V

The value of theSaturated

exergy destruction cannot
e 5 1u be
2 unegative.
2 y02 2 Texergy
21
1 gz
02 1 p01yMoreover,
01s 2 s0destruction
vapor at 120C
2
is not a property. On the other hand, exergy is a property, and like other properties,
kJ
the change in exergy of30a m/s
system can be
negative,
5 cpositive,
12529.3 2
104.882 or dzero
kg
.0
N
m3
1 kJ
3 105 2 b10.8919 2 1.0029 3 10232 d ` 3
`
E2 2 1
E1 :c a1.01325
50
kg 10 N ? m
m
,0
kJ
2 c 1298 K217.1296
0.36742 APLLICADA
d
DEPARTAMENTO
DE 2FSICA
I
kg
?K
6 m an isolated system, no heat or work interactions with the surroundings
For
occur,
2
130 m/ s2the system
m and its surroundings.
1N
1 kJ
and thus there are no transfers of exergy
between
1 c
b16 m2 d `
``
`
1 a9.8
DE
Accordingly, the exergy balance reduces toFACULTAD
give 2
s2 CIENCIAS
1 kg ? m/ s2 103 N ? m
c07ExergyAnalysis.indd Page 374 7/12/10 6:52:35 AM user-s146
kJ
kJ /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
5 12424.42
1 90.27 2
2015.14
1 0.45 1 0.062
b b b b b
5 500
z
p0 = 1 atm
TERMOTECNIA.
G
RADO
E
N
I
NGENIERA
Q
UMICA
E4
5
2E
4
(7.9)
isol
d isol
kg
kg
T0 = 298 K
g = 9.8 m/s2

The following example illustrates the use of Eq. 7.2 together with ideal gas
PPROBLEMAS
EXERGIA
Since the exergy destruction mustproperty
be positive
in any actual process,
the only processes
data.
of an isolated system that occur are those for which the exergy of the isolated system
374
Chapter
7 Exergy
decreases.
For exergy,
thisAnalysis
conclusion is the counterpart of the increase of entropy
c c c c EXAMPLE 7.1 c
principle (Sec. 6.8.1) and, like the increase of entropy principle, can be regarded as
Using
Eq.law.
7.12, Eq. 7.11a reads
an alternative statement of the
second
Evaluating
theconsider
Exergy
of change,
Exhaust
Gas
In
Example 7.2, we
exergy
exergy
transfer, and exergy
destruction
#
#
#
0 53 be
E qj 2 Wreviewed
2 Ed
(7.11b)
for A
thecylinder
processof
ofan
water
considered
in
Example
6.1,
which
should
quickly
a
internal
combustion
engine contains 2450 cm ofj gaseous combustion
products
at a pressure of
c07ExergyAnalysis.indd Page 376 7/14/10
7:30:08
AM user-s146
/Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
before
studying
the
current
example.
7 bar and a temperature of 8678C just before the exhaust valve opens. Determine the specific
exergy of the gas,
#
in kJ/kg. Ignore the effects of
andthe
gravity,
and
modeldestruction
the combustion
products
as air
behaving
ideal
In motion
Eqs. 7.11,
rate of
exergy
within
the
system,
E
,
is
relatedastoanthe
rate
d
#
gas. Take T0 5 300 K (278C)
p0 5production
1.013 bar. within the system by Ed 5 T0s# .
of and
entropy

SOLUTION

7.4.3
Exergy Destruction and Loss
376 Known:
Chapter
7 Exergy
Analysis
Gaseous
combustion
products at a specified state are contained in the cylinder of an internal combustion
EXAMPLE 7.2 c
engine.
Most thermal systems are supplied with exergy inputs derived directly or indirectly
from
the Cable
consumption
ofand
fossil Destruction
fuels.
Exploring
Exergy Change,
Transfer,
Superconducting
Power
Overcoming
All Accordingly,
Barriers? avoidable destructions and losses
of exergy represent the waste of these resources. By devising ways to reduce such
Water initially
a saturated
liquid
at more
1508C
(423.15
K) is
intoa operate,
pistoncylinder
assembly.
requires
suchbalance
cooling
reduces
thewater
power
According
to industryinefficiencies,
sources,
than
7%
better
useofcan
becontained
madepower
of fuels.
The exergy
can
beThe
applied
tois
heated
the corresponding
saturated
vapor
state in
an
internally
reversibleelectrical
process
at constant
temperature
saved
in superconducting
transmission.
the
thetoelectric
power conducted
through
present-day
determine
the
locations,
types,
and
true magnitudes
of energy
resourceMoreover,
waste, and
andtransmission
pressure. For
(293.15
K), an
p0 important
5
bar, and
the effects
of motion
and
gravity,
costignoring
of superconducting
cable
isfor
much
greater
today determine
than use.
conand Tdistribution
lines
forfeited
en 1route
thus
canis play
part
in
developing
strategies
more
effective
fuel
0 5 208C
pertounit
of mass,
each in
kJ/kg,
(a)
change
exergy,
(b)form
the
exergy
transfer
heat
transfer,
ventional
cable.
Factors
suchsystem
as accompanying
theseenergy
imposeand
barriers
to
rapid
owing
electrical
resistance.
They
also
say the
superconducting
In Example
7.3, the in
steady-state
of
the closed
exergy
rate
(c)can
thenearly
exergy
transferresistance
accompanying
andto
(d)
exergy
deployment
superconducting
technology. and exergy loss,
cable
eliminate
to electricity
flow,
and
balances
arework,
applied
anthe
oven
wall destruction.
toofevaluate
exergy destruction
electrical
have partnered with the government
thereby the accompanying reduction
in power.
which
are interpreted in terms Still,
of fossil
fuel utilities
use.
to develop and demonstrate superconducting technology that
For
superconducting cable to be effective, however, it must
SOLUTION

cccc

someday may increase U.S. power system efficiency and

be cooled to about 22008C (23308F). Cooling is achieved by a
c c c c Known:
EXAMPLE
7.3 c
Water contained
in a pistoncylinder assembly undergoes
an internally reversible process at 1508C from
reliability.
refrigeration system using liquid nitrogen. Since the refrigerator

saturated liquid to saturated vapor.

Evaluating Exergy Destruction in an Oven Wall

Find: Determine the change in exergy, the exergy transfers accompanying heat transfer and work, and the
exergy
destruction.
of an 6:52:45
industrial
drying oven is constructed by sandwiching 0.066m-thick insulation,
having a thermal
c07ExergyAnalysis.indd The
Page wall
381 7/12/10
AM user-s146
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23
conductivity k 5 0.05 3 107.4.4
kW/m ?Exergy
K, between
thin metal sheets. At steady state, the inner metal sheet is at
Accounting
T1 5 575 K and the outer sheet is at T2 5 310 K. Temperature varies linearly through the wall. The temperature
of the surroundings away from
thenext
ovenexample,
is 293 K.we
Determine,
kWgearbox
per m2 of
surface2.4
area,
(a)6.4
thefrom
rate an
of
In the
reconsiderinthe
ofwall
Examples
and
heat
transfer
through
the
wall,
(b)
the
rates
of
exergy
transfer
accompanying
heat
transfer
at
the
inner
and
outer
exergy accounting
exergy perspective to introduce exergy accounting, in which the various terms of an
wall surfaces, and (c) the rate
of exergy
within systematically
the wall. Let Tevaluated
0 5 293 K.and compared.
exergy
balancedestruction
for7.5
a system
Exergy are
Rate Balance for Control
Volumes at Steady State
381
SOLUTION

data
also play
an important
roleconductivity,
in arriving at
The first
involves
Temperature,
thermal
andsolutions.
wall-thickness
dataexample
are provided
for a plane wall at steady state.
Known:
expansion of7.4
steam
c c c cthe
EXAMPLE
c through a valve (a throttling process, Sec. 4.10). From an
Find: For the wall, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer through the wall, (b) the rates of exergy transfer
energy perspective, the expansion occurs without loss. Yet, as shown in Example 7.5,
accompanying heat transfer at the inner and outer surfaces, and (c) the rate of exergy destruction, each per m2
such
a valve Accounting
is a site of inefficiency
thermodynamically in terms of exergy
Exergy
of aquantified
Gearbox
of wall surface
area.
destruction.
Schematic
and Given
Data: 2.4 and 6.4(a), develop a full exergy accounting of the power input. Let T 5 293 K.
For
the gearbox
of Examples
0
Engineering Model:

SOLUTION

1. The closed system shown in

Insulation
3 kW/m
A gearbox
at steady state with known values
theKpower input,
power output,
and is
heat
= 0.05 10for
the accompanying
sketch
at
c c c c Known:
EXAMPLE
7.5 operates
c

transfer rate. The temperature on the outer surface of the gearbox is also known.steady state.

Determining
Destruction
in power.
a Throttling
Find:
Develop a full Exergy
exergy accounting
of the input

Valve2. Temperature varies linearly

through the wall.

Area = A
Superheated
and exits at a pressure of 80 lbf/in.2 The expansion
Schematic
and water
Given vapor
Data: enters a valve at 500 lbf/in. , 5008F
3. T0 5 in
293Btu/lb.
K.
is a throttling process.HotDetermine the exergy destruction per unit of mass flowing,
Let T0 5 778F,
T1 = 575 K

oven
gas

p0 5 1 atm.

Engineering
Model:

K
Tb =Q300

Q out

in

1. The gearbox is taken as a closed system operating at

WSolution
1 = 60 kW

T2 = 310state.
K
steady

kW
throttling
process through a valve from a specified inlet state to a specified
Known:
1 Water vapor expands inQ a= 1.2
2. The temperature
exit pressure.
Surroundings at the outer surface does not vary.
Air

at 293 K

Burner
W 2 = 58.8 kW
T0 5flowing.
293 K.
Find: Input
Determine the exergy destruction
per unit of3.mass

shaft

Schematic and Given Data:

0.066 m

Gearbox

fuel

Output
shaft

Engineering
Model:
Fig. E7.4

Fig. E7.3

1. The control volume shown in the accompanying figure is at

rate ofstate.
exergy transfer accompanying power is simply the power.
Analysis: Since the gearbox is at steady state, thesteady

#
Accordingly, exergy is transferred into the gearbox via the high-speed shaft# at a rate
equal to the power input,
2. For the throttling process, Qcv 5 Wcv 5 0, and the effects of
60 1kW, and exergy is transferred out via the
low-speed
shaft
at
a
rate
equal
to
the
power
output, 58.8 kW. Additionally,
2
motion and gravity can be ignored.
exergy is transferred out accompanying stray heat transfer and destroyed by irreversibilities within the gearbox.
The rate of exergy transfer accompanying3.heat
transfer
evaluated
T0 5
778F, pis0 5
1 atm. using Eq. 7.12. That is
Steam

Comparing results, the exergy increase of the compressed air: 14.1 MW is less than the magnitude of the exergy
/Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
MW, even though the energy changes of the two streams
are equal in magnitude.
Although heat exchangers appear from an energy perspective to operate without
The difference in these exergy values is the exergy destroyed: 2.83 MW. Thus, energy is conserved but exergy is not.
loss when stray heat transfer is ignored, they are a site of thermodynamic inefficiency
quantified by exergy destruction. This is illustrated in Example 7.6.
Heat exchangers of this type are known as regenerators (see Sec. 9.7).

c07ExergyAnalysis.indd
Page 387
6:52:56 AM gas:
user-s146
decrease
of 7/12/10
the combustion
16.93

Exergythrough
Rate Balance
forexchanger
Control Volumes
at Steady
387
The variation in temperature of each stream7.5
passing
the heat
is sketched
in theState
schematic.
The dead state temperature T0 also is shown on the schematic for reference.
c c c c EXAMPLE
7.6
c
The exergy
destruction
can be determined by rearranging the steady-state form of the exergy rate balance,
Alternatively,
# 7.17, #to givethe #rate of exergy destruction can be determined using
Eq.
Skil ls Dev elop ed
Ed 5 T0scv, where scv is the rate of entropy production evaluated from an
#
#
#
Evaluating
Destruction
in Ta Heat
Exchanger
entropy rate Exergy
balance. This
is left asEdan exercise.
Wcv
Qcv
Ability to
0

# 5 a1 2 b a # b 2 # 1 1ef1 2 ef22
Tb
the10
Compressed
air entersbya irreversibilities
counterflow
exchanger
operating
at steady
at apply
610 K,
bary and
exitsy at
m heat
mwith
m friction
energ
and exerg
Exergy
is destroyed
associated
fluid
andstate
rate
balan
860 K, 9.7 bar. Hot
combustion
gaspressure
enters asdrops
a separate
stream
atare
1020
K, 1.1 bar
and
exits
ces. at 1 bar. Each
stream-to-stream
heat
transfer.
The
for
the
streams
indivalues
Substituting
ateheat
evalu
exergexchanger
streamofhas
a massirreversibility.
flow rate of The
90# kg/s.
Heat
transfer between
thebetween
outer surface
of the
and
y destruction.
cators
frictional
average
temperature
difference
surroundings
be indicator
ignored. E
The
effects
of motion
and gravity are negligible. Assuming the combustion
d heat
the streams,
T avecan
, is an
of
transfer
irreversibility.
# 5 23.36 2 540 1 691.84 5 148.48 kJ/ kg
gas stream has the properties of air,
m and using the ideal gas model for both streams, determine for the heat
exchanger
The analysis is summarized
the
following
exergy were
balance
terms
of exergy magnitudes on a rate basis:
If the mass by
flow
rate
of each stream
105sheet
kg/s,in
what
would
(a) the exit temperature of the combustion gas, in K.
be the rate of exergy destruction,
Ansin:
. 3.3 MW. 691.84 kJ/kg (100%)
Net rateinofMW?
exergy
(b) the net change in the flow exergy
rate from
inlet
to exit of each stream, in MW.
Disposition
of the
exergy:
c07ExergyAnalysis.indd Page 386 7/12/10 6:52:54 AM user-s146
/Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New
Rate of exergy out
(c) the rate exergy is destroyed,
MW. discussions we have noted the effect of irreversibilities on thermodyIn in
previous
work
540.00 kJ/kg (78.05%)
namic performance.
Some economic consequences
of irreversibilities are considered
Let T0 5 300 K, p0 5 1 bar.
heat transfer
3.36 kJ/kg (0.49%)
in the next
example.

Rate
of exergy destruction 148.48 kJ/kg (21.46%)
691.84 kJ/kg (100%)
SOLUTION
386
Chapter 77.7
Exergy
Analysis
c c c c EXAMPLE
c operating data are provided for a counterflow heat exchanger.
Steady-state
Known:
Note that the exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer is small relative to
the For
otherthe
terms.
Find:
heat exchanger,
determine
the for
exitthe
temperature
of theThis
combustion
gas, the
change
in theedflow
Skil
the exergy
balance
control volume.
is an extension
of exergy
accounting,
ls Dev
elop
Determining
Cost of
Exergy
Destruction
exergy rate from inlet to exit
of each stream,
and the rate exergy is destroyed.
introduced
in Sec. 7.4.4.
Abilit
y to
#
#
The
next
two
examples
provide
illustrations
accounting
in control
For
heat
pumpdestruction
of Examples
and
6.14,
determine
the exergy
the volcomevaluin
the
The
exergy
can6.8
be
determined
alternatively
usingdestruction
Ed 5ofT0exergy
scvrates,
,
each
atekW,
exergfor
y quan
tities
#
umes. The
firstIfinvolves
the
steam turbine
with
stray
heat
transfer
considered
previpressor,
condenser,
and
throttling
valve.
exergy
is
valued
at
$0.08
per
kW
?
h,
determine
the
daily
cost of
for an exergy accountin
where scv is the rate of entropy production from an entropy balance. The
g.
# daily
ously in Example
6.6, which
should
quickly reviewed
studying the
current
electricity
to operate
the compressor
ands# the
cost of
exergybedestruction
in eachbefore
component.
5
273 K
solution
to Example
6.6 provides
develop an Let
exergTy0 acco
cv / m 5 0.4983 kJ/ kg ? K.
untin
g.
(08C), which corresponds toexample.
the temperature of the outside air.

By inspection of the exergy balance sheet, specify an exergybased
efficiency
for the turbine. Ans. 78.05%.
c c c c EXAMPLE 7.8 c

Exergy Accounting of a Steam Turbine

Steam
enters
a turbine
with a pressure
ofexergy
30 bar,accounting
a temperature
of 4008C,
and a velocity of 160 m/s. Steam exits
The next
example
illustrates
the use of
to identify
opportunities
as
saturated
vapor
at
1008C
with
a
velocity
of
100
m/s.
At
steady
state,
the
turbine
for improving thermodynamic performance of the waste heat recovery system
con- develops work at a rate of
540 kJ in
per
kg of steam
flowingshould
through
turbine.
Heat before
transferstudying
betweenthe
thecurturbine and its surroundings
sidered
Example
4.10, which
be the
quickly
reviewed
occurs
at
an
average
outer
surface
temperature
of
350
K.
Develop
a
full
accounting
of the net exergy carried in
rent example.
by the steam, in kJ per unit mass of steam flowing. Let T0 5 258C, p0 5 1 atm.
SOLUTION

Steam expands
c c c cKnown:
EXAMPLE
7.9 c through a turbine for which steady-state data are provided.
Find: Develop a full exergy accounting of the net exergy carried in by the steam, in kJ per unit mass of steam

flowing.
Exergy

Accounting of a Waste Heat Recovery System

#

Schematic
Data:
See Fig. E6.6.
From
6.6, Wconsideration
kJ/ kg.
cv / m 5 540 kJ/ kg,
cv / m 5 222.6
Suppose and
the Given
system
of Example
4.10 is
one Example
option under
forQutilizing
the combustion
products
discharged
from
an
industrial
process.
Engineering Model:

SeeDevelop
the solution
Example of
6.6.the net exergy carried in by the combustion products.
1. (a)
a fullto
accounting
2.(b)
T0 Use
5 258C,
p0 5 1 of
atm.
the results
(a) to identify opportunities for improving thermodynamic performance.

Analysis: The net exergy carried in per unit mass of steam flowing is obtained using Eq. 7.18
SOLUTION
2
2

V1 2 V2
0
ef1 2 ef2 data
5 1hare
h22 2 T01sfor
21a
bsteam
1 g1zgenerator
1 2 provided
1 2 as2heat-recovery
1 2 z2 2
and a turbine.
Known: Steady-state operating
2

Find:Table
Develop
accounting
net rate
exergy
carried
in by
the
products
the?results
From
A-4, ah1full
5 3230.9
kJ/kg,ofs1the
5 6.9212
kJ/kg
? K.isFrom
Table
A-2,
h2 combustion
5 2676.1 kJ/kg,
s2 5 7and
.3549use
kJ/kg
K.
to identify
opportunities
improving
Hence,
the net
rate exergy for
is carried
in is thermodynamic performance.

ef1 2 ef2 5 c 13230.9 2 2676.12

5 691.84 kJ/ kg

116022 2 110022 m 2
kJ
kJ
1N
1 kJ
2 29816.9212 2 7.35492
1c
``
`d
da b `
s
kg
kg
2
1 kg ? m/ s2 103 N ? m

The net exergy carried in can be accounted for in terms of the exergy transfers accompanying work and heat
transfer and the exergy destruction
within the control volume. At
state, the exergy transfer accompanying
#
# steady
#
#
work is simply the work, or Wcv / m 5 540 kJ/ kg. The quantity Qcv / m# is evaluated in the solution to Example 6.6
#
using the steady-state forms of the mass and energy rate balances: Qcv / m 5 222.6 kJ/ kg. The accompanying exergy
transfer is
#
#
Eq
T0 Qcv
5
a1
2
b
a
#
# b
Tb
m
m
298
kJ
b a222.6 b
350
kg
kJ
5 23.36
kg
5 a1 2

where Tb denotes the temperature on the boundary where heat transfer occurs.