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300 Reciprocating Pumps


Abstract

Contents

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This section discusses engineering principles, pump types, application and selection
criteria, and describes two commonly used reciprocating pumps. See Section 1100
for troubleshooting information.

Engineering Principles

320

Pump Types

321

Single and Double Acting Pumps

330

Application and Selection Criteria

331

Gas (Steam) Driven Pumps

332

Power Pumps

333

Sizing of Suction Lines

334

Selecting a Reciprocating Pump

300-2
300-4

300-7

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310

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300-1

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

310 Engineering Principles


A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement machine. It traps a fixed volume of
liquid at near-suction conditions, compresses it to discharge pressure, and pushes it
out the discharge nozzle. The basic principle involved is that a plunger or piston will
displace a quantity of liquid equal to its swept volume. In Figure 300-1, plunger A is
lowered into the container, displacing liquid which flows into container B. The
volume of liquid in container B is equal to the product of the cross-sectional area
of plunger A and the depth of immersion. In a reciprocating pump, the action of
plunger A is accomplished by a reciprocating piston, plunger, or diaphragm.
Reciprocating Pump Principles From Pump Handbook, (1976) Edited by Karassik,
Krutzch, Fraser & Messina. Used with permission from McGraw Hill.

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Fig. 300-1

The fluid-handling section of a reciprocating pump is commonly called the liquid


end. The liquid end has a piston or plunger that displaces the fluid being pumped; a
close-fitting cylinder in which the piston travels; and suction and discharge valves
to admit and discharge the pumped fluid. Packing prevents liquid from leaking past
the rod attached to the piston, or, in a plunger pump, past the plunger.

Figure 300-2 depicts the suction stroke of a plunger pump. When the plunger moves
away from the head end of the cylinder, the discharge check valve is held closed by
the higher pressure in the discharge pipe compared to the lower pressure in the
liquid cylinder. This lower pressure in the liquid cylinder also causes the suction
valve to be opened by the higher pressure in the suction line. Fluid then flows into
the cylinder until the plunger reaches the end of its travel.

300-2

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Pump Manual

Plunger Pump Liquid End During Suction


Stroke From Pump Handbook, (1976) Edited
by Karassik, Krutzch, Fraser & Messina.
Used with permission from McGraw Hill.

Fig. 300-3

Plunger Pump Liquid End During Discharge


Stroke From Pump Handbook, (1976) Edited
by Karassik, Krutzch, Fraser & Messina.
Used with permission from McGraw Hill.

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Fig. 300-2

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Figure 300-3 depicts the discharge stroke of a plunger pump. As the plunger moves
toward the head end, the increasing pressure in the cylinder closes the suction valve.
The pressure in the cylinder continues to rise until it exceeds the pressure in the
discharge line and the discharge valve opens, releasing the volume of fluid
displaced by the plunger.

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Unlike the centrifugal pump, which is a kinetic machine, the reciprocating pump
does not require velocity to achieve pressure. This is one of the reciprocating
pumps advantages, particularly for abrasive, slurry, and high-viscosity applications. High pressures can be obtained at low velocities, and fluid capacity varies
directly with pump speed.

The discharge pressure of a reciprocating pump is only that required to force the
desired volume of liquid through the discharge system. Within the constraints of
pump construction, the maximum pressure developed for gas-driven pumps is
limited only by the differential gas pressure available; for crank-driven pumps, the
driver torque is the only limit.
The flow of liquid from a reciprocating pump pulsates, varying both in flow rate and
pressure. As the piston or plunger moves back and forth in the cylinder, alternately
opening and closing the suction and discharge valves, a cyclic pulsation is set up in
the suction and discharge lines of the pump. Figure 300-4 shows the changes in flow
rate as a function of crank angle for duplex, triplex, and quintuplex single-acting
pumps. These changes become less severe as the number of stages increases.

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300-3

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

Flow Rate Per Stage Permission granted. Chemical Engineering,


September 21, 1981.

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Fig. 300-4

320 Pump Types

Reciprocating pumps can be classified as power pumps or direct-acting pumps.


The driver for a power pump has a rotating shaft such as a motor, engine, or turbine.
Power pumps reciprocate the pumping element with a crank or camshaft. Directacting pumps are driven by pressure from a motive gas. Direct-acting pumps were
originally known as steam pumps because steam was the motive fluid.

Reciprocating pumps can also be classified as piston, plunger, or diaphragm pumps.


Piston and plunger pumps are shown in Figure 300-5. A diaphragm pump is shown
in Figure 300-6.

300-4

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Pump Manual

Fig. 300-5

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Typical Single- and Double-acting Pumps Courtesy of The Hydraulic Institute

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Double-Acting Cylinder Pump

Vertical Single-Acting Plunger Power Pump

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Horizontal Single-Acting Plunger Power Pump

May 2007

Horizontal Double-Acting Piston Power Pump

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300-5

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

Diaphragm Positive Displacement Pump (Shown here as Double Diaphragm positive Displacement Pump)

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Fig. 300-6

Reciprocating pumps are typically classified by:

2.

Direct-acting, gas-driven

b.

Crank-driven (power pumps)

a.

Cylinder orientation

a.

Horizontal

b.

Vertical

Liquid end arrangement

a.

Plunger (outside packing)

b.

Piston (inside piston rings and packing on the piston rod)

c.

Diaphragm (plunger or air pushing a flexible diaphragm)

3.

Type of drive

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1.

4.

300-6

Number of pistons or plungers


a.

Simplex

b.

Duplex

c.

Triplex

d.

Quintuplex, etc.

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Pump Manual

300 Reciprocating Pumps

5.

Type of action
a.

Single-acting (delivers on either forward or backward stroke, not both)

b.

Double-acting (delivers on both forward and backward strokes)

Figure 300-7 illustrates these classifications. (Metering pumps that use a reciprocating motion are described in Section 500 of this manual.)
Reciprocating Pump Sub-types Permission granted. Chemical Engineering,
September 21, 1981.

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Fig. 300-7

321 Single and Double Acting Pumps

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Single-acting pumps discharge on either the forward or return stroke of the piston or
plunger; every cycle of the pump displaces only one volume of liquid. In doubleacting pumps, liquid is discharged on both the forward and return stroke of the
piston. Plunger pumps are only single-acting; piston pumps can be either single- or
double-acting. Figure 300-5 illustrates this pump action.

Simplex, Duplex, and Multiplex Pumps

The terms simplex, duplex, and multiplex refer to the number of piston-and-rod
assemblies in a pump. Simplex pumps have one piston-and-rod assembly; duplex
pumps have two; multiplex pumps have three or more.

330 Application and Selection Criteria


This section discusses selection of reciprocating pumps. With the accompanying
Pump Applications Guidelines, it will allow an individual to select pumps for most
services.
There is normally little problem in choosing between the two basic types of pumps,
direct-acting gas driven pumps and crank-driven power pumps. Gas driven pumps,
once the workhorse of the industry, are generally limited to utility functions by the
availability of compressed gas such as steam, air, or field gas. Power pumps, which
are motor, turbine, or engine driven, are available in a wide spectrum of capacities
and heads.

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300-7

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

331 Gas (Steam) Driven Pumps


Gas-driven pumps are commonly used for sump pump, transfer, low pressure boiler
feed, or relief drum pump-out. Although their speed and capacity are directly
affected by system pressures, gas driven pumps are of particular value when:
1.

Electric power is not readily available or is unreliable.

2.

A standby pump is required for use during electric power failures.

3.

A wide capacity range, easily achieved by varying pump speed, is required.

4.

Steam for pumping is available at little or no cost (when, for example, exhaust
steam from pumps is used to heat the pumped product).

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Duplex gas pumps are more generally used than simplex because of their larger
capacity, smoother discharge, and simpler valve mechanism. Duplex pumps are also
made in a greater variety of sizes and types than are simplex pumps, which were
developed largely for vacuum or other low-pressure service.

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The simplex is usually slightly more efficient than the duplex and has one less set of
packing. Simplex pumps are usually preferable in vacuum or other services where
gas or vapor must be handled. Duplex pumps may short-stroke and fail to clear
themselves of vapor. In fact, they may vapor lock and come to a complete stall.
Because the simplex valve mechanism prevents short-stroking, close-clearance
pumps, designed especially to handle gas or vapor, are commonly made only in the
simplex type.

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Reciprocating gas pumps range in size from a small 3 2.75 3-ft. pump, rated to
handle 23 gpm water, up to a 25 12 24-ft. pump capable of handling 1150 gpm
with a maximum liquid-end working pressure of 750 psi. Simplex pumps are ordinarily not made for capacities over about 500 gpm.

Selection of gas driven pumps requires attention to pump speed as it relates to the
required capacity in any given service. Figure 300-8 shows the maximum recommended piston speeds and corresponding revolutions per minute for direct-acting
gas pumps in various services. This figure represents the manufacturers recommendation for maximum speed in these services. These speeds are acceptable for
standby or infrequently operated pumps, but should be reduced for pumps in continuous service. For best operation, continuous duty pumps should be sized to run from
50 percent to 75 percent of the maximum speed shown on Figure 300-8.
See Figure 300-9 for additional application guidelines.

Sizing of Steam Cylinders


When possible, steam-cylinder diameters should be selected based on the required
work. Oversizing steam cylinders permits overspeeding the pumps with greatly
increased wear and high maintenance costs. Steam consumption is increased and
there is the possibility of overpressure. If a steam cylinder of the proper size is
selected, overspeeding will be minimized and it will not be necessary to place a
relief valve on the pump discharge.

300-8

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300-9

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

Maximum Recommended Speed and Capacity of Direct-Acting Gas Pumps


Fig. 300-8

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

Fig. 300-9

Reciprocating Pump Application Guidelines

Pump Description

Direct Acting

Power Plunger

Power Piston

Self Priming

Can Run Dry-Short Time

Will Emulsify

Field Alignment Reqd

Good for Some Entrained Gas

Good for Abrasives

Parallel or Series Recommended

Brgs Lub. (Oil, Grease, Stock)

N/A

Coupling Rigid or Flexible


yes,

P =

parallel

O =

oil

S =

stock

F =

flexible

N/A =

= no

not applicable

Pumps are commercially available outside the parameters shown. These pumps should be
avoided or, if they are used, special care should be taken to maintain reliability.

Note:

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Y =

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Legend:

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On the other hand, steam cylinders should not be too small. An adequate allowance
should be made for tight packing, leaking valves, and other bad service conditions.
Such an adequate allowance will result if steam inlet pressure is taken as the
minimum pressure actually available at the inlet to the pump after making proper
allowance for piping and valve losses, and the mechanical efficiencies given below
are applied.

In general, the tendency is to make the liquid piston too small and the steam piston
too big with the result that the pump has no difficulty in meeting the required pressure, but has to be overspeeded to meet its capacity. If the liquid piston is generously large, there is no incentive for the operator to overspeed the pump; and, if the
steam cylinder is not too large, it may be impossible to overspeed it.
A formula for estimating the required diameter of the steam-end cylinder is as
follows:
2

Pd Ps
DL
D s = ---------- ----------------E
Pi Pe
2

(Eq. 300-1)

300-10

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Pump Manual

300 Reciprocating Pumps

where:
Ds = Steam piston diameter, inches
DL = Liquid piston diameter, inches
Ps = Pump suction pressure, psig
Pd = Pump discharge pressure, psig
Pi = Steam inlet pressure, psig
Pe = Steam exhaust pressure, psig
E = Mechanical efficiency
Approx. Eff.

Up to 6

.60

8 to 12

.70

.75

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Above 12

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Stroke Inches

Reduce above efficiencies by 1/10 if viscosity exceeds 4000 SSU or differential


pressure exceeds 300 psi.

Steam Consumption

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The steam consumption of a steam-driven reciprocating pump may vary considerably from one pump to another even though they are all identical in design and
under similar service conditions. The steam consumption will be affected by the
mechanical condition of the pump, the accuracy of the valve timing, the tightness of
the packing, etc. Figure 300-10 illustrates how to determine the approximate steam
rate of direct-acting duplex-steam pumps in pounds per hydraulic horsepower hour.
The steam rate of simplex pumps can be obtained by taking about 93% of that
obtained for a duplex pump. Figure 300-11 illustrates the formula with applicable
notes corresponding to Figure 300-10.
A simple direct-acting steam pump cannot take any advantage of expansion of the
steam. Therefore, the steam rate is not materially reduced if steam pressures higher
than about 150 psi are used. Thermodynamically, it is better to take advantage of
expansion above this pressure in other equipment. Exhaust back pressure always
increases the steam rate materially.
Inlet steam pressure is not mentioned in the formula or the graph. The formula
assumes that enough initial steam pressure is available to do the required amount of
work. This will be true if the steam cylinder is of the proper size. Steam pumps are
almost invariably operated with a hand or automatic valve, throttling the inlet steam
to provide the required pressure, and limit or regulate the speed.

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300-11

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

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Fig. 300-10 Steam Rate of Direct-Acting Duplex Steam Pumps

300-12

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Pump Manual

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Fig. 300-11 Steam Rate of Direct-Acting Duplex Steam Pumps (1 of 2)


The following formula is very simple to use and will give a good approximation of the steam consumption of a simple
duplex steam pump in fair mechanical condition. Experience shows that under the most favorable circumstances,
some pumps do better, but that many with leaky valves or otherwise in poor condition do worse.

Q
S = ---------------------- P + r P b + P + 18.5
57.5e s e v
(Eq. 300-2)

where:
Total steam consumed, pounds per hour.

Q =

Gallons per minute of liquid pumped.

P =

Difference between suction and discharge pressure, in pounds per square inch.

es =

Steam efficiency See table below.

Pb =

Back pressure on exhaust pounds per square inch gage.

P =

Friction m.e.p. referred to steam cylinder in lbs. per sq. in. See table below.

ev =

Volumetric efficiency; usually over .95, and usually taken as 1.0 for rough figures; may be as low
as .5 for pumps in bad condition.

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cylinder ratio, or ratio of area of the steam cylinder to the liquid cylinder.

r =

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S =

Stroke of pump

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Approximate Steam Efficiency and Friction M.E.P.of Duplex Steam Pumps


3"

4"

5"

6"

8"

10"

12"

15"

18"

24"

.35

.375

.39

.40

.425

.45

.475

.50

.525

.55

Friction m.e.p., P
outside packed pumps

31.8

28.8

25.8

23.4

20.4

17.4

15.6

14.4

13.2

11.4

Ditto, inside packed pumps

30

27

24

21

18

15

13.5

12

10.5

Steam eff., es

Notes: Simplex steam pumps will ordinarily have a steam efficiency from 7% to 10% higher than given for duplex pumps, largely
because they are built with smaller clearance and do not short-stroke when properly adjusted. The friction m.e.p. can be
markedly reduced by the use of high-class metallic packing.
Superheat. 100 of superheat will reduce steam consumption to 87%; 200 will reduce it to 78% of that shown.

May 2007

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300-13

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

Fig. 300-11 Steam Rate of Direct-Acting Duplex Steam Pumps (2 of 2)


Discussion
The formula given is sound theoretically, and the proper values of es and P will give true results. It is based
on the following assumptions:
1. Specific volume of steam in cylinder is

460
---------------------P s + 18.5
(Eq. 300-3)
cu. ft per lb., which holds well between 25# and 125# (gage).
where:

Ps is the available pressure in the steam line.

2. Gage pressure of steam in cylinder at end of stroke equals

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Ps = 1
--- P + P + P b
r
(Eq. 300-4)

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3. Steam efficiency is ratio of displacement of steam cylinder to steam actually used. The low efficiency invariably
found is mainly due to the clearance volume which traps steam from the steam pipe to the exhaust pipe without
doing any work, and secondarily, to cylinder condensation. Valve leakage also plays a part. Although taken as a
constant, this efficiency is apt to vary considerably with conditions.
This formula shows the steam consumed, but does not show whether the pump can actually perform the work
or not, either as regards capacity or pressure. The maximum pressure that the pump can put up is
theoretically

P = r P s P b P

(Eq. 300-5)

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However, at least a 25% additional margin of safety is desirable; the working pressure should be no more than
75% of that found above. The proper working capacity of a duplex pump in gallons per minute is
approximately

2
10D L
Q = ----------------L + 10

D =
L

where:

(Eq. 300-6)

Diameter of liquid end, inches.


Length of stroke, inches.

332 Power Pumps


Crank driven power pumps are typically used in high pressure, low-to-moderate
flowrate services on pipelines and in producing field applications such as waterflood, mud pumps, and gathering systems.
Power pumps are divided into two common types; single-acting plunger and doubleor single-acting piston. Piston pumps are limited to approximately 1500 psig, but
plunger pumps typically go to 6000 psig and have been designed for discharges as
high as 30,000 psig.

300-14

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Pump Manual

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Unlike gas-driven reciprocating pump speed, power pump speed is unaffected by


system pressure. Pumps are designed to operate at a constant speed, pressure, and
capacity. If system pressure increases, the power requirement increases proportionately, but the pumping rate does not change.
There are many kinds of crank-driven pumps, but three types are commonly used.
These are the vertical single-acting triplex plunger; horizontal duplex with two
double-acting pistons or pairs of plungers; and the horizontal double-acting triplex
piston. Also available are vertical single-acting pumps with five, seven, or even nine
plungers. Horizontal pumps are also made in the multi-cylinder designs. Piston
pumps are usually less expensive than plunger pumps.
A triplex plunger pump with three-inch diameter plunger and five-inch stroke, operating at 200 RPM against 1000 psig, has a typical capacity of 250 gpm.

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Injection of an external lubricant with an oil lubricator into the stuffing boxes of
both piston and plunger pumps is needed to prolong packing life. Internal packing
and piston rings are not lubricated directly by oil injection.

333 Sizing of Suction Lines

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When suction pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, a piston pump should
usually be selected, because the plungers outside-packed construction generally
permits greater leakage of air and the design of the liquid passages is not suited to
clearing air accumulations.

When sizing suction lines for either power or gas-driven pumps, the following
guidelines are recommended:
Average fluid velocity should not exceed 3 ft/sec and should preferably equal
1 ft/sec.

Suction pressure should exceed the maximum fluid vapor pressure by at least
3 psi preferably 5 to prevent cavitation.

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Adequate net positive suction head (NPSH) is the single most important design
parameter for reciprocating pumps. Suction-line flow to a simplex pump changes
from no flow to 100% within approximately the first 40% of the suction stroke. This
means that the liquid in the suction line is accelerated to full velocity in about
0.2 seconds when a pump is operating at 60 strokes per minute. The size, length,
and fluid velocity in the suction line must ensure that NPSHA is sufficient considering the pulsating flow. Some cases require a suction stabilizer.

Power pumps operate at higher speeds than gas-driven pumps, and have higher
valve velocities (due to limited valve area), and higher valve-spring loads (for fast
action). Consequently, they require a higher NPSH and, with an increase in RPM,
increasing suction line acceleration head. Figure 300-12 gives allowances for acceleration head for double-acting duplex power pumps handling water and similar low
viscosity fluids, based on empirical data developed by reciprocating pump suppliers.

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19992007 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved.

300-15

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

Fig. 300-12 Suction Line Liquid Acceleration Head (ft) for Double-Acting Duplex Power Pumps
Suction Line Acceleration Head for Suction Line Length (ft)

Average Suction Line


Velocity (fps)

25

50

75

100

0.5

1.7

3.3

5.0

6.5

1.0

3.3

6.0

59.8

13.0

2.0

6.5

13.0

19.5

26.0

Notes: Refer to Section 130 for a detailed discussion of acceleration head.


(1) For triplex pumps, use 57% of the values shown.
(2) For single-acting duplex and simplex pumps, use 174% of the values shown.
(3) Multiply values given above by the actual RPM divided by 60.
(4) Length of line is actual feet, not equivalent length. For pumps with suction stabilizers, length of line equals
10 pipe diameters.

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(5) Acceleration head is added to the NPSH required by the pump.


(6) The NPSH requirement for a reciprocating pump, covering pressure loss from the inlet flange to the cylinder, is
primarily determined by the liquid velocity through the suction valve, the weight of the valve, spring loading on the
valve, and the liquid viscosity.

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(7) 12-ft NPSH allowance for a reciprocating gas pump is desirable.


(8) 8-ft to 10-ft NPSH is sufficient with some slower speed pumps.

(9) Special close clearance simplex pumps are available when some vaporization on the suction side may be expected.
(10)For hydrocarbons, use 75% of the values shown.

334 Selecting a Reciprocating Pump

1.
2.
3.

Determine process duty.

Calculate liquid properties, if necessary.


Determine pipe pressure losses.

Calculate the suction head (same as for centrifugal pump).

4.

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The following steps may be used to select a reciprocating pump. For additional
guidance, see Section 2100.

5.

Calculate the discharge head (same as for centrifugal pump).

6.

Calculate the total head (same as for centrifugal pump).

7.

Convert total head to pressure rise.

8.

Calculate the NPSHA.


The expression for calculating the NPSHA for a reciprocating pump is similar
to that for a centrifugal pump except that acceleration head is included. Acceleration head is the force required to accelerate the fluid in the suction line. The
NPSHA for a reciprocating pump may be obtained as follows:
NPSHA = h p + h s h f h vpa h acc
(Eq. 300-7)

300-16

19992007 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved.

May 2007

Pump Manual

300 Reciprocating Pumps

where:
hp = absolute pressure at suction source, e.g., a vessel (ft)
hs = static suction head (ft)
hf = friction head loss in suction piping including entrance losses (ft)
hvpa = vapor pressure of the fluid at pumping temperature (ft)
hacc = Acceleration head (ft)
(See Section 130 for calculating acceleration head.)
9.

Calculate brake horsepower.


BHP = GPM psi 1715 eff

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(Eq. 300-8)

where:

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GPM = Flow Rate in U.S. gallons per minute

psi = total differential pressure (pounds per square inch)


eff = pump efficiency (non-dimensional)

Note Use the following equation to convert head in feet to psi:


psi = h t SG 2.31
(Eq. 300-9)

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where:

ht = Total head (ft)

SG = Specific gravity of liquid

10. Select particular pump.

Using the pump manufacturers literature and catalogs, select the pump for the
conditions obtained in the calculation. If possible, avoid selecting the largest
piston or plunger size for the pump case. Also avoid pumps which would have
to operate continuously at maximum allowable speed.

11. Consult pump Vendor.


Discuss pump selection with the Vendor for further recommendations and as a
check of the selection procedure.
12. Prepare pump data sheet and specification. See specification for reciprocating
pumps and API Specification 674.

May 2007

19992007 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved.

300-17

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

Positive displacement-reciprocating-piston-duplex-direct actinggas driven (steam, air or process gas)

Typical Service

Relief drum pumpout. Low pressure boiler feed. Water. Sludge.


Sump pump. Transfer.

Typical Pressure/Capacity Range

0700 psig/0500gpm

Max Allowable Temperature

350F

Typical Speed Range

30 to 60 RPM (with piston speeds usually between 50 and


100 FPM)

Construction Features

Normal duplex, double acting, simplex available. Normally C. I.


steam and liquid ends with steel or bronze rods & trim

Typical Control Method

Speed control by throttling drive gas (steam, air, process gas),


usually manual

Advantages

Self priming. Will operate at very low speeds. High efficiency.


Minimizes liquid emulsification. Handles viscous stocks. No electrical power is required. Suitable for unattended remote installations

Disadvantages

Pump speed is affected by system pressure. Subject to vapor lock


with low NPSH available. Will stall with too-high system back
pressure. Pulsating flow can affect sensitive instrumentation
downstream

Specification

API 674. See also PMP-PC-1081 in this manual.

Data Sheet

API 674, Appendix A. See also PMP-PC-1081 in this manual.

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Pump Description

300-18

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May 2007

Pump Manual

300 Reciprocating Pumps

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Valve Rod
Valve Rod Lever
Liquid End Piston Rod
Gland
Gland Bushing
Stuffing Box
Liquid Piston
Liquid Piston Rings
Cylinder Liner

Steam Cylinder
Steam Cylinder Head
Steam Piston
Steam Piston Rings
Steam End Piston Rod
Condensate Drain
Steam Chest
Slide Valve
Valve Rod Adjustment Nut

Name of part

Part
No.
19
20
21
22
23

Name of Part
Valve Cover
Valve Stem
Valve Spring
Valve
Valve Seat

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Part
No.

Name of Part

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Part
No.

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Fig. 300-13 Duplex, Direct-acting, Gas-driven, Piston Reciprocating Pump

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300-19

300 Reciprocating Pumps

Pump Manual

Pump Description

Positive displacement-reciprocating-plunger (power pump)

Typical Service

High pressure/low flow. Gathering systems/pipeline. Waterflood.


Drawing rig. Mud pumps. Well workover.

Typical Pressure/Capacity Range 5006000 psi/10600 gpm


400F

Typical Speed Range

0450 RPM

Construction Features

Vertical configurations available up to 200 HP. Available in duplex


through nonuplex, although triplex is most common. Crank driven
with motor, turbined with gearbox, or engine drivers. Steel liquid
end. Cast iron and steel power end. Self-contained lubrication
system.

Typical Control Method

Variable speed or flow bypass

Advantages

Higher pressures available than with piston pumps (up to 30,000 psi).
Self-priming. Constant delivery at high efficiency over wide pressure range. Minimum fluid emulsification. Handles viscous stocks.
Can run dry for a limited time.

Disadvantages and Limitations

Pulsing flow. Low capacity. High first cost and maintenance cost.
Low tolerance for abrasives. Subject to vapor lock at low suction
pressure with high vapor pressure stock.

Specification

API 674. See also PMP-PC-1081 in this manual.

Data Sheet

API 674, Appendix A. See also PMP-PC-1081 in this manual.

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Max Allowable Temperature

300-20

19992007 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved.

May 2007

Pump Manual

300 Reciprocating Pumps

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Fig. 300-14 Reciprocating Plunger Power Pump Copyright 1995 Ingersoll Dresser Pumps. Worthington is a
trademark of Ingersoll Dresser Pump Company

May 2007

19992007 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved.

300-21

Pump Manual

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300 Reciprocating Pumps

300-22

19992007 Chevron USA Inc. All rights reserved.

May 2007

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