BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

MATH F112 (Mathematics-II)

Complex Analysis

Lecture 31-33
Integrals
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Dr Trilok Mathur,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mathematics

 1, y 0
Ex.3 Let
f ( z)
4 y, y 0
& C is the arc from z 1 i
to z 1 i along the curve y x .
Then evaluate
3

f z dz.
C
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We have

f z dz

f z dz

AO

f z dz

1+i

OB
O
-1-i

Along AO :
z x iy x ix , 1 x 0
3

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f ( z )dz 1(1 i 3 x ) dx
2

AO

3x
x i
3

1 i

1
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Along OB, z x i x , 0 x 1
3

f ( z ) dz

4 x 1 3ix

4 y 1 3 i x dx

OB

dx

1 2 i

f z dz 1 i 1 2 i 2 3 i
C
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Let f ( z ) be a piecewisecontinuous
function defined on a contour
C:z z (t ); a t b.
Suppose that on the contour C,
f ( z ) satisfies f ( z ) M for
somenon - negative constant M.
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Then

f ( z )dz

f z t z ' t dt

f ( z (t )) z ' t dt
b

M z ' t dt ML,
b

where L z ' t dt is the length

b

of C in a t b.
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Q .2( p.140) Let C denote the line segment

from z i to z 1.By observing that, of all
the points on that line segment, the midpoint
is the closestto the origin, show that
dz

4
2
.
C z 4
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A
/4

/4
O

/4

B
1

D is the mid point of AB

OD
sin sin
4 OB

1
OD OB sin
4
2

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If z is any point on the line AB,

1
then z
2

1
z

4
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L length of AB 1 1
2

dz

ML

4
2
C z 4
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Q.3, ( p. 140). : Let C be the boundary of

the triangle with vertices 0, 3i, 4,
oriented with counterclockwise direction.
Show that :

z dz 60.

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Let I f z d z, f z e z
z

3i

Then I

f z dz ML

-4

where f ( z ) M on C
& L the length of the curve C
perimeter of the triangle
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L Perimeter of the triangle

3 3 4 4
2

3 5 4 12

We have f z e z
z

f z e z e z
z

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f ( z) e z
z

1 4 5
M 5

f z dz ML 60

C
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Q1, ( p.140) : Let C be the arc of the

circle z 2 from z 2 to z 2i that
lies in the first quadrant.
dz

Show that 2
.
z 1 3
C
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 Let f (z) be continuous function in a

domain D.

If there exists a function F(z) such

that

F ( z) f ( z) for all z in D,
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then F(z) is called an antiderivative of

f (z) in D.
Remark 1: An antiderivative of a given
function f is an analytic function.
Remark 2: An antiderivative of a given
function f is unique except for an additive
complex constant.
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Theorem: Suppose that a function f (z) is

continuous on a domain D. If any one of
the following statement is true, then so are
the others:
f (z) has an antiderivative F(z) in D;

The integrals of f (z) along contours lying

entirely in D and extending from any fixed
point z1 to any fixed point z2 all have same
value;
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 The integral of f(z) around closed contours

lying entirely in D all have value zero.
Corollary: Let f ( z ) is continuous in a domain
D and F ( z ) is an antiderivative of f ( z ) in D.
F ( z ) f ( z ) for all z in D.

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Let z1 and z 2 be any two points in D

and C is any contour joining z1 & z 2 , and
lying ENTIRELY in D. Then

f ( z )dz F ( z ) F ( z ).
2

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i/2

Ex.1: Use an antiderivative to evaluate e dz.

z

Soln : Note that f ( z ) e

antiderivative F ( z )
i/2

has an

e
dz

F
(
i
/
2
)

F
(
i
)

i / 2

1 i

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Advised:
See W.O.E. 3, p. 143
See W.O.E. 4, p. 145

See Q. No. 5, p. 149

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If a function f is analytic at all points

interior to and on a

simple closed

contour C, then

f ( z ) dz 0
Augustin Cauchy

Edourd Goursat

(1789-1857)

(1858-1936)

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Example: If C is any simple closed contour,

in either direction, then

exp( z )dz 0
3

because the function f ( z ) exp( z )

3

is analytic everywhere.
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Defn: A simply connected domain D

is a domain such that every simple
closed contour within it encloses only
points of D.
The set of points interior to a simply
closed contour is an example of simply
connected domain
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A domain that is not simply connected

is said to be multiply connected for
example, the annular domain between
two concentric
circles.

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The Cauchy Goursat theorem for a

simply connected domain D is as
follows:
Theorem: If a function f is analytic
throughout a simply connected domain
D, then
f ( z ) dz 0

for every closed contour C lying in D.

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Result: Let C1 and C2 denote positively

oriented simple closed contours,
where C2 is interior to C1. If a function f
is analytic in the closed region
consisting of those contours and all
points between them, then
f
(
z
)
dz

f
(
z
)
dz

C1

C2
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Ex.1 Evaluate

f z dz

when f z ze

C: |z|=1
Ans: 0 (Why??)

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Ex.2 Evaluate

f z dz

when
2

z sin z
f z
, C : z 2.
z4

Ans: 0 (Why??)
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Qs 3/161. Let C0 denote the circle

z z 0 R , taken counter clockwise
using the parametric representation

z z0 Re

for C0. Then derive the following

integrations:
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dz

i
C z z0
0

(a)
(b)

(
z

z
)
dz

0
,
n

1
,

2
,...
0

n 1

C0

(c )

z
0

a 1

C0

2iR
dz
sin a ,
a

where a 0 is any real no.

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R
0
Sol. We have
i
z z0 Re
i

dz Re . id

a)
dz
I
z

z
0
C0
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Re .id

i
Re

i 2i

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b)
I

z
0

n 1

dz

C0

n 1 i n 1

R e

. Re id

0 (after simplification)
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c)
I

z
0

a 1

dz

C0

a 1 i a 1

R e

. Re id

2i R

sin a
a
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Theorem: Suppose that

(i) C is a simple closed contour,
described in the counter-clockwise
direction,
(ii) Ck (k = 1, 2, ., n) are finite no. of
simple closed contours, all described
in the clockwise direction, which are
interior to C and whose interiors are
disjoint.
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If f ( z ) is analytic throughout the

closedregion consistingof all
points within and on C except
for the points interior to Ck , then

f ( z )dz f ( z )dz 0.
k 1 C k

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Exercise:
Does CauchyGoursat Theorem
hold separately for the real or
imaginary part of an analytic
function f (z) ? Justify your answer.

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Let f be analytic everywhere

insideand on a simpleclosed
contour C, taken in the positive
sence, then :

1 f ( z )dz
f ( z0 )
.

2i C z z0
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Suppose that a function f is analytic

everywhere insideand on a simple
closedcontour C, taken in the positive
sence.If z0 is any point interior to
C, then :

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(a)
(b)

(c ) f

1
f ( z )dz
f ( z0 )
,
2

2i C ( z z0 )
(2)! f ( z )dz
f ( z0 )
,
3

2i C ( z z0 )
(n)

(n)!
f ( z )dz
( z0 )
.
n 1

2 i C ( z z0 )
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Theorem:
If f (z) is analytic at z0, then its
derivatives of all orders exist at z0
and are themselves analytic at z0.
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Qs.1(b)/170: Let C denote the

positively oriented boundary of the
square whose sides lie along the lines

x 2 and

y 2 . Evaluate the

cos z dz
.

2
following integral: C z ( z 8)

Ans : i/4.
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Qs. 2(b)/170: Find the value

of the integral of g(z) around
z

2
the circle
in the
positive sense when
g z

1
2

.
2

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Sol :
C

dz

2
2
2

2
z 4
C z 2i z 2i

dz

d
1

2i

2
dz z 2i z 2i 16
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Qs.4/170: Let C be any simple closed

contour, described the positive sense
in the z-plane and write

z 2z
g w
dz
3
C z w
3

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Show that:

g w 6iw

when w is inside C and that

g w 0

when w is outside C.
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CaseI : Let w is insideC.

Let f ( z ) z 2 z.
3

f z
g w
dz
,
3
C z w

Then

2 i

f w
2
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f z z 2 z
3

f z 3z z
f z 6 z
2

f w 6w

I g w 6iw
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Case 2: When w is outside C,

then by Cauchy-Goursat
Theorem g w 0 .

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Qs. 5/170: Show that if f is

analytic within and on a
simple closed contour C and
z0 is not on C, then

f z
f z
dz

dz
C z z0 C z z0 2

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If a function f is continuous in a domain

D and if

f ( z )dz 0,

for every closed contour C lying in D,

then f is analytic in D.
Giacinto Morera (1856-1909)

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If f is a function analytic in the entire

complex plane ( f is called an entire
function) which is bounded in modulus,
then f is a constant function.

Joseph Liouville (1809-1882)

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Any polynomial
P ( z ) a0 a1 z a2 z ... an z
2

(an 0) of degree n (n 1)
has at least one zero.
That is, there exists at
least one point z0 such
that P ( z0 ) 0.

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

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Note. It follows that P can be factored into

n (not necessarily distinct) linear terms:

P( z) an ( z z1 )( z z2 )( z zn1 )( z zn ),
Where the zeros of P are z1, z2,, zn.

59
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dz
z ( z 2 1)
C

Ex. Evaluate
for all
possible choices of the
contour C that does not pass
through any of the points 0,
i.
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Solution:
Case 1. Let C does not
enclose 0, i .
Then
dz
I 2
0 by C - G Theorem.
z
(
z

1
)
C
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Case 2(a). Let C encloses

only 0.Then
dz
I
2
z ( z 1)
C

f ( z )dz
1
, f ( z) 2
z 0
( z 1)

2i f (0) 2i
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Exercise:
Case 2(b). Let C encloses only i.
Ans: I = - i
Case 2(c). Let C encloses only -i.
Ans: I = - i
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Case 3 (a). Let C encloses only 0

& -i, then
dz
dz
I

z ( z i )( z i) Ci z ( z i )( z i )
C0

where C0 and C-i are sufficiently

small circles around 0 and -i resp.
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1
1
( z i )( z i )
z ( z i)

dz
dz
z
( z i)
C0
C i

1
(2i ) 2 (2i )

i
i (2i )
i
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Case 3 (b). Let C encloses

only 0 & i, then
dz
dz
I

z ( z i)( z i) Ci z ( z i)( z i)
C0

where C0 and Ci are

sufficiently small circles
around 0 and i resp.
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1
1
( z i)( z i )
z ( z i)
I
dz
dz
z
( z i)
C0
Ci
1
2i 2i
i
i.2i
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Case 3 (c). Let C encloses

only -i & +i. Then
I

Ci

1
1
z ( z i)
z ( z i)
dz
dz
z i
( z i)
C i

1
1
2i
2i
2i
i.2i
i.(2i )
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Case 3 (d). Let C encloses all of

the points 0, -i, +i. Then
I

C0

1
1
z ( z i)
z 2 1 dz
dz

z
z i
Ci

C i

1
z ( z i)
dz
( z i)

2i i i 0
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70
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