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APPLIED GEOLOGY
UNIT-1
TWO MARKS
1. What is geology?
a. Geology is the science that deals with the origin, age and structure of the earth.
b. Geo refers to earth and logos refer to science.
2. What are the branches of geology?
a. The branches of geology are as follows:
b. Physical Geology
c. Geomorphology
d. Mineralogy
e. Petrology
f. Historical Geology
g. Economic Geology
3. What are the various internal layers of the earth? (University Question)
a. The various layers of the earth are:
b. Crust
c. Mantle
d. Core
4. Explain the role of geology in the field of civil engineering.
Geology is also defined as the branch of applied sciences which deals with the application of
geology for a safe, stable and economic design & construction of civil engineering projects.
It enables a civil engineer to understand the civil engineering implications related to the area of
construction.
5. Define Weathering? Name the different types of weathering?
a. Weathering is defined as the process of decay, disintegration and decomposition of rocks under
the influence of chemical agents.
b. The types of weathering are:
c. Physical weathering and chemical weathering.
6. Distinguish between physical and chemical weathering. (University Question)
Physical weathering
Chemical Weathering
It is the process of disintegration of the rocks It is the process of alteration of the
into smaller fragments without causing any rocks by chemical decomposition
chemical change in the product
Temperature variation and organic activity Chemical weathering is brought about
causes physical weathering
by gases and moisture
7. What is exfoliation?
a. The phenomenon of pealing of layers from rocks under the influence of thermal effects and
chemical weathering is called exfoliation
8. List the factors affecting weathering?
a. Nature of the rock
b. Climatic condition
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c. Physical Environment
9. List the factors affecting weathering?
a. Nature of the rock
b. Climatic condition
c. Physical Environment
10. What is Spheroidal weathering?
a. The chemical decomposition associated with the frost action results in the formation of rounded
surfaces of the rock masses. This feature is called spheroidal weathering.
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Greater part of the precipitation continues its seaward journey, flowing right over the surface of
the earth
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Hog back: Its an erosional feature developed by river erosion. A hogback is an out crop of a hard
resistant rock that is very steeply inclined
27. What is a wave? What are the types of waves?
a. Waves are the disturbances on the surface of the sea water due to the strong winds, earthquake
etc. The types of waves are the oscillatory and translatory waves.
28. What is a sea current? What are the types of currents?
a. Current refers to the layers or strips of sea water that is pushed forward in a particular direction.
Littoral currents and Rip currents are the two types of currents.
29. What is a headland and a bay?
a. In a sloping shore line made of materials of unequal hardness, the soft rocks get eroded easily.
Sea water enters the inland spaces created along the shore. This is called a bay.
b. The stronger rocks get smoothened and modified but still stand as projecting parts of original
shore line. This is called headland.
30. What is vadose water?
a. Vadose water is a type of subsurface water that occurs from surface downward upto a variable
depth and moves downward under the influence of gravity.
31. What are the sources of ground water?
a. Meteoric water
b. Connate water
c. Juvenile water
32. What is an Influent and Effluent stream?
a. When the ground water table is lower than the water level in the stream it is referred to as
influent stream.
b. When the ground water table is higher than the water level in the stream it is referred to as
Effluent stream
33. What is Water table? (University Question)
The depth to the upper surface of the zone of saturation in free ground-water is called water table. It may
be as low as 1 meter or as deep as 100 meter or more.
34. What is an Aquifer? (University Question)
a. Aquifer is a rock mass, layer or formation saturated with ground water. It is capable of yielding
the stored water at economic costs when tapped.
35. What is an Aquiclude? (University Question)
a. A rock body or formation which holds water but does not allow an easy flow of water through it
is called as an aquiclude.
36. What is an Aquifuge?
a. It is an impermeable rock formation through which there is no storage and movement of water.
37. What is an Aquitard?
a. Aquitard is the term which is used for an aquifuge or aqquiclude which has become leaky due to
cracks or joints.
38. What are the types of Aquifer?
a. Unconfined Aquifer
b. Confined Aquifer
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c. Artesian Aquifer
39. What are sand dunes? (University Question)
Sand dune is defined as a broadly conical heap of sand characterized with two slopes on either side of a
medial ridge or crest.
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UNIT 2 (MINERALOGY)
2 MARKS
1. Define mineral.
Mineral is defined as the inorganic substance with definite chemical composition and atomic structure.
2. What is a Butryoidal form?
When the mineral is shaped like a bunch of grains it is said to be butryoidal form. Eg. Psilomelane.
3. What is lustre? What are its types?
a. The shine of a mineral is called its lustre. The types of lustre are:
b. Vitreous lustre
c. Pearly lustre
d. Metallic lustre
e. Silky lustre
f. Resinous lustre
g. Admantine lustre
4. Explain the term streak?
The streak of a mineral is the colour of its powder. Streak proves to be an important property in the
identification of ore minerals. For some minerals the colour of the mineral is entirely different from the
colour of the powder.
5. What is meant by play of colours?
Its the development of series of prismatic colours shown by some minerals on turning about in light.
These are caused by interference of light
6. What is fracture? What are its types?
a. Fracture of a mineral is the nature of its irregular surface along which it breaks.
b. The types are:
c. Even fracture
d. Uneven fracture
e. Conchoidal fracture
7. Define cleavage of a mineral. What are the types of cleavages? (University Question)
a. The capability of minerals to split along certain plains is called cleavage.
b. The various types of cleavage are:
c. Basal cleavage
d. Prismatic cleavage
e. Cubic cleavage
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f. Rhombohedral cleavage
g. Octahedral cleavage
8. What is Tenacity?
The behavior of mineral towards the forces that tend to break, bend, cut or crush is described as tenacity.
9. Differentiate brittleness and malleability property of a mineral.
Brittleness
It is the property because of which a
mineral crumbles when hammered.
Malleability
It is the property by virtue of which a mineral
flattens into a sheet when hammered
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Calcite is one of the most common rock forming minerals in sedimentary rock. Lime stones are almost
entirely made up of calcite and the dolomites contain this mineral to a good proportion. The
recrystallized variety of calcite makes the well known metamorphic rocks marbles.
20. Define Plane of symmetry. (University Question)
Any imaginary plane passing through the centre of a crystal in such a way that it divides the crystal into
two exactly similar halves is called a plane of symmetry. Plane of symmetry is said to exist when for
each face, edge or solid angle there is another similar face, edge or solid angle occupying identical
position on the opposite side of this plane.
21. What are the elements of symmetry? (University Question)
Plane of symmetry
Axis of symmetry
Centre of symmetry
22. Define law of constancy of interfacial angles
In all the crystals of a mineral the corresponding interfacial angles are constant.
23. What are Indices?
The relationship of a crystal face with crystallographic axes is expressed in simple whole numbers
called indices.
24. List out the various crystal systems.
Isometric/cubic system
Hexagonal system
Tetragonal system
Orthorhombic system
Monoclinic system
25. Write the characteristics of isometric system.
All the crystals that can be referred to 3 crystallographic axes which are,
Essentially equal in length
At right angles to each other
Mutually interchangeable are called isometric or cubic system.
26. Write the elements of symmetry of normal class of isometric system.
Normal class is known as Galena Type.
AXES OF SYMMETRY:
3 are axes of four fold symmetry
4 are axes of three fold symmetry
6 are axes of two fold symmetry
PLANES OF SYMMETRY:
Planes of symmetry at right angles to each other are termed as principal (axial) planes.
Planes of symmetry diagonal in position and bisecting the angles between the principal planes is known
as diagonal plane.
27. What are the symmetry elements of triclinic system of crystallization? (University Question)
Axes of symmetry: none
Planes of symmetry: none
The class is characterized by only a center of symmetry which is the point of intersection of the three
crystallographic axes.
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30. Draw and explain the axial position of the normal class of tetragonal system
Two axes are equal interchangeable and horizontal in position
The third axis is either longer or shorter than the two other and is vertical in position.
All the three axes are mutually at right angles to each other.
c+
a2
----
a2-
a2+
a1
++
c-
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Natural concentration of an ore mineral is defined as an ore deposit. It may be of any shape and form
but it is size dependant.
33. What are the types of ore deposits
Syngenetic deposits
Epigenetic deposits
34. What are rock forming minerals?
If the silicate content is more than 98% of the mineral content in various rock crust such are called rock
forming minerals.
35. Write any two uses of Mica. (University Question)
Mica is used as a good electrical insulator and used extensively in electrical insulator.
Used for making fire proof material
36. What is metasomatic ore deposit?
These deposits are formed essentially by the action of chemically active fluids (gases and liquids)
involving simultaneous solution of pre existing components from a rock and replacement of the same by
new minerals
37. Differentiate between syngenetic ore deposit and epigenetic ore deposit with example.
Syngenetic deposits are deposits that have formed simultaneous with the enclosing rock. These
are either of igneous or sedimentary type.
Epigenetic deposits are those deposits that were formed subsequent to the formation of the host
rock. These are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types.
38. Write any four rock forming minerals. (University Question)
Orthoclase
Microcline
Albite
Anorthite
39. Name atleast four clay minerals and their engineering properties. (University Question)
The Kaolinite Group
This group has three members (kaolinite, dickite and nacrite) and a formula of Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4.
The Montmorillonite/Smectite Group
This group is composed of several minerals including pyrophyllite, talc, vermiculite, sauconite,
saponite, nontronite and montmorillonite
40. Give the classification of coal?
Coal is divided into 4 major classes:
Peat
Lignite
Bituminous
Anthracite
41. Types of coal deposits in India.
Lower Gondwana Coals
Tertiary Coals
42. What is Durain?
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Dull lusterless product containing organic matter mixed with extraneous materials is called durain
43. What is vitrain?
Bright glassy matter rich in volatile constituents is called vitrain.
44. What is clarain?
Sub-vitreous, thick bands rich in vegetation matter is called clarain
45. What is fusain?
Soft, Granular friable product is called fusain.
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PETROLOGY
Two Marks Q & A
1. How are the rocks classified?
Rocks are generally classified into Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks
2. Define petrology.
The branch of geology dealing with various aspects of rocks such as their formation, classification and
occurrence is called petrology.
3. What are igneous rocks?
All rocks that have formed from an original hot, molten material through the process of cooling and
crystallization is defined as Igneous rocks.
4. What is Magma and lava?
The hot molten material occurring naturally below the surface of the earth is called Magma. It is called Lava
when erupted through volcanoes.
5. How are the igneous rocks grouped?
Volcanic rocks
Plutonic rocks
Hypabyssal rocks.
6. Differentiate between limestone and marble rocks.
LIMESTONE
Type of sedimentary rocks
Pure limestone is made up of calcite (CaCO3)
Common types of limestone:
Chalk, shelly limestone, argillaceous, kankar etc
MARBLE
Type of metamorphic rocks
Composed of recrystallized calcite
Common types:
White marble, pink marble, black marble and
dolomitic marble etc
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Packing of grains
Fabric of grains
Crystallization trend
8. What is Dolerite? List its uses
These are igneous rocks of typically hypabyssal origin having formed as shallow sills and dykes.
They may be regarded as equivalents of gabbros of plutonic origin and basalts of volcanic origin.
9. What is cross bedding?
In Cross bedding, the structure is found to lie parallel to the planes & major bedding plane. The structure is
found in shallow water and wind form deposits.
10. Define the term stratification
Layered arrangement of sedimentary rock is called stratification. This may be developed very prominently
and can be seen from a distance or only slightly and may be detected after close examination.
11. Name any four mechanical structures in sedimentary rocks.
Stratification, Cross bedding, graded bedding, ripple marks, rain print.
12. How are igneous rocks classified according to their occurrences?
Volcanic Rocks
Basaltic Rocks
Plutonic Rocks
Hypabyssal rocks
13. What are the differences between conglomerate and breccia?
Conglomerate
Types:
Basal breccia
Fault breccia
Agglomeratic breccia
The angularity indicates that they
have suffered very little transport
after their disintegration.
Breccia
14. Describe the composition, texture, properties, occurrence and uses of basalt
Composition: Pyroxene and plagioclase, with pyroxene appearing in fretter amounts than plagioclase or equal
amounts. Olivine is also often present.
Texture and granularity: Aphanitic with crystals that are too small to identify with the naked eye unless they
occur as phenocryusts..
Occurrence: Worldwide, but particularly in Canada (Lake Superior has vast copper deposits), Greenland, India
(Deccan traps), Iceland, Scotland, USA (Montana, western states).
Uses: Road stone aggregate, source of iron ore, sapphires and native copper.
15. What are metamorphic agents?
Physical Agents: Heat uniform pressure and directed pressure.
Chemical Agents: Gases and chemically active fluids.
16. The metamorphic rock quartzite is formed from .. of sedimentary rock by
. Metamorphism.
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(c)
(a)
(d)
(b)
SLATE
Lopoliths
These are the igneous intrusions associated with
sedimentary basins inclined towards a common centre
Lopoliths are classified into simple, multiple, complex
or differentiated.
Ripple marks
They are the symmetrical or unsymmetrical wave like
undulations in a layer.
They are generally formed by the wind and wave
action.
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4. What is Dip ?
Dip of a bed is defined as its inclination with the horizontal. Dip is expressed in terms of the angle
which it makes with the horizontal.
5. What is strike?
Strike of a bed is the direction of the line along which the bedding plane intersects the ground surface.
strike of a bed is perpendicular to the dip direction
6. What is true and apparent dip?
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Dip angle of a layer which is measured in a direction at right angles to the strike layer is called true dip.
Dip angle measured along any other direction with the strike of a layer is called apparent dip
7. What is a fold?
Fold is defined as the undulation that occurs on the surface of the rock as a result of the stresses that acts
on the rock.
8. List the parts of a fold?
Limbs
Axial plane
Crest, Trough
9. What is an anticline and syncline?
Anticline is the fold in which the strata are arched upward. The limbs dip away from each other at the
crest.
Syncline is characterized by downward warping of the strata. Dynclines show limbs tha dip towards
each other at the trough.
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Disconfirmity
Nonconformity
Local unconformity
Regional unconformity
26. How is an unconformity detected?
With the angular relations
Residual soil presence
Presence of basal conglomerate
27. What is an overlap?
Overlap may be defined as a feature in which the overlying layer extends over the limits of its
underlying bed.
28. What is a klippe?
A klippe is defined as the isolated remnant of an overthrust sheet.
29. What is an outlier?
Outlier is defined as an exposure in which the younger beds are surrounded by the older beds.
30. What is an inlier?
Inlier is defined as an exposure in which the older beds are surrounded by the younger beds.
31. What are the steps involved in the formation of an unconformity?
Deposition of the older beds
Erosion and upheaval
Submergence
Deposition of younger beds
32. What is a horst?
Horst is a combination of two normal faults in such a manner that the side blocks have moved down wrt
the central block.
33. What is a graben?
Graben is a combination of two normal faults in which the central blocks have moved down wrt the side
blocks.
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Conventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic control, early warning, and certain
large scale meteorological data.
Doppler radar is used by local law enforcements monitoring of speed limits and in enhanced
meteorological collection such as wind speed and direction within weather systems.
5. What is a landslide?
Sliding of unconsolidated and consolidated soil down the slope is known as landslide.
6. What are the reasons for the occurance of landslide?
Presence of water on the slopes
Undercutting of the soil
Excavation of soil for laying roads, rails etc
Earthquakes
7. How can landslides be prevented?
Avoidance of undercutting of soil where soft soils exist
8. What are causes of sea erosion?
Winds, Action of Waves, Tides, Storms, Catastrophic events
9. What are the structural methods available for the prevention of coastal erosion.
Groynes
Off-shore breakwater
Through construction of sea wall / revetment
10. What are the non structural methods available for coastal protection?
Artificial nourishment of beaches
vegetation cover
sand bypassing at tidal inlets
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10. Give details of occurrence, engineering properties and distribution of Quartzite, Marble, Slate,
Phyllite, Gneiss and Schist.
4 th unit
1. What is a fault? Draw and explain the various parts of the fold.
2. Give an account of the classification of faults.
3. How is a fold formed? Give neat sketches to describe the formation.
4. What is the importance of a fold in engineering construction? Explain.
5. What is a fault? Give the classification of fault.
6. Explain the types of joints.
7. Give an account of the miscellaneous structural features seen in the rocks.
8. Give an account of the use of clinometers and Brunton compass
9. Explain the electrical methods of geophysical investigation
10. Explain in detail the seismic method of investigation with neat sketches.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
5th unit
Write a note on the remote sensing techniques.
What is a landslide? What are the causes of landslide?
What are the preventive measures taken against landslides?
What are the geological conditions necessary for the construction of dams?
What are the geological conditions necessary for the construction of tunnels?
What are the geological conditions necessary for the construction of roads?
Write a note on the coastal protection methods.
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