random sampling is a method of
sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller groups known as strata. A
sample is randomly selected from a larger population. The proponents used this method by
conducting various interviews, observation, and survey wherein the students, NOMELEC,
and the student council officers served as the respondents. Using random sampling, results
are produced unbiased and accurate.

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RESPONDENTS

POPULATION

Students of City College of Calamba

Student Council officers

15

NOMELEC

10

Total

Table 3.1 shows the total population of the students, NOMELEC, and officers of student
council. The proponents used Slovins formula to compute for the sample size within the
total population.

Formula:
n = N/ (1+N(e)^2)
Where
n = Sample size
N = Population
e = 0.05 (Marginal error)
RESPONDENTS

SAMPLE SIZE

Students of City College of Calamba

Student Council officers
NOMELEC
Total
Table 3.2 shows the tabulation of results after the computation for the sample size using
Slovins formula.

Data Gathering Tool

In obtaining information significant for the study, the proponents use different tools that
will help analyze and understand the problem and current process of voting. Interview,

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survey questionnaires, online research, and observation are the tools conducted to get
reliable and relevant data needed by the proponents. It is necessary to acquire information,
ideas and suggestions from the respondents to develop a system and solve the problem.
Interview
Interview is the most essential and most common tool for data gathering. It is a formal
meeting in which one or more person ask question and consult another person. The
proponents are given a privileged to ask about the existing process of voting in the school
and seek for suggestions for the betterment of the system. It gives an insight of the
transaction inside the institution, and an idea of how the new system will be designed to
address the specific needs of the SSC in managing the election.
Observation
A method of data collection by mere looking or listening. The proponents observe the
process done in each phase of voting and how it worked. Data from the observation are
analyzed for better understanding and gives the proponents an idea how to improve the
existing process.
Survey
Survey is method used to gather information from an individual. Gathering of
information is conducted through questionnaires a set of written questions. Questionnaires
are given to the respondents where the proponents used a range of response questions that
has fixed scales and answered by the respondents. It gives more precise information and
opinions.
Research
The proponents took time to research and gather significant information for the study. It
gave the proponents relevant facts for the framework of the proposed system. The

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proponents also used the Internet to gather data, and went to different libraries like the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran in search for the relevant and necessary data.

Data Gathering Procedures

Data are gathered by doing procedures. The proponents asked the Office of Student
Affairs to be the client of the study. A letter is presented for approval and interview is
followed which helps the proponents understand the present procedures discussed and the
problem encountered by the client.
The proponents also made observation, and browsed the internet and searched in
different libraries for additional information and relevant data.
Questionnaires are made and prepared, and conducted a survey to the respondents which
is a closed-end question answerable by yes or no.

Data Analysis Plan

After obtaining information, the proponents come up with the data analysis plan which is
the process of converting raw data into usable information from various source to form
summary and conclusion. Through analyzing the result from survey and interview, the
proponents used both quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Qualitative analysis is a search for general statements about the relationship among
categories of date. The interview conducted by the proponents is considered a Qualitative
data since it is a set of questions that cannot be interpreted numerically and helps the
proponents to have ideas on how to improve the current process.

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Survey answered by the respondents is considered a Quantitative analysis. It is conducted
to the students assuming that they are the users of the proposed system. Survey is also
conducted to the NOMELEC and officers to gain their opinions about the current system.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

PROCEDURE

SOURCES OF DATA

STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS

How to inform the

students about the
background of the
candidates?
How to speed up the
counting of votes and
proclamation of winners?

Survey/Questionnaire,
Interview

Students, officers

Quantitative and
Qualitative analysis

Survey/Questionnaire,
Research, Interview

Officers, statement form

the OSA Director

Quantitative and
Qualitative analysis

How to make the election

process easier and more
simplified for the voters?

Survey/Questionnaire,
Research, Interview

Officers, statement form

the OSA Director

Quantitative and
Qualitative analysis

How to motivate the

students to participate in
the election?

Survey/Questionnaire

statements form the

Students and Officers

Quantitative analysis

How to reduce the work

of the Council and
Nomelec and minimize
the time consumed during
the election?

Interview,
Survey/Questionnaire

statements form the

NOMELEC and Officers

Quantitative and
Qualitative analysis

How to measure the

effectiveness of the
proposed system in terms
of:
1 Accuracy
2 Reliability
3 Security
4 Efficiency
5 Environment friendly

Interview,
Survey/Questionnaire

Students, Officers,
NOMELEC, OSA Director

Quantitative and
Qualitative analysis

How does the proposed

system satisfy the user in
adopting a web based
technology?

Interview,
Survey/Questionnaire

Students, officers

Quantitative and
Qualitative analysis

Table 3.3 Data Analysis Plan

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SUPREME STUDENT COUNCIL

WEB BASED VOTING SYSTEM

Fortu, Jed Ephraim F.

Malibong, John Richard B.
Rizaldo, Nimfa Jane E.