Bazl J tedaI he fee encycloeda

mage N of PU

Brazil
co tedaI he fee encycloeda

Brazil

LbzlL EmougueseW BrasilI fmAW xbazwzxUzFI offcally he cederative

oepublic of Brazil EmougueseW oeblica cederativa do BrasilI lsen FIxVz s he

lages couny n boh pouh Aeca and he ian Aecan egonK f s he

cederative oepublic of Brazil

oepblica cederativa do
Brasil EmougueseF

woldDs ffh lages counyI boh by geogahcal aea and by oulaonKxNMz f s

he lages mougueseJseang couny n he woldI and he only one n he
AecasKxNNz
Bounded by he Alanc lcean on he easI Bazl has a coaslne of TIQVN
EQISRR FKxNOz f s bodeed on he noh by senezuelaI duyanaI punae and he
cench oveseas egon of cench duana; on he nohwes by Coloba; on he
wes by Bolva and meu; on he souhwes by Agenna and maaguay and on he
souh by ruguayK kueous achelagos fo a of Bazlan eoyI such as
cenando de koonhaI oocas AollI pan mee and maul oocsI and qndade and
ja sazKxNOz f bodes all ohe pouh Aecan counes exce bcuado and
Chle and occues QT ecen of he connen of pouh AecaK
Bazl was nhabed by nueous bal naons o o he landng of exloe
medo lvaes Cabal n NRMMI who claed he aea fo mougalK Bazl eaned a
mouguese colony unl NUMUI when he caal of he ee was ansfeed fo
isbon o oo de ganeo afe cench foces led by beo kaoleon Bonaae
xNPz

nvaded mougalK fn NUNRI was elevaed o he an of ngdo uon he

foaon of he rned hngdo of mougalI Bazl and he AlgavesK fs
ndeendence was acheved n NUOO wh he ceaon of he be of BazlI a
unay sae govened unde a consuonal onachy and a alaenay syseK
qhe couny becae a esdenal eublc n NUUVI when a lay cou d'tat
oclaed he oeublcI alhough he bcaeal legslaueI now called CongessI
daes bac o he afcaon of he fs consuon n NUOQK An auhoaan

clag

Coa of as

Motto:
"lde e mogesso" EmougueseF
"lde and mogess"

Anthem:
eino Nacional Brasileiro
"Bazlan kaonal Anhe"

National seal
pelo Nacional do Brasil
National peal of Brazil

lay juna had led he naon fo NVSQ unl NVURKxNQz BazlDs cuen
ConsuonI foulaed n NVUUI defnes as a fedeal eublcKxNRz qhe cedeaon
s coosed of he unon of he cedeal ascI he OS saesI and he RIRSQ
uncalesKxNRzxNSz
qhe Bazlan econoy s he woldDs sevenh lages by nonal dam and he
sevenh lages by uchasng owe ayI as of OMNOKxNTzxNUz A ebe of he
BofC gouI Bazl has one of he woldDs fases gowng ajo econoesI wh s
econoc efos gvng he couny new nenaonal ecognon and nfluenceKxNVz
BazlDs naonal develoen ban EBkabpF lays an oan ole fo he
counyDs econoc gowhKxOMz Bazl s a foundng ebe of he rned kaonsI
xONz

he dOMI CmimI ian rnonI he lganzaon of fbeoJAecan paesI he

lganzaon of Aecan paesI jecosul and he rnon of pouh Aecan
kaonsK Bazl s one of NT egadvese counesI hoe o a vaey of wldlfeI
naual envonensI and exensve naual esouces n a vaey of oeced
habasKxNOz Bazl s a egonal owe n ian Aeca and a ddle owe n
nenaonal affasIxOOz wh soe analyss denfyng as an eegng global
oweKxOPz Bazl has been he woldDs lages oduce of coffee fo he las NRM
yeasKxOQz

Contents
N byology

hWLLenKwedaKogLwLBazl

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O esoy
OKN meJCabalne ea
OKO Colonzaon
OKP rned hngdo wh mougal
OKQ fndeenden be
OKR baly eublc
OKS Coneoay ea
P deogahy
PKN Clae
PKO Bodvesy and envonen
Q dovenen and olcs
QKN iaw and ode

Capital

Basla

QKO jlay

NRQTp QTROt

iargest city

QKP coegn olcy

QKQ Adnsave dvsons
R bconoy
RKN qous

po maulo

lfficial languages

mouguesexNz

bthnic groups EOMNM

xOz

QTKTPB the

QPKNPB madoa

S fnfasucue

TKSNB Blac

SKN Coonens and enegy

NKMVB Asan

SKO pcence and echnology

MKQPB

SKP qanso

Aendan

SKQ eealh
SKR bducaon
SKS jeda and councaon
T aeogahcs
TKN oace and ehncy
TKO oelgon
TKP rbanzaon
TKQ ianguage
U Culue
UKN jusc
UKO ieaue
UKP Cusne
UKQ pos
UKR kaonal holdays
V pee also
NM oefeences
NN Bblogahy
NO cuhe eadng
NP bxenal lns

btymology
qhe wod "Bazl" coes fo bazlwoodI a ee ha once gew lenfully along
he Bazlan coasKxORz fn mougueseI bazlwood s called au-brasilI wh he wod
brasil coonly gven he eyology "ed le an ebe"I foed fo ian brasa

hWLLenKwedaKogLwLBazl

aemonym

Bazlan

dovernment

cedeal esdenal
consuonal eublc

J mesden
J sce mesden
J mesden of he
Chabe of aeues
J mesden of he
penae
J mesden of he
puee cedeal
Cou
iegislature
J re house
J iowe house

ala oousseff EmqF

jchel qee EmjaBF
eenque bduado Alves
EmjaBF
oenan Calheos
EmjaBF
goaqu Babosa

kaonal Congess
cedeal penae
Chabe of aeues

fndependence fo rned hngdo of mougalI

Bazl and he Algaves Enow mougalF
J aeclaed
T peebe NUOO
J oecognzed
OV Augus NUOR
J oeublc
NR kovebe NUUV
J Cuen consuon
R lcobe NVUU
Area
J qoal
J tae EBF

UIRNRITST O ERhF
PIOUTIRVT sq
MKSR
mopulation

J OMNP esae

OMNIMPOITNQxPzxQz ERhF

J aensy

OPKTLO ENVOndF
SNKRLsq

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E"ebe"F and he suffx -il Efo -iculum o -iliumFKxOSz As bazlwood oduces a

dee ed dyeI was hghly valued by he buoean cloh ndusy and was he

dam EmmmF
J qoal

AOKRMR llonxRz EThF

eales coecally exloed oduc fo BazlKxOTz qhough he NSh cenuyI

assve aouns of bazlwood wee havesed by ndgenous eoles Eosly
quF along he Bazlan coasI who sold he be o buoean ades Eosly

J me caa

ANOIROSxRz ETVhF

dam EnonalF
J qoal

OMNQ esae
AOKONR llonxRz EThF

J me caa

ANNIMUMxRz ESPdF

dini EOMNOF

RNKVxSz
hgh

eaf EOMNOF

MKTPMxTz
hgh URh

mougueseI bu also cenchF n eun fo assoed buoean consue goodsKxOUz

qhe offcal nae of he landI n ognal mouguese ecodsI was he "iand of he
eoly Coss" ETerra da panta CruzFIxOVz bu buoean salos and echans
coonly called sly he "iand of Bazl" ETerra do BrasilF on accoun of he
bazlwood adeKxPMz qhe oula aellaon eclsed and evenually sulaned he
offcal naeK baly salos soees also called he "iand of maos" ETerra di
maagaFKxPNz

OMNQ esae

Currency

fn he duaan languageI an offcal language of maaguayI Bazl s called

"mndoaa"K qhs was he nae he ndgenous oulaon gave o he egonI

Time zone
J pue EapqF

mre-Cabraline era
qhe eales huan eans found n qhe
AecasI iuza toanI wee found n he
aea of medo ieooldoI jnas deas and

aK

Boq ErqCO o RF
Bopq ErqCO o RF

aate format

ddLLyyyy ECbF

arives on the

gh

Calling code

HRR

fpl PNSS code

Bo

fnternet Tia

Kb

eanng "land of he al ees"KxPOz

eistory

oeal EoAF EBRLF

julacalK

ovdes evdence of habaon gong bac a leas NNIMMM yeasKxPPzxPQz qhe eales oey eve
found n he tesen eeshee was excavaed n he Aazon basn of Bazl and
adocabon daed o UIMMM yeas ago ESMMM BCFK qhe oey was found nea panae and
ovded evdence ha he ocal foes egon suoed a colex ehsoc culueKxPRz
Ceacs oduced by ancen
colex socees lvng n he
pana egonK

Aound he mouguese avalI he eoy of cuen day Bazl had an esaed ndgenous
oulaon of T llon eoleIxPSz osly seJnoadc who subssed on hunngI fshngI
gahengI and gan agculueK qhe ndgenous oulaon of Bazl was dvded no lage
ndgenous naons coosed of seveal ehnc gous EeKgK he qusI duaansI ds and
AawasFK qhe qu eole wee subdvded no he qunquns and qunabsI and hee

wee also any subdvson of he ohe gousKxPTz

Befoe he aval of buoeans he boundaes beween hese gous and he subgous wee aed by was ha aose fo
dffeences n culueI language and oal belefsKxPUz qhese was also nvolved lageJscale lay acons on land and waeI wh
cannbalsc uals on mltsKxPVzxQMz thle heedy had soe weghI leadesh saus was a oe subdued ove eI han allocaed
n successon ceeones and convenonsKxQNz plavey aong he fndans had a dffeen eanng han had fo buoeansI snce
ognaed fo a dvese socoJeconoc oganzaonI n whch asyees wee anslaed no nsh elaonsKxQOz

Colonization
qhe land now called Bazl was claed fo he mouguese be on OO Al NRMMI wh he
aval of he mouguese flee coanded by medo lvaes CabalKxQPz qhe mouguese
encouneed ndgenous eoles dvded no seveal besI os of who soe languages of
he quduaan falyI and fough aong heselvesKxQQz qhough he fs seleen was
founded n NRPOI colonzaon was effecvely begun n NRPQI when hng ao goo fff of
mougal dvded he eoy no he ffeen vae and auonoous Caancy Colones of
BazlKxQRzxQSz
eoweveI he decenalzed and unoganzed endences of he caancy colones oved
obleacI and n NRQV he mouguese ng esucued he no he dovenoae deneal

oeesenaon of he landng of
medo lvaes Cabal a moo peguo
n NRMMK

of BazlI a sngle and cenalzed mouguese colony n pouh AecaKxQSzxQTz fn he fs wo

hWLLenKwedaKogLwLBazl

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mage Q of PU

cenues of colonzaonI fndgenous and buoeans gous lved n consan waI esablshng
oounsc allances n ode o gan advanages agans each oheK xQUzxQVzxRMzxRNz By he dJ
NSh cenuyI cane suga had becoe BazlDs os oan exoaon oducIxQQzxROz and
slaves uchased n pubJpahaan AfcaI n he slave ae of tesen AfcaxRPz Eno only
hose fo mouguese alles of he colones n Angola and jozabqueFI had becoe s
lages oIxRQzxRRz o coe wh lanaons of sugacaneI due o nceasng nenaonal
deand fo Bazlan sugaKxRSzxRTz
By he end of he NTh cenuyI sugacane exos began o declneIxRUz and he dscovey of
gold by bandeanes n he NSVMsI would becoe he new bacbone of he colonyDs econoyI
foseng a Bazlan dold oushIxRVz aacng housands of new seles o BazlI fo mougal
and all mouguese colones aound he toldIxSMz whch n un caused soe conflcs beween

manng showng he aes of

qadenes; he was senenced o deah
fo hs nvolveen n he bes nown
oveen fo ndeendence n
Colonal BazlK

newcoes and old selesKxSNz

mouguese exedons nown as Bandeas gadually advanced he mougal colonal ognal fones n pouh Aeca o
aoxaely he cuen Bazlan bodesKxSOzxSPz fn hs ea ohe buoean owes ed o colonze as of BazlI n ncusons ha
he mouguese had o fghI noably he cench n oo dung he NRSMsI n jaanho dung he NSNMsI and he auch n Baha and
menabucoI dung he auchmouguese taI afe he end of fbean rnonKxSQz
qhe mouguese colonal adnsaon n Bazl had wo objecves ha would ensue colonal odeI and he onooly of s
wealhes and lages colonyW boh ee unde conol and eadcae all fos of slavesD ebellon and essanceI such as he nulobo
of malaesIxSRz as well as eess all oveens fo auonoy o ndeendenceI such as he jnas ConsacyKxSSz

rnited hingdom with mortugal

fn lae NUMTI pansh and kaoleonc foces heaened he secuy of connenal mougalI causng mnce oegen gooI n he nae
of nueen jaa fI o ove he oyal cou fo isbon o BazlKxSTz qhee hey esablshed soe of BazlDs fs fnancal nsuonsI
such as s local soc exchangesIxSUz a kaonal BanI and ended he onooly of he colony ade wh mougalI oenng o ohe
naonsK fn NUMVI n ealaon fo beng foced no exleI he mnce oegen odeed he mouguese conques of cench duanaKxSVz
th he end of he mennsula ta n NUNQI he cous of buoe deanded ha nueen jaa f and mnce oegen goo eun o
mougalI deeng unf fo he head of an ancen buoean onachy o esde n a colonyK fn NUNRI n ode o jusfy connung o
lve n BazlI whee he oyal cou had hved fo he as sx yeasI he Cown esablshed he rned hngdo of mougalI BazlI
and he AlgavesI hus ceang a luconnenal ansalanc onachc saeKxTMz qhe mouguese leades deanded eun of he
cou o isbonI as he ibeal oevoluon of NUOM equedI and gous of Bazlans sll deanded ndeendence and a eublcI as
he NUNT menabucan oevol showedKxTMz fn NUONI as a deand of evoluonaes who had aen he cy of mooIxTNz aK goo sf was
unable o hold ou any longeI and deaed fo isbonK qhee he swoe oah o he new consuonI leavng hs sonI mnce medo de
AlcnaaI as oegen of he hngdo of BazlKxTOz

fndependent bmpire
qensons beween mouguese and Bazlans nceasedI and he mouguese CoesI
guded by he new olcal ege osed by he NUOM ibeal oevoluonI ed o eJ
esablsh Bazl as a colonyKxTPz qhe Bazlans efused o yeldI and mnce medo decded
o sand wh heI declang he counyDs ndeendence fo mougal on T peebe
NUOOK qhs s now celebaed as BazlDs fndeendence aayKxTQz
ln NO lcobe NUOOI mnce medo was declaed he fs beo of BazlI wh he
egnal le of ao medo fI esulng n he foundaon of he be of BazlK qhe new
aeclaaon of he Bazlan ndeendence
by he lae beo ao medo f on T
peebe NUOOK

beo was cowned on N aecebe NUOOKxTRz A subsequen Bazlan ta of

fndeendence sead hough nohenI noheasen egons and n Cslana ovnceK
xTSz

th he las mouguese soldes suendeng on U jach NUOQIxTTz mougal

offcally ecognzed Bazl on OV Augus NUORKxTUz

fn T Al NUPNI won down by yeas of adnsave uol and olcal dssensons wh boh lbeal and consevave sdes of

hWLLenKwedaKogLwLBazl

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Bazl J tedaI he fee encycloeda

mage R of PU

olcsI ncludng an ae of eublcan secessonIxTVz as well as uneconcled wh he way ha absoluss n mougal had gven o
he successon of hng gohn sfI medo f wen o mougal o ecla hs daugheDs cownI abdcang he Bazlan hone n favo of
hs fveJyeaJold son and he Ewho hus becae he beDs second onachI wh he egnal le of ao medo ffFK xUMz
As he new beo could no exe hs consuonal owes unl he becae of ageI a egency was
se u by he kaonal AsseblyKxUNz fn he absence of a chasac fgue who could eesen a
odeae face of oweI dung hs eod a sees of localzed ebellons oo laceI as he
CabanageI he jal oevolI he BalaadaI he pabnadaI and he oagauffn taI whch eeged
fo he dssasfacon of he ovnces wh he cenal oweI couled wh old and laen socal
ensons ecula of a vasI slaveholdng and newly ndeenden naon saeKxUOz qhs eod of nenal
olcal and socal uheavalI whch ncluded he maea evolI was ovecoe only a he end of he
NUQMsI yeas afe he end of he egencyI whch occued wh he eaue coonaon of medo ff n
NUQNKxUPz
aung he las hase of he onachyI nenal olcal debae was ceneed on he ssue of slaveyK
qhe Alanc slave ade was abandoned n NURMIxUQz as a esul of he BshD Abedeen AcI bu only n
jay NUUU afe a long ocess of nenal oblzaon and debae fo an ehcal and legal dsanlng
of slavey n he counyI was he nsuon foally abolshedK xURz
qhe foegn affas n he onachy wee bascally elaed ssues wh he counes of he pouhen
Cone wh whch Bazl has bodesK iong afe he Cslane taI ha esuled n ndeendence fo
ruguayIxUSz Bazl won hee nenaonal was dung he RUJyea egn of medo ffK qhese wee he
mlane taI he ruguayan ta and he devasang maaguayan taI he lages wa effo n
Bazlan hsoyKxUTzxUUz

medo ffI beo of Bazl

beween NUPN and NUUVK qhe
beo was a no fo
NUPN unl NUQMI and
dschaged he eal
auhoy n eson fo
NUQM o NUUVK

ln NR kovebe NUUVI won ou by yeas of econoc sagnaonI n aon wh he ajoy of Ay offcesI as well as wh ual
and fnancal eles Efo dffeen easonsFI he onachy was ovehown by a lay couKxUVz

barly republic
qhe "ealy eublcan govenen was lle oe han a lay dcaoshI wh ay
donang affas boh a oo de ganeo and n he saesK ceedo of he ess dsaeaed
and elecons wee conolled by hose n owe"KxVMz fn NUVQI followng he unfoldngs of wo
sevee csesI an econoc along wh a lay oneI he eublcan cvlans ose o oweK xVNz
xVOzxVPz

fn half of he fs NMM yeas of

eublc n BazlI he Ay
execsed owe decly o hough
fgues desgnaed by K delo
sagas EceneI baldI no haFI fo
exaleI was he layDs
confdence an bough o owe n
lcobe NVPMK

ile by lleI a cycle of geneal nsably saed by hese cses undened he ege o
such an exenI ha by NVPM n he wae of he ude of hs unnng aeI he defeaed
ooson esdenal canddae delo sagas suoed by os of he layI led a
successful evolKxVQzxVRz sagas was suosed o assue owe eoalyI bu nsead closed
he CongessI exngushed he ConsuonI uled wh eegency owes and elaced he
saesD govenos wh hs own suoesKxVSzxVTz
fn he NVPMsI hee ajo aes o eove sagas and hs suoes fo owe occuedW
n he second half of NVPOI n kovebe NVPRI and n jay NVPUKxVUzxVVzxNMMz Beng he second
oneI he couns evol whch seved as an excuse fo he ecluson of eleconsI u no
effec by a cou d'tat n NVPTI whch ade he sagas ege a full dcaoshI noed fo s

bualy and censosh of he essKxNMNz

fn foegn olcyI he success n esolvng bode dsues wh neghbong counes n he ealy yeas of he eublcan eodI xNMOz
was followed by a faled ae o exe a onen ole n he ieague of kaonsIxNMPz afe s nvolveen n told ta fKxNMQzxNMRz
fn told ta ff Bazl eaned neual unl Augus NVQOI when he couny eneed on he alled sdeIxNMSzxNMTz afe suffeng
ealaons undeaen by kaz deany and cascs falyI due o he couny havng seveed dloac elaons wh he n he
wae of he manJAecan ConfeenceKxNMUz

hWLLenKwedaKogLwLBazl

MUJgulJNQ

Brazl J tedaI he free enccleda

mage S f PU

th he alled vcr n NVQR and he end f he kazJfascs reges n bureI sargasDs sn becae unsusanable and he was
swfl verhrwn n anher lar cuI wh aecrac beng "rensaed" b he sae ar ha had dscnnued NR ears
befreKxNMVz sargas ced sucde n Augus NVRQ ad a lcal crssI afer havng reurned wer b elecn n NVRMK xNNMzxNNNz

Contemporary era
peveral bref ner gvernens succeeded afer sargasDs sucdeK xNNOz gusceln hubsche
becae resden n NVRS and assued a cnclar sure wards he lcal sn
ha allwed h gvern whu ajr crsesKxNNPz qhe ecn and ndusral secr grew
rearablIxNNQz bu hs greaes acheveen was he cnsrucn f he new caal c f
BraslaI nauguraed n NVSMKxNNRz es successr was gn nuadrsI wh resgned n NVSN less
han a ear afer ang ffceKxNNSz es vceJresdenI g dularI assued he resdencI
bu arused srng lcal sn xNNTz and was desed n Arl NVSQ b a cu ha

Cnsrucn f BraslaI he new

caalI n NVRV

resuled n a lar regeKxNNUz

qhe new rege was nended be ransrxNNVz bu graduall clsed n n self and

becae a full dcarsh wh he rulgan f he cfh fnsunal Ac n NVSUKxNOMz qhe reressn was n led nl hse
wh resred guerrlla accs fgh he regeI bu als reached nsunal nensI arssI jurnalss and her ebers f
cvl sceIxNONzxNOOz nsde and usde he cunr Ehrugh he nfaus "leran Cndr"FKxNOPzxNOQz aese s brualI le her
alaran reges n hsrI due an ecnc bI nwn as an "ecnc racle"I he rege reached s hghes level f
ular n he earl NVTMsKxNORz
plwl hweverI he wear and ear f ears f dcaral wer ha has n slwed he reressnI even afer he defea f he lefs
guerrllasIxNOSz lus he nabl deal wh he ecnc crses f he erd and ular ressureI ade nevable an enng
lcI whch f he rege sde was led b denerals desel and dlberKxNOTz th he enacen f he Anes iaw n NVTVI Brazl
began slwl reurn decracI whch wuld be cleed alng he NVUMsKxUPz
Cvlans reurned wer n NVUR when gs parne assued he resdencI becng
unular durng hs enure due hs falure n cnrl he ecnc crss and hernflan
nhered fr he lar regeKxNOUz parneDs unsuccessful gvernen allwed he elecn
n NVUV f he als unnwn cernand CllrI wh was subsequenl eached b he
kanal Cngress n NVVOKxNOVz Cllr was succeeded b hs sceJmresden faar crancI
wh aned cernand eenrque Cards as jnser f cnanceK fn NVVQI Cards rduced
a hghl successful mlan oealIxNPMz ha afer decades f faled ecnc lans ade b
revus gvernens aeng curb hernflanI fnall graned sabl he
Brazlan ecnIxNPNzxNPOz leadng Cards be eleced ha earI and agan n NVVUKxNPPz

rlsses duares hldng he

Cnsun f NVUU n hs handsK

qhe eaceful ransn f wer fr cernand eenrque hs an sn leaderI ius

fnc iula da plvaI wh was eleced n OMMO and reJeleced n OMMSI rved ha Brazl had fnall succeeded n achevng s lngJ
sugh lcal sablKxNPQz iula was succeeded n OMNN b he curren resdenI ala ousseffI he cunrDs frs wan resden
and as such ne f he s werful wen n he wrldKxNPRzxNPSz
fn gune OMNPI fllwng he vral henenn f wrldwde anfesans Esuch as he " rab pring"I he " ccu
he "panis

ndignados"FI

xNPTz

all ptreet" and

nuerus ress erued n BrazlK cr dasI hundreds f husands f ele he srees n

xNPUz

fnall a veen agans he ncrease n ublc ransr faresI assued gganc rrnsI sared
several ces resK
b he excessve use f frce b he sae lcesI urnng n a seres f huge densrans b grus and ndvdualsI angr abu a
range f ssues Encludng new sadu rjecs fr nernanal srs evensI deands n qual f ublc servcesI anger abu
crrunI and sn a cnsunal aenden rsalI mbC PTI whch s nerreed b se as an ae curb
reressn f crrun xNPVzxNQMzFK qhus becae a veen cnanng cnflcng delgesI wh s far n sngle lcal agenda
nr recgnzable leadershKxNQNzxNQOzxNQPz

deography

hWLLenKwedaKrgLwLBrazl

MUJgulJNQ

Brazl J tedaI he free enccleda

mage T f PU

Brazl ccues a large area alng he easern cas f puh Aerca and ncludes uch
f he cnnenDs nerrIxNQQz sharng land brders wh rrugua he suhX Argenna
and maragua he suhwesX Blva and meru he wesX Clba he nrhwesX
and senezuelaI duanaI purnae and he crench verseas dearen f crench duana
he nrhK f shares a brder wh ever puh Aercan cunr exce fr bcuadr
and ChleK f als encasses a nuber f ceanc archelagsI such as cernand de
krnhaI ocas AllI pan meer and maul ocsI and qrndade and jar sazKxNOz fs
szeI relefI claeI and naural resurces ae Brazl gegrahcall dverseKxNQQz
fncludng s Alanc slandsI Brazl les beween laudes Sk and PQpI and lngudes
OU and TQtK
Brazl s he ffh larges cunr n he wrldI and hrd larges n he AercasI wh a
al area f UIRNQIUTSKRVV O EPIOUTISNO sq FIxNQRz ncludng RRIQRR O
qgrahc a f Brazl

EONIQNN sq F f waerKxNOz f sans hree e znesX fr rqCJQ n he wesern saesI

rqCJP n he easern saes Eand he ffcal e f BrazlF and rqCJO n he Alanc

slandsKxNQSz Brazl s he nl cunr n he wrld ha les n he equar whle havng

cnguus errr usde he rcsK Brazlan grah s als dverse and ncludes hllsI unansI lansI hghlandsI and
scrublandsK juch f he erran les beween OMM eres ESSM fF and UMM eres EOISMM fF n elevanK xNQTz qhe an uland area
ccues s f he suhern half f he cunrKxNQTz qhe nrhwesern ars f he laeau cnss f bradI rllng erran bren b
lwI runded hllsKxNQTz
qhe suheasern secn s re ruggedI wh a clex ass f rdges and unan ranges reachng elevans f u NIOMM
eres EPIVMM fFKxNQTz qhese ranges nclude he janquera and bsnha unans and he perra d jarKxNQTz fn he nrhI he
duana eghlands fr a ajr dranage dvdeI searang rvers ha flw suh n he Aazn Basn fr rvers ha e n
he lrnc over sseI n senezuelaI he nrhK qhe hghes n n Brazl s he mc da keblna a OIVVQ eres EVIUOP fFI and
he lwes s he Alanc lceanKxNOz
Brazl has a dense and clex sse f rversI ne f he wrldDs s exensveI wh egh ajr dranage basnsI all f whch
dran n he AlancKxNQUz jajr rvers nclude he Aazn Ehe wrldDs secndJlnges rver and he larges n ers f vlue f
waerFI he maran and s ajr rbuar he fguau Ewhch ncludes he fguazu callsFI he kegrI p crancscI unguI jadera and
qaajs rversKxNQUz

manraa f he Chaada aaanna fr he ma fnc ellI n he Chaada aaanna kanal marI BahaK

Climate
qhe clae f Brazl crses a wde range f weaher
cndns acrss a large area and vared grahI bu s
f he cunr s rcalKxNOz Accrdng he hen sseI
Brazl hss fve ajr clac subesW equaralI rcalI
seardI hghland rcalI eeraeI and subrcalK qhe
dfferen clac cndns rduce envrnens rangng
fr equaral ranfress n he nrh and seard desers n

hWLLenKwedaKrgLwLBrazl

MUJgulJNQ

Brazl J tedaI he free enccleda

mage U f PU

he nrheasI eerae cnferus fress n he suh and

rcal savannas n cenral BrazlKxNQVz jan regns have
sarl dfferen crclaesKxNRMzxNRNz
An equaral clae characerzes uch f nrhern BrazlK
qhere s n real dr seasnI bu here are se varans n he
erd f he ear when s ran fallsKxNQVz qeeraures
average OR C ETT cFIxNRNz wh re sgnfcan eeraure
varan beween ngh and da han beween seasnsK

xNRMz

qrcal clae n kaalI o

drande d kreK

pnw n Caxas d pulI o drande

d pulK

lver cenral Brazl ranfall s re seasnalI characersc f a savanna claeKxNRMz qhs regn s as exensve as he Aazn basn
bu has a ver dfferen clae as les farher suh a a hgher aludeKxNQVz fn he nerr nrheasI seasnal ranfall s even re
exreeK qhe seard clac regn generall receves less han UMM lleres EPNKR nF f ranI xNROz s f whch generall falls
n a erd f hree fve nhs f he earxNRPz and ccasnall less han hsI creang lng erds f drughKxNRMz BrazlDs NUTT
TU rande peca Edrea arughFI he s severe ever recrded n BrazlIxNRQz caused arxael half a lln deahsKxNRRz qhe ne
fr NVNR was devasang KxNRSz
puh f BahaI near he cassI and re suherl s f he sae f p maulI he dsrbun f ranfall changesI wh ran fallng
hrughu he earKxNQVz qhe suh enjs subrcal cndnsI wh cl wners and average annual eeraures n exceedng
NU C ESQKQ cFXxNRNz wner frss and snwfall are n rare n he hghes areasKxNQVzxNRMz

Biodiversity and environment

BrazlDs large errr crses dfferen ecssesI such as he Aazn ranfresI recgnzed as havng he greaes blgcal
dvers n he wrldIxNRTz wh he Alanc cres and he CerradI susanng he greaes bdversKxNRUz fn he suhI he Araucara
ne fres grws under eerae cndnsKxNRUz qhe rch wldlfe f Brazl reflecs he vare f naural habasK pcenss esae
ha he al nuber f lan and anal seces n Brazl culd arach fur llnKxNRUz
iarger aals nclude uasI jaguarsI celsI rare bush dgsI and
fxesX eccaresI arsI aneaersI slhsI ssusI and aradlls are
abundanK aeer are lenful n he suhI and an seces f kew
trld nes are fund n he nrhern ran fressKxNRUzxNRVz Cncern
fr he envrnen has grwn n resnse glbal neres n
envrnenal ssuesKxNSMz BrazlDs Aazn Basn s he an
exreel dverse arra f fsh secesI ncludng he redJbelled
ranhaK aese s reuan as a fercus freshwaer fshI he redJ
qhe
jaguar
s
a
wld
anal
qhe Aazn ranfresI he
belled
ranha s acuall a generall d scavengerK Bdvers can
cal f BrazlI anl n
rches and s bdverse
cnrbue
agrculureI lvescI fresr and fsheres exracnK
he Aazn jungleK
ranfres n he wrldK
eweverI als all ecncall exled seces f lansI such as
sbeans and cffeeI r analsI such as chcenI are red fr
her cunresI and he ecnc use f nave seces sll crawlsK fn he Brazlan damI he fres secr reresens jus ver NB and
fshng MKQBK
qhe naural herage f Brazl s severel hreaened b cale ranchng and agrculureI lggngI nngI reseleenI l and gas
exracnI verJfshngI wldlfe radeI das and nfrasrucureI waer llunI clae changeI freI and nvasve secesK xNRTz fn an
areas f he cunrI he naural envrnen s hreaened b develenKxNSNz Cnsrucn f hghwas has ened u revusl
ree areas fr agrculure and seleenX das have flded valles and nundaed wldlfe habasX and nes have scarred and
llued he landscaeKxNSMzxNSOz A leas TM das are sad be lanned fr he Aazn regnI ncludng he cnrversal Bel jne
hdrelecrc daKxNSPz

dovernment and politics

hWLLenKwedaKrgLwLBrazl

MUJgulJNQ

Brazl J tedaI he free enccleda

mage V f PU

qhe Brazlan cederan s he "ndssluble unn" f he paesI he juncales and he cederal

asrcKxNRz qhe rnnI he saes and he cederal asrcI and he uncalesI are he "sheres f
gvernenK" qhe cederan s se n fve fundaenal rnclesWxNRz sveregnI czenshI dgn
f huan bengsI he scal values f labr and freed f enerrseI and lcal luralsK qhe
classc rare branches f gvernen EexecuveI legslaveI and judcal under a checs and
balances sseFI s frall esablshed b he CnsunKxNRz qhe execuve and legslave are
rganzed ndeendenl n all hree sheres f gvernenI whle he judcar s rganzed nl a he
federal and saeLcederal asrc sheresK
All ebers f he execuve and legslave branches are drecl elecedKxNSQzxNSRzxNSSz gudges and her
judcal ffcals are aned afer assng enr exasKxNSQz cr s f s decrac hsrI Brazl
has had a ulJar sseI rrnal reresenanK sng s culsr fr he lerae

ala ousseffI he curren

Brazlan resdenK

beween NU and TM ears ld and nal fr lleraes and hse beween NS and NU r bend TMKxNRz
qgeher wh several saller aresI fur lcal ares sand uW trersD mar EmqFI
Brazlan pcal aecrac mar EmpaBFI Brazlan aecrac jveen mar EmjaBFI
and aecras EabjFK cfeen lcal ares are reresened n CngressK f s cn fr
lcans swch aresI and hus he rrn f cngressnal seas held b arcular
ares changes regularlKxNSTz Als all gvernenal and adnsrave funcns are
exercsed b auhres and agences afflaed he bxecuveK
kanal Cngress f BrazlI sea f
he legslave branchK

qhe fr f gvernen s ha f a decrac reublcI wh a resdenal sseKxNRz qhe

resden s bh head f sae and head f gvernen f he rnn and s eleced fr a furJ
ear erIxNRz wh he ssbl f reJelecn fr a secnd successve erK qhe curren

resden s ala ousseff wh was nauguraed n N ganuar OMNNKxNSUz qhe mresden ans he jnsers f paeI wh asss n
gvernenKxNRz iegslave huses n each lcal en are he an surce f law n BrazlK qhe kanal Cngress s he
cederanDs bcaeral legslaureI cnssng f he Chaber f aeues and he cederal penaeK gudcar auhres exercse
jursdcnal dues als exclusvelK

iaw and order

Brazlan law s based n oanJderanc radnsxNSVz and cvl law cnces reval ver cn law racceK js f Brazlan
law s cdfedI alhugh nnJcdfed saues als reresen a subsanal arI lang a cleenar rleK Cur decsns se u
nerreve gudelnesX hweverI he are seld bndng n her secfc casesK acrnal wrs and he wrs f acadec jurss
have srng nfluence n law crean and n law casesK
qhe legal sse s based n he cederal CnsunI whch was rulgaed n R lcber
NVUUI and s he fundaenal law f BrazlK All her legslan and cur decsns us
cnfr s rulesKxNTMz As f Arl OMMTI here have been RP aendensK paes have her
wn cnsunsI whch us n cnradc he cederal CnsunK xNTNz juncales and
he cederal asrc have "rganc laws" Eleis org nicasFI whch ac n a slar wa
cnsunsKxNTOz iegslave enes are he an surce f sauesI alhugh n ceran aers
judcar and execuve bdes a enac legal nrsKxNRz gursdcn s adnsered b he
judcar enesI alhugh n rare suans he cederal Cnsun allws he cederal penae
ass n legal judgensKxNRz qhere are als secalzed larI labrI and elecral cursKxNRz
qhe hghes cur s he puree cederal CurK

puree cederal Cur f Brazl

serves rarl as he Cnsunal
Cur f he cunrK

qhs sse has been crczed ver he las few decades fr he slw ace f decsn angK
iawsus n aeal a ae several ears reslveI and n se cases re han a decade elases befre defnve rulngsKxNTPz
keverhelessI he puree cederal qrbunal was he frs cur n he wrld rans s sessns n elevsnI and als va
vuqubeKxNTQzxNTRz jre recenlI n aeceber OMMVI he puree Cur aded qwer dsla es n he da lanner f he
nsersI nfr he dal acns f he Cur and he s ran decsns ade b heKxNTSz

hWLLenKwedaKrgLwLBrazl

MUJgulJNQ

Brazl J tedaI he free enccleda

mage NM f PU

Brazl cnnues have hgh cre raes n a nuber f sascsI dese recen rveensK jre han RMMIMMM ele have been
lled b frears n Brazl beween NVTV and OMMPI accrdng a rer b he rned kansKxNTTz As f aeceber OMNOI here were
RQUIMMP ele ncarceraed n Brazlan rsns r jals ERNPITNP n rsn sse and PQIOVM n lce faclesFI cnsung OTQ
naes er NMMIMMM f nanal ulanKxNTUz

Military
qhe ared frces f Brazl are he secndJlarges n ian AercaI cnss f he Brazlan
ArI he Brazlan kavI and he Brazlan Ar crce wh a al f PTNINVV acve ersnnelI
xNTVz

hweverI s larges b level f lar equenKxNUMzxNUNzxNUOzxNUPzxNUQz

qhe Ar has OPRIVTU acve ersnnelKxNURz qhe jlar mlce EpaesD jlar mlceF s
descrbed as an ancllar frce f he Ar b he cnsunI bu s under he cnrl f each
saeDs gvernrKxNRz qhe kav nce eraed se f he s werful warshs n he wrld
wh he w Minas eraesJclass dreadnughsI whch sared a puh Aercan dreadnugh
race beween ArgennaI BrazlI and ChleKxNUSz qdaI s a green waer frce and ne f he
xNUTz

en naves ha ssesses an arcraf carrerK

qhe Ar crce has abu TMM anned arcraf n

Brazlan Ar arcang n rk
eaceeeng ssn n eaK

xNUUz

servceK

Brazl has n been nvaded snce NUSR durng he maraguaan tarKxNUVz AddnallI Brazl has n cnesed errral dsues wh
an f s neghbursxNVMz and neher des have rvalresI le Chle and Blva have wh each herK xNVNzxNVOz qhe Brazlan lar
has als hree es nervened larl verhrw he Brazlan gvernenKxNVPz f has bul a radn f arcang n rk
eaceeeng ssns such as n ea and bas qrKxNVQz

coreign policy
BrazlDs nernanal relans are based n arcle Q f he cederal CnsunI
whch esablshes nnJnervennI selfJdeernanI nernanal ceran
and he eaceful seleen f cnflcs as he gudng rncles f BrazlDs
relansh wh her cunres and ullaeral rganzansKxNVRz Accrdng
he CnsunI he mresden has ulae auhr ver fregn lcI whle
Cngress s ased wh revewng and cnsderng all dlac nnans and
nernanal reaesI as well as legslan relang Brazlan fregn lcKxNVSz
alac ssns f Brazl
Brazl
kans hsng a dlac ssn f Brazl
kans wh a nnJresden ssn f Brazl

BrazlDs fregn lc s a bJrduc f he cunrDs unque sn as a regnal

wer n ian AercaI a leader ang develng cunresI and an eergng
wrld werKxNVTz Brazlan fregn lc has generall been based n he
rncles f ullaeralsI eaceful dsue seleenI and nnJnervenn n
he affars f her cunresKxNVUz

An ncreasngl wellJdeveled l f BrazlDs fregn lc s rvdng ad as a dnr her develng cunresKxNVVz Brazl
des n jus use s grwng ecnc srengh rvde fnancal adI bu als rvdes hgh levels f exerse and s
ranl f allI a que nnJcnfrnanal dlac rve gvernance levelsKxNVVz qal ad s esaed be arund AN
blln er ear ha ncludesWxNVVz
echncal ceran f arund AQUM lln EAPM lln n OMNM rvded drecl b he Brazlan Ceran Agenc
EABCFF
an esaed AQRM lln fr nJnd exerse rvded b Brazlan nsuns secalsng n echncal ceran
fn addnI Brazl anages a eaceeeng ssn n ea EAPRM llnF and aes nJnd cnrbuns he trld cd
mrgrae EAPMM llnFKxNVVz qhs s n addn huanaran asssance and cnrbuns ullaeral develen agencesK
qhe scale f hs ad laces n ar wh Chna and fnda and ahead f an wesern dnrsKxNVVz qhe Brazlan puhJpuh ad has
been descrbed as a "glbal del n wangK"xOMMz

hWLLenKwedaKrgLwLBrazl

MUJgulJNQ

Brazl J tkpedaI he free encclpeda

mage NN f PU

Administrative divisions
Brazl s a federan cpsed f OS paesI ne cederal dsrc

enezuela

Ewhch cnans he capal cI BraslaF and juncpales.xNRz

paes have aunus adnsransI cllec her wn axes and
receve a share f axes clleced b he cederal gvernen. qhe
have a gvernr and a uncaeral legslave bd eleced drecl
b her vers. qhe als have ndependen Curs f iaw fr
cn jusce. aespe hsI saes have uch less aun
creae her wn laws han n he rned paes. cr exapleI
crnal and cvl laws can nl be ved b he federal bcaeral

Colombia

crenc
puriname
oraau ana Aap

Aaznas
Acre
meru

Cngress and are unfr hrughu he cunr.xNRz

qhe saes and he federal dsrc a be gruped n regnsW
krhernI krheasI CenralJtesI puheas and puhern. qhe
Brazlan regns are erel gegraphcalI n plcal r
adnsrave dvsnsI and he d n have an specfc fr f
gvernen. Alhugh defned b lawI Brazlan regns are useful
anl fr sascal purpsesI and als defne he dsrbun f
federal funds n develpen prjecs.

mar

uiana
tlantic
cean

Cear o drande
d kre
maraba
mau
mernabuc
Alagas
qcanns
pergpe
ondna
Baha
ja drss
cederal
asrc
ds
Bolivia
jaranh

jnas deras
ja drss
bspr pan
d pulp maul
o
de ganer
maragua
C ile
maran
macific
krh oegn
cean
pana Caarna krheas oegn
CenralJtes
o drande
oegn
rgentina
d pul
puheas
oegn
puh
oegn
rugua

juncpalesI as he saesI have aunus adnsransI

cllec her wn axes and receve a share f axes clleced b he rnn and sae gvernen.xNRz bach has a ar and an eleced
legslave bdI bu n separae Cur f iaw. fndeedI a Cur f iaw rganzed b he sae can encpass an uncpales n a
sngle jusce adnsrave dvsn called comarca EcunF.

bconomy
Brazl s he larges nanal ecn n ian AercaI he
wrldDs sevenh larges ecn a arke exchange raes and he
sevenh larges n purchasng pwer par EmmmFI accrdng he
fnernanal jnear cund and he trld Bank. Brazl has a
xed ecn wh abundan naural resurces. qhe Brazlan
ecn has been predced bece ne f he fve larges n
he wrld n he decades ceI he dam per capa fllwng
mJRNI an l plafr f merbras.
xOMOz

An bJNVM cercal jeI

develped b Brazlan cpan
bbraerI he hrd larges
prducer f cvl arcrafI afer
Arbus and Beng.xOMNz

and grwngIxOMPz prvded ha large nvesens n prducv

gans are ade subsue he dam grwh f he las decade
ha s arbuable he ncrease n he nuber f peple
wrkng.xOM4z fs curren dam EmmmF per capa s ANOIROS n OMN4
xRz

pung Brazl n he TTh psn accrdng fjc daa.

Acve n agrculuralI nngI anufacurng and servce secrs
Brazl has a labr frce f ver a NMT lln Erankng Sh

wrldwdeF and uneplen f S.OB Erankng S4h wrldwdeF. xOMRz

qhe cunr has been expandng s presence n nernanal fnancal and cdes arkesI and s ne f a grup f fur
eergng ecnes called he BofC cunres.xOMSz Brazl has been he wrldDs larges prducer f cffee fr he las NRM ears.xO4z f
has bece he furh larges car arke n he wrld.xOMTz jajr expr prducs nclude arcrafI elecrcal equpenI aublesI
ehanlI exlesI fwearI rn reI seelI cffeeI range juceI sbeans and crned beef.xOMUz Addng upI Brazl ranks OPrd wrldwde
n value f exprs.
Brazl pegged s currencI he realI he r.p. dllar n NVV4. eweverI afer he bas Asan fnancal crssI he oussan defaul n
NVVUxOMVz and he seres f adverse fnancal evens ha fllwed I he Cenral Bank f Brazl eprarl changed s near plc
a anagedJflaxONMz schee whle undergng a currenc crssI unl defnvel changng he exchange rege freeJfla n
ganuar NVVV.xONNz

hpWLLen.wkpeda.rgLwkLBrazl

MUJgulJN4

Brazl J tkpedaI he free encclpeda

mage NO f PU

Brazl receved an fnernanal jnear cund rescue package n dJOMMO f APM.4 bllnI
xONPz

hen a recrd su. BrazlDs cenral bank pad back he fjc lan n OMMRI alhugh was

n due be repad unl OMMS.xON4z lne f he ssues he Cenral Bank f Brazl recenl deal
wh was an excess f speculave shrJer capal nflws he cunrI whch a have
cnrbued a fall n he value f he r.p. dllar agans he real durng ha perd.xONRz
knehelessI fregn drec nvesen EcafFI relaed lngJerI less speculave nvesen
n prducnI s esaed be ANVP.U blln fr OMMT. xONSz fnflan nrng and cnrl
currenl plas a ajr par n he Cenral bankDs rle f seng u shrJer neres raes as a
near plc easure.xONTz
Beween NVVP and OMNMI TMNO ergers C acqusns wh a al knwn value f ATMT blln

Cbne harveser n a sbean feld

n ondnplsI ja drss. Brazl
s he hrd larges exprer f
agrculural prducs n he wrld.xONOz

wh he nvlveen f Brazlan frs have been annunced.xONUz qhe ear OMNM was a new
recrd n ers f value wh NNR blln rpa f ransacns. qhe larges ransacn wh
nvlveen f Brazlan cpanes has beenW Ca sale d o ace acqured fnc n a ender ffer valued a rpANU.V blln.

Crrupn css Brazl als A4N blln a ear alneI wh SV.VB f he cunrDs frs denfng he ssue as a ajr cnsran n
successfull penerang he glbal arke.xONVz ical gvernen crrupn s s prevalen ha vers nl perceve as a prble f
surpasses ceran levelsI and nl f a lcal eda e.g. a rad san s presen dvulge he fndngs f crrupn charges. xOOMz
fnavesI lke hs expsureI srenghen awareness whch s ndcaed b he qransparenc fnernanalDs Crrupn mercepns
fndex; rankng Brazl SVh u f NTU cunres n OMNO.xOONz qhe purchasng pwer n Brazl s erded b he sJcalled Brazl cs.xOOOz

Tourism
qurs n Brazl s a grwng secr and ke he ecn f
several regns f he cunr. qhe cunr had R lln vsrs
n OMNMI rankng n ers f nernanal urs arrvals as he
secnd desnan n puh AercaI and hrd n ian Aerca
afer jexc and Argenna. oevenues fr nernanal urss
reached rpAS blln n OMNMI shwng a recver fr he OMMUJ
OMMV ecnc crss.xOOPz esrcal recrds f R.4 lln vsrs
fguazu callsI maranI n BrazlJ
Argenna brderI s he secnd
s ppular desnan fr
fregn urss wh ce
Brazl fr pleasure.

panch BaI n cernand de

krnha ArchpelagI
mernabucI eleced he s
beauful beach n he wrld b
qrpAdvsr.

and rpAS.U blln n receps were reached n OMNN.xOO4zxOORz

kaural areas are s s ppular urs prducI a cbnan
f ecurs wh lesure and recreanI anl sun and beachI
and advenure ravelI as well as culural urs. Ang he s
ppular desnans are he Aazn oanfresI beaches and
dunes n he krheas oegnI he mananal n he CenerJtes

oegnI beaches a o de ganer and pana CaarnaI culural urs n jnas deras and busness rps p maul c. xOOSz
fn ers f he OMNN qravel and qurs Cpeveness fndex EqqCfFI whch s a easureen f he facrs ha ake aracve
develp busness n he ravel and urs ndusr f ndvdual cunresI Brazl ranked ROnd n he wrldI Prd ang ian
Aercan cunres afer jexc and Csa ocaI and Th n he Aercas.xOOTz BrazlDs cpeve advanages are s naural
resurcesI whch ranked Ns n hs crera u f he NPV cunres cnsderedI and ranked OPrd fr s culural resurcesI due s
an trld eerage ses. qhe qqCf repr nes BrazlDs an weaknessesW s grund ranspr nfrasrucure reans
underdevelped Eranked NNShFI wh he qual f rads rankng n NMRh place; and he cunr cnnues suffer fr a lack f
prce cpeveness Eranked NN4hFI due n par hgh cke axes and arpr chargesI as well as hgh prces and hgh axan.
pafe and secur have prved sgnfcanlW TRh n OMNNI up fr NOUh n OMMU.xOOTz
Accrdng he trld qurs lrganzan EtqlFI nernanal ravel Brazl acceleraed n
OMMMI parcularl durng OMM4 and OMMR. eweverI n OMMS a slw dwn k placeI and nernanal
arrvals had als n grwh n OMMTJMU.xOOUzxOOVzxOPMz fn spe f hs rendI revenues fr nernanal
urs cnnued rseI fr rpa 4 blln n OMMR R blln n OMMTI despe PPM MMM fewer
arrvals. qhs favrable rend s he resul f he srng devaluan f he rp dllar agans he
Brazlan oealI whch began n OMM4I bu whch akes Brazl a re expensve nernanal
desnan.xOPNz qhs rend changed n OMMVI when bh vsrs and revenues fell as a resul f he

hpWLLen.wkpeda.rgLwkLBrazl

MUJgulJN4

Brazl J tkpedaI he free encclpeda

mage NP f PU

drea oecessn f OMMUJMV.xOPOz B OMNM he ndusr had recveredI and arrvals grew abve OMMS
levels R.O lln nernanal vsrsI and receps fr hese vsrs reached rpa S blln. xOOPz
fn OMNN he hsrcal recrd was reached wh R.4 lln vsrs and rpAS.U blln n receps.xOO4z
xOORz

aespe cnnung recrd breakng f nernanal urs revenuesI he nuber f Brazlan urss
ravellng verseas has been grwng seadl snce OMMPI resulng n a ne negave fregn exchange
balanceI as re ne s spen abrad b Brazlan han receps fr nernanal urss vsng
Brazl. qurs expendures abrad grew fr rpa R.U blln n OMMSI rpa U.O blln n OMMTI a
4OB ncreaseI represenng a ne defc f rpa P.P blln n OMMTI as cpared rpa N.R blln n
OMMSI a NORB ncrease fr he prevus ear.xOPPz qhs rend s caused b Brazlans akng advanage
f he srnger oeal ravel and akng relavel cheaper expendures abrad.xOPPz Brazlans
ravelng verseas n OMMS represened 4B f he cunrDs ppulan.

xOP4z

fn OMMRI urs cnrbued wh P.OB f he cunrDs revenues fr exprs f gds and servcesI
and represened TB f drec and ndrec eplen n he Brazlan ecn.xOPRz fn OMMS drec

pnrkelng n he c f
BnI ja drss d pul.
qhe rvers n he regn are
knwn fr her crsal clear
waers.

eplen n he secr reached N.V lln peple. xOPSz aesc urs s a fundaenal arke
segen fr he ndusrI as RN lln peple raveled hrughu he cunr n OMMRIxOPTz and drec revenues fr Brazlan urss
reached rpa OO bllnIxOPUz R.S es re receps han nernanal urss n OMMR.
fn OMMRI o de ganerI cz d fguauI p maulI clranpls and palvadr were he s vsed ces b nernanal urss fr
lesure rps. qhe s ppular desnans fr busness rps were p maulI o de ganer and mr Alegre.xOPVz fn OMMS o de
ganer and craleza were he s ppular desnans fr busness rps.

qhe c f o de ganer s feaured n urs n Brazl.

fnfrastructure
Components and energy
BrazlDs dversfed ecn ncludes agrculureI ndusrI and a wde range f servces.xO4Mz
Agrculure and alled secrs lke fresrI lggng and fshng accuned fr R.NB f he grss
desc prduc n OMMT.xO4Nz Brazl s ne f he larges prducer f rangesI cffeeI sugar
caneI cassava and ssalI sbeans and papaas.xO4Oz
qhe ndusr fr aublesI seel and perchecals cpuersI arcrafI and
cnsuer durables accuned fr PM.UB f he grss desc prduc.xO4Nz fndusr s hghl
cncenraed n erplan p maulI o de ganerI CapnasI mr AlegreI and Bel
erzne.xO4Pz
Brazl s he wrldDs enh larges energ cnsuer wh uch f s energ cng fr
renewable surcesI parcularl hdrelecrc and ehanl; he fapu aa s he wrldDs

qhe fapu aa hdrelecrc da n

he maran over lcaed n he
brder beween Brazl and maragua.

larges hdrelecrc plan b energ generan.xO44z qhe frs car wh an ehanl engne was prduced n NVTU and he frs arplane

hpWLLen.wkpeda.rgLwkLBrazl

MUJgulJN4

Brazl J tkpedaI he free encclpeda

mage N4 f PU

engne runnng n ehanl n OMMR.xO4Rz oecen l dscveres n he mreJsal laer have pened he dr fr a large ncrease n l
prducn.xO4Sz qhe gvernenal agences respnsble fr he energ plc are he jnsr f jnes and bnergI he kanal
Cuncl fr bnerg mlcI he kanal Agenc f merleuI kaural das and BfuelsI and he kanal Agenc f blecrc.xO4Tz

pcience and technology

qechnlgcal research n Brazl s largel carred u n publc unverses and research
nsuesI wh he ajr f fundng fr basc research cng fr varus gvernen
agences.xO4Uz BrazlDs s eseeed echnlgcal hubs are he lswald Cruz fnsueI he
Buanan fnsueI he Ar crceDs Aerspace qechncal CenerI he Brazlan Agrculural
oesearch Crpran and he fkmb.xO4VzxORMz qhe Brazlan ppace Agenc has he s
kanal pnchrrn igh
iabrar n CapnasI sae f p
maulI he nl parcle accelerar n
ian Aerca.

advanced space prgra n ian Aerca.xORNz

rranu s enrched a he oesende kuclear cuel cacrI sl fr research purpses Eas
Brazl bans UUB fr s elecrc fr hdrelecrcxOROzF and he cunrDs frs nuclear
subarne wll be delvered n OMNR Eb cranceF.xORPz Brazl s ne f he hree cunres n

ian AercaxOR4z wh an peranal pnchrrn iabrarI a research facl n phscsI chesrI aeral scence and lfe
scences. And Brazl s he nl ian Aercan cunr have a secnducr cpan wh s wn fabrcan planI he
CbfqbC.xORRz

Transport
Brazlan rads are he prar carrers f fregh and passenger raffc. qhe rad sse aled
N.VU lln k EN.OP lln F n OMMO. qhe al f paved rads ncreased fr PRI4VS k
EOOIMRS F EOOIMRS F n NVST NU4IN4M k ENN4I4NV F ENN4I4OR F n OMMO.xORSz
BrazlDs ralwa sse has been declnng snce NV4RI when ephass shfed hghwa
cnsrucn. qhe al lengh f ralwa rack was PMIUTR k ENVINUR F n OMMOI as
cpared wh PNIU4U k ENVITUV F n NVTM. js f he ralwa sse belnged he
cederal oalrad Crpran occpAI whch was prvazed n OMMT.xORTz qhe p maul jer
was he frs undergrund rans sse n Brazl. qhe her er sses are n o de
ganerI mr AlegreI oecfeI Bel erzneI BraslaI qeresna and craleza.
qhere are abu OIRMM arprs n BrazlI ncludng landng feldsW he secnd larges nuber n

dlber crere fnernanal ArprI

n oecfeI mernabuc.

he wrldI afer he rned paes.xORUz p maulJduarulhs fnernanal ArprI near p

maulI s he larges and buses arpr wh nearl OM lln passengers annuallI whle handlng he vas ajr f cercal
raffc fr he cunr.xORVz
cr fregh ranspr waerwas are f pranceI e.g. he ndusral znes f janaus can nl be reached b eans f he plesJ
Aaznas waerwa EPIORM k EOIMNV F wh S eers nu dephF.
Casal shppng lnks wdel separaed pars f he cunr. Blva and maragua have been gven free prs a pans. lf he PS
deepJwaer prsI pansI fajaI o drandeI maranaguI o de ganerI pepebaI sraI puapeI janaus and p crancsc d pul
are he s pran.xOSMz Bulk carrers have wa up NU das befre beng servcedI cnaner shps PSIP hurs n average.xOSNz

eealth
qhe Brazlan publc healh sseI he kanal eealh pse EprpFI s anaged and
prvded b all levels f gvernen.xOSOz qhe publc healh servces are unversal and avalable
all czens f he cunr fr free. keverheless llns f affluen Brazlans have prvae
healh care cverage.xOSPz
Accrdng he Brazlan dvernenI he s serus healh prbles areWxOS4z
Chldhd ralW abu O.RNB f chldhd ralI reachng P.TTB n he
nrheas regn.

hpWLLen.wkpeda.rgLwkLBrazl

MUJgulJN4

Brazl J tkpedaI he free encclpeda

mage NR f PU

jherhd ralW abu TP.N deahs per NMMIMMM brn chldren n OMMO.
jral b nnJransssble llnessW NRN.T deahs per NMMIMMM nhabans caused b
hear and crcular dseasesI alng wh TO.T deahs per NMMIMMM nhabans caused b
cancer.
jral caused b exernal causes EranspranI vlence and sucdeFW TN.T deahs
per NMMIMMM nhabans EN4.VB f all deahs n he cunrFI reachng UO.P deahs n he
suheas regn.
fn OMMOI Brazl accuned fr 4MB f alara cases n he Aercas.xOSRz kearl VVB are
cncenraed n he iegal Aazn oegnI whch s he n re han NOB f he

qhe Alber bnsen espal n p

maul s ne f he s wellJknwn
healh uns n Brazl.

ppulan.xOSRz

bducation
qhe cederal Cnsun and he iaw f dudelnes and Bases f kanal bducan
deerne ha he cederal dvernenI paesI cederal asrc and uncpales us
anage and rganze her respecve educan sses. bach f hese publc educanal
sses s respnsble fr s wn anenanceI whch anages funds as well as he
echanss and fundng surces. qhe cnsun reserves ORB f he sae budge and NUB f
federal axes and uncpal axes fr educan.xOSSz
Accrdng he fBdbI n OMNNI he lerac rae f he ppulan was VM.4BI eanng ha NP
lln EV.SB f ppulanF peple are sll llerae n he cunr; funcnal llerac has
reached ON.SB f he ppulan.xOSTz fllerac s hghes n he krheasI where NV.VB f he
ppulan s llerae.xOSUz

Curard f he ancen oal

Acade f ArllerI crfcan
and aesgnI he frs nsun f
hgher educan n BrazlI creaed n
NTVO and frerunner f he cederal
rnvers f o de ganer ErcogF.

egher educan sars wh undergraduae r sequenal cursesI whch a ffer dfferen

pns f specalzan n acadec r prfessnal careers. aependng n he chceI
sudens can prve her educanal backgrund wh curses f psJgraduae sudes r
brad sense. q aend a hgher educan nsun s requredI b iaw f dudelnes and
Bases f bducanI cpleng all levels f educan sued he needs f all sudens f eachng kndergarenI eleenar and
eduI prvded he suden des n hld an dsablI wheher phscalI enalI vsual r hearng.

Media and communication

qhe Brazlan press has s begnnngs n NUMU wh he arrval f he mruguese ral fal
BrazlI hher frbdden an acv f he press J was he publcan f newspapers r
bks. qhe Brazlan press was ffcall brn n o de ganer n NP ja NUMUI wh he
crean f he oal mrnngI kanal mress b he mrnce oegen a g.xOTMz
qhe dazea d o de ganerI he frs newspaper publshed n he cunrI began crculae
n NM pepeber NUMU.xOTNz iarges newspapers nwadas are clha de p maul Efr he
sae f p maulI puper kca Ejnas deras OVS.TVVFI l dlb Eog OTT.UTSF and l bsad
de p maul Epm OPR.ONTF.xOSz

ala ousseff a ornal Nacional

news prgra. oede dlb s he
secnd larges cercal elevsn

oad bradcasng began n T pepeber NVOOI wh a speech b hen mresden messaI and

newrk f he wrld.xOSVz

fralzed n OM Aprl NVOP wh he crean f "oad pce f o de ganer."xOTOz

qelevsn n Brazl began ffcall n NU pepeber NVRMI wh he fundng f qs qup b

xOTPz

Asss Chaeaubrand.
pnce hen elevsn has grwn n he cunrI creang large publc newrks such as dlbI pBqI oecrd
and Banderanes. qda s he s pran facr n ppular culure f Brazlan sceI ndcaed b research shwng ha as
uch as STBxOT4zxOTRz f he general ppulan fllw he sae dal sap pera bradcas. agal qelevsnI usng he pBqsa
sandard Ebased n he gapanese sandard fpaBJqF was adped OV gune OMMS and launched n O kveber OMMT.xOTSz fn ja
OMNMIBrazl launched qs Brasl fnernacnalI an nernanal elevsn sanI nall bradcasng 4V cunres.xOTTz

hpWLLen.wkpeda.rgLwkLBrazl

MUJgulJN4

Bazl J tkedaI he fee enccleda

mage NS f PU

Accdng fnenanale jedenhlfe e han NMM ehnc newsaes and ad gas ae duced n Bazl f gan
gusK fn deanI he secnd s wdel sken he ngue behnd mugueseI cca PM newsaes and agaznes ae
ublshedKxOTUz

aemographics
qhe ulan f BazlI as ecded b he OMMU mkAaI was axael NVM
llnxOTVz EOOKPN nhabans e squae klee RTKU Lsq FI wh a a f
en wen f MKVRWNxOUMz and UPKTRB f he ulan defned as ubanKxOUNz
qhe ulan s heavl cncenaed n he puheasen ETVKU lln
nhabansF and kheasen ERPKR lln nhabansF egnsI whle he w
s exensve egnsI he CeneJtes and he khI whch gehe ake u
S4KNOB f he Bazlan eI have a al f nl OVKN lln nhabansK
qhe fs census n Bazl was caed u n NUTO and ecded a ulan f
VIVPMI4TUKxOUOz c NUUM NVPMI 4 lln bueans avedKxOUPz BazlDs
ulan nceased sgnfcanl beween NV4M and NVTMI because f a declne n
he al aeI even hugh he bh ae undewen a slgh declneK fn he
NV4Ms he annual ulan gwh ae was OK4BI sng PKMB n he NVRMs and
eanng a OKVB n he NVSMsI as lfe execanc se f 44 R4 easxOU4z and
TOKS eas n OMMTKxOURz f has been seadl fallng snce he NVSMsI f PKM4B
e ea beween NVRM and NVSM NKMRB n OMMU and s execed fall a
negave value f MKOVB b OMRMxOUSz hus cleng he degahc ansnK

mulan dens f Bazlan uncalesK

xOUTz

fn OMMUI he lleac ae was NNK4UBxOUUz and ang he uh Eages NRNVF NKT4BK f was hghes EOMKPMBF n he kheasI whch
had a lage n f ual KxOUVz flleac was hgh EO4KNUBF ang he ual ulan and lwe EVKMRBF ang he uban
ulanKxOVMz

oace and ethnicity

Accdng he kanal oeseach b eusehld pale EmkAaF f OMMUI 4UK4PB f he ulan Eabu VO llnF descbed
heselves as the; 4PKUMB Eabu UP llnF as mad EulacalFI SKU4B Eabu NP llnF as Black; MKRUB Eabu NKN llnF
as Asan; and MKOUB Eabu RPS husandF as Aendan Effcall called ind genaI fndgenusFI whle MKMTB Eabu NPM husandF
dd n declae he aceKxOVNz
fn OMMTI he kanal fndan cundan eed he exsence f ST dffeen uncnaced besI u f 4M n OMMRK Bazl s
beleved have he lages nube f uncnaced eles n he wldKxOVOz
pnce he aval f he muguese n NRMMI cnsdeable scegenan beween
AendansI bueans and Afcans has aken laceI n all egns f he cun
Ewh buean ances beng dnan nanwde accdng he vas aj
f all ausal sudes undeaken cveng he ene ulanI accunng f
beween SRB TTBFKxOVSzxOVTzxOVUzxOVVz

oace and ethnicity in BrazilxOVPzxOV4zxOVRz

bhnc

the
mad EjulacalF
Black
Asan
Aendan

mecenage

Bazlan sce s e akedl dvded b scal class lnesI alhugh a hgh

nce dsa s fund beween ace gusI s acs and classs can be
cnflaedK pcall sgnfcan clseness ne acal gu s aken n accun
e n he bass f aeaance EhenesF ahe han ancesI he exen ha full sblngs can ean dffeen "acal"

4TKTB
4PKNB
TKSB
NKNB
MK4B

gusKxPMMz pcecnc facs ae als sgnfcanI because a n f ardos ae lkel sa declang heselves the
Black f scall uwadKxPMNz pkn cl and facal feaues d n lne que well wh ances EusuallI AfJBazlans ae evenl
xed and buean ances s dnan n thes and ardos wh a sgnfcan nnJbuean cnbunI bu he ndvdual
vaan s geaFKxOVVzxPMOzxPMPzxPM4z

hWLLenKwkedaKgLwkLBazl

MUJgulJN4

Bazl J tkedaI he fee enccleda

mage NT f PU

qhe bwn ulan Effcall called ardo n mugueseI als cllquall morenoFxPMRzxPMSz s a bad caeg ha ncludes
caboclos Easslaed Aendans n genealI and descendans f thes and kavesFI mulatos Edescendans f al thes and
AfJBazlansF and cafuzos Edescendans f AfJBazlans and kavesFKxPMRzxPMSzxPMTzxPMUzxPMVz mele f cnsdeable Aendan
ances f he aj f he ulan n he khenI kheasen and CeneJtesen egnsKxPNMz
eghe ecens f BlacksI ulaes and Jacals can be fund n he easen cas f he kheasen egn f Baha maaba
xPMVzxPNNz

and als n nhen jaanhIxPNOzxPNPz suhen jnas deasxPN4z and n easen o de ganeKxPMVzxPN4z c he NVh cenuI
Bazl ened s bdes ganK Abu fve lln ele f ve SM cunes gaed Bazl beween NUMU and NVTOI
s f he f mugueseI falanI panadI deanI rkananI mlshI gewshI oussanI ChneseI gaanese and jddle basen
gnKxPNRz

oeligion
oelgn n Bazl fed f he eeng f he Cahlc Chuch wh he elgus
adns f Afcan slaves and ndgenus elesKxPNSz qhs cnfluence f fahs
dung he muguese clnzan f Bazl led he develen f a dvese
aa f sncesc acces whn he veachng ubella f Bazlan
CahlcsI chaacezed b adnal muguese fesvesIxPNTz and n se
nsancesI Allan hadecDs ps Es Bazlan pss ae als ChsansFK
oelgus luals nceased dung he OMh cenuIxPNUz and a mesan

oeligion in Brazil

1 Census

oelgn

mecen

oan Cahlcs
mesans
k elgn
ps
lhes

S4KSB
OOKOB
UKMB
OKMB
PKOB

cun has gwn nclude ve OOB f he ulanK xPNVz qhe s cn

mesan dennans ae menecsalI bvangelcalI BasI pevenhJda AdvensI iuhean and he efed chuchesK
Cahlcs s he cunDs ednan fahK Bazl has he wldDs lages Cahlc ulanK xPOMz Accdng he OMMM
aegahc Census Ehe mkAa suve des n nque abu elgnFI TPKRTB f he ulan fllwed Cahlcs; NRK4NB
mesans; NKPPB hadecs ss; NKOOB he Chsan dennans; MKPNB AfJBazlan elgns; MKNPB Buddhs;
MKMRB gudas; MKMOB fsla; MKMNB Aendan elgns; MKRVB he elgnsI undeclaed undeened; whle TKPRB have n
elgnKxPONz
eweveI n he las en eas mesansI aculal menecsal andL bvangelcal mesansI has sead n BazlI whle he
n f Cahlcs has ded sgnfcanlKxPOOz Afe mesansI ndvduals fessng n elgn ae als a sgnfcan
guI exceedng TB f he ulan n he OMMM censusK qhe ces f Ba ssaI palvad and m selh have he geaes
n f felgus esdens n BazlK qeesnaI calezaI and clanls wee he s oan Cahlc n he cunK xPOPz
deae o de ganeI n ncludng he c eI s he s felgus and leas oan Cahlc Bazlan eheI whle
deae m Alege and deae caleza ae n he se sdes f he lssI esecvelK xPOPz

rrbanization
Accdng fBdb EBazlan fnsue f degah and pascsF uban aeas alead cncenae U4KPRB f he ulanI whle
he puheas egn eans he s ulaed neI wh ve UM lln nhabansK xPO4z qhe lages elan aeas n Bazl ae
p maulI o de ganeI and Bel ezne all n he puheasen oegn wh NVKRI NNKRI and RKN lln nhabans
esecvelKxPORz qhe aj f sae caals ae he lages ces n he saesI exce f saI he caal f bs panI and
clanlsI he caal f pana CaanaK qhee ae als nnJcaal elan aeas n he saes f p maul ECanasI pans
and he maaba salleFI jnas deas Epeel salleFI o dande d pul Epns salleF and pana Caana Efaja salleFKxPOSz

ianguage
qhe ffcal language f Bazl s muguesexPOUz EAcle NP f he Cnsun f he cedeal oeublc
f BazlFI whch als all f he ulan seaks and s vuall he nl language used n
newsaesI adI elevsnI and f busness and adnsave usesK qhe s faus
excen hs s a sng sgn language law ha was assed b he kanal Cngess f BazlK
iegall ecgnzed n OMMOIxPOVz he law was egulaed n OMMRKxPPMz qhe law andaes he use f he
Bazlan pgn ianguageI e cnl knwn b s muguese acn ifBoApI n educan

hWLLenKwkedaKgLwkLBazl

MUJgulJN4

Bazl J tkedaI he fee enccleda

mage NU f PU

and gvenen sevcesK qhe language us be augh as a a f he educan and seech and
language ahlg cuculaK ifBoAp eachesI nsucs and anslas ae ecgnzed
fessnalsK pchls and healh sevces us vde access E"nclusn"F deaf eleKxPPNz
Bazlan muguese has had s wn develenI sl sla NShJcenu Cenal and
puhen dalecs f buean muguesexPPOz Edese a ve subsanal nube f muguese clnal
selesI and e ecen gansI cng f khen egnsI and n n degee muguese
jacanesaFI wh se nfluences f he Aendan and Afcan languagesI esecall tes
Afcan and BanuKxPPPz As a esulI he language s sewha dffeenI sl n hnlgI f he
language f mugal and he mugueseJseakng cunes Ehe dalecs f he he cunesI
al because f he e ecen end f muguese clnals n hese egnsI have a clse
cnnexn cnea buean mugueseFK qhese dffeences ae caable hse beween
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Bibliography
AzevedI=ArldK= Brasil e suas regi esK=p=maulW=Canha=bdra=kacnalI=NVTNK= mortuguese
_aranI=oderck=gK=Citizen meror medro

and t e Ma ing of Brazil

panfrdW=panfrd=rnversy=mressI=NVVVK=fp_k=MJ

UM4TJPRNMJT bnglish
_xerI=Charles=oKK= imrio mar timo ortugu s

K=p=maulW=Canha=das=ierasI=OMMOK=fp_k=URJPRVJMOVOJV mortuguese

_uenI=bduardK=Brasil uma eist riaK=p=maulW=caI=OMMPK= mortuguese fp_k=URJMUJMUONPJ4

CalnI=medrK=eist ria da Civiliza o BrasileiraK=_raslaW=penad=cederalI=OMMOK= mortuguese
CarvalhI=gs=jurl=deK=

medro K=p=maulW=Canha=das=ierasI=OMMTK= mortuguese

CelhI=jarcs=ArK= eografia do BrasilK=4h=edK=p=maulW=jdernaI=NVVSK= mortuguese

aguesI=cernandK= revolu o bras licaK=o=de=ganerW=lbjevaI=OMM4K= mortuguese

nciclodia BarsaK=slue=4W=_arqu= CaarI=cleK=o=de=ganerW=bncyclda=_rannca=d=_raslI=NVUTK= mortuguese

hWLLenKwkedaKrgLwkL_razl

MUJgulJN4

_razl=J tkedaI=he=free=encycleda

mage=PT=f=PU

causI=_rs=and=aevI=cernand=gK=Brasil e rgentina

m ensaio de ist ria comarada

I=Ond=edK=p=maulW=bdra=P4I=

OMMRK=fp_k=URJTPOSJPMUJP mortuguese
dasarI=blK= ditadura envergon adaK=p=maulW=Canha=das=ierasI=OMMOK=fp_k=URJPRVJMOTTJR mortuguese
ganI=AldK=

Mar u s de maran

in cios de uma carreira ol tica num momento cr tico da ist ria da nacionalidadeK=_el=erzneW=

faaaI=NVVMK= mortuguese
iyraI=eerK=eist ria de om medro

scen o

iyraI=eerK=eist ria de om medro

ecl nio

iussaI=fsabelK=

medro

jreraI=fgr=AK=dK=

v K=_el=erzneW=faaaI=NVTTK= mortuguese
v K=_el=erzneW=faaaI=NVTTK= mortuguese

um er i sem nen um car terK=p=maulW=Canha=das=lerasI=OMMSK=fp_k=URJPRVJMUMTJO mortuguese

sa o eogr fico geografia geral e do BrasilK=NUK=bdK=p=maulW=caI=NVUNK= mortuguese

junrI=aana=dardnerK=T e atin merican oeublics

meresI=aa=ENV4VF=

eistor K=kew=vrkW=aK=AlenI=NV4OK= bnglish

escobrimento do Brasil or medro lvares Cabral antecedentes e intencionalidade mrW=mrucalenseK=

mortuguese

pchenaI=ober=iK= atin merica

Naval eistor

K=AnnalsI=jaW=kaval=fnsue=mressI=NVUTK=fp_k=MJUTMONJOVRJUK

pchwarczI=ila=jrzK= s barbas do merador

medro

um monarca nos tr icosK=Ond=edK=p=maulW=Canha=das=ierasI=NVVUK=

fp_k=URJTNS4JUPTJVK= mortuguese
pkdreI=qhas=bK= ma eist ria do BrasilK=4h=edK=p=maulW=maz=e=qerraI=OMMPK= mortuguese fp_k=URJONVJMPNPJU
puzaI=Adrana=_arre=deK= u ue de Ca ias o omem or tr s do monumentoK=o=de=ganerW=Cvlza=_rasleraI=OMMUK= mortuguese
fp_k=VTUJURJOMMJMUS4JRK
sanfasI=onaldK= icion rio do Brasil merialK=o=de=ganerW=lbjevaI=OMMOK=fp_k=URJTPMOJ44NJM mortuguese
sesennI=gs=tllaK=Brasil sociedade e esa o

eografia do BrasilK=Th=bdK=p=maulW=caI=NVUUK= mortuguese

sannaI=elK=eist ria do Brasil er odo colonial monar uia e reblicaI=NRh=edK=p=maulW=jelhraensI=NVV4K= mortuguese

curther reading
AlvesI=jara=eelena=jrera=ENVURFK=ptate and osition in Militar BrazilK=AusnI=quW=rnversy=f=qexas=mressK
AannI=bdund=ENVVMFK=T e llusion of ptabilit

T e Brazilian conom under CardosoK=trld=aevelen=EK=NUMRNUNVFK

?_ackgrund=keW=_razl? EhWLLwwwKsaeKgvLrLaLeLbgnLPRS4MKhFK=rp=aearen=f=paeK=oereved=NS=gune=OMNNK
_ellsI=Alex=EOMMPFK=cutebol T e Brazilian

a of ifeK=indnW=_lsbury=mublshng=lcK

_ehellI=iesle=ENVVNFK=Colonial BrazilK=CabrdgeW=CrmK
CsaI=g=Cruz=ENVS4FK= eistor of deas in BrazilK=is=AngelesI=CAW=rnversy=f=Calfrna=mressK
causI=_rs=ENVVVFK= Concise eistor of BrazilK=CabrdgeW=CrmK
curadI=CelsK=T e conomic ro t of Brazil

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