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Contents
Summary 2
Acknowledgments 2
Copyright notice 2
1 Introduction
1.1 Development proposal and commission 3
1.2 Location and geology 3
1.3 Historical and archaeological background 3
2 Methodology 6
3 Results 8
4 The finds 13
5 Conclusions 14
References 15
Figures
Figure 1 Site location 5
Figure 2 Plan with position of trenches and sites of archaeological interest 7
Plates
Plate 1 Trench 6, looking southeast showing former cobbled road surface 10
Plate 2 Trench 7, looking southeast showing industrial/occupation deposits 11
Plate 3 View to southeast along Isca Road in the 1930s (sketch by Lucie Gibbons) 14
1
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
Summary
An archaeological watching brief was carried out on trial excavations undertaken to
examine ground conditions in advance of a drainage scheme on Isca Road and
Bulmore Road, the Village, Caerleon. The remains of the former road and pavement
surfaces were noted at a number of locations on Isca Road, and also a post-medieval
level on Bulmore Road. There was some evidence locally of industrial and domestic
activity that may belong to the Roman period, although the only finds of likely Roman
date, a small quantity of ceramic roof-tile, occurred residually.
Acknowledgments
The project was managed by Richard Lewis BA MIfA, Head of Projects, and the
report was prepared by S H Sell BA, Project Officer, of the Glamorgan-Gwent
Archaeological Trust, Projects Division (GGAT Projects), with the artwork being
undertaken by Paul Jones of GGAT Illustration Department.
Thanks are due to Steve Button, Nigel Purcell and staff of Morgan Est, the
contractors, for their help during the project, and to Nigel Young for permission to
reproduce the sketch of Isca Road by Lucie Gibbons.
Copyright Notice
The copyright to this report is held by GGAT Projects, which has granted an exclusive
licence to Atkins Limited Ltd to reproduce the material contained herein. Ordnance
Survey maps are reproduced under licence (AL 10005976) unless otherwise stated;
annotations are GGAT copyright.
2
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
1 Introduction
1.1 Development proposal and commission
The trial trenches were located along Isca Road, the main street in the settlement on
the southern side of the River Usk known as The Village or Caerleon at between 7.5m
and 11.7m OD. One trench was located in Bulmore Road, close to the junction with
Isca Road, at 12.6m OD (Figure 1). The development site lies 3.75km to the northeast
of Newport and 0.5km to the southeast of Caerleon.
The underlying geology is river gravels overlying Triassic marls and clays. At its
closest to the southwest bank of the Usk the position of the road has been
strengthened with additional material.
The current development area lies a little over 400m to the southeast of the Roman
legionary fortress of Isca, on the south bank of the River Usk. Isca Road itself is
thought to represent a continuation to the southeast of the via praetoria, the main
north-south road through the fortress, which is represented by the line of the present
High Street and to have continued to the civilian settlement at Bulmore, 2km to the
northeast, although its exact course is not known. It is most likely to have crossed the
river at the location used by subsequent bridges preceding the present structure, which
is sited a short distance downstream.
The civil settlement, or canabae, at Caerleon extended both to east and west of the
fortress, reaching across the river to the area known during the medieval period as
Ultra Pontem, but now referred to as the Village.
During the medieval period continued use of the line of Isca Road is indicated by the
position of a tower at its northwestern end, where Castle Cottage now stands. This
feature appears to have marked the southern end of an earlier bridge over the River
Usk lying just to the east of the quay, which was sited adjacent to the present Hanbury
Arms. Caerleon was a thriving port during the medieval and later periods, until a
direct link with Newport was established with the opening of the Monmouthshire
Canal at the end of the 18th century.
Archaeological investigation on the southern side of the River Usk has largely been
confined to limited evaluation work or to watching briefs in advance of minor
developments, (Figure 2). At Isca Grange, however, a building or buildings
represented by walls of coursed rubble 0.75m in width were noted during trial
3
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
excavation in 1984, in association with rubbish pits containing pottery of 2nd century
date. (Frere 1984, 258-9). At Lulworth House, to the west of the present
development, a surface of broken brick and tile of Roman date was noted during a
watching brief in 1990 (Evans 2000, 512), and some indications of Roman activity
were noted in a pipe-line trench on the line of New Road in 1987 (ibid).
More recently, structural and ceramic evidence for a pottery kiln of medieval date was
recovered during excavation for an extension at Isca Grange in 2001 (Monmouth
Archaeology 2001), and residual Roman pottery was noted during groundwork at
Riverside Cottage in April 2002 (Monmouth Archaeology 2002). During recent flood
alleviation work on the river bank along Isca Road, the foundations of the timber
bridge swept away in 1772 were exposed, together with evidence for earlier structures
spanning the River Usk, and finds dating from the Roman period (Lewis 2004).
During evaluation work to the rear of the Mission Chapel in Bulmore Road the
remains of three ceramic altars of Roman date were recovered (Clarke and Bray
2007).
4
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
GRID
2 Methodology
The watching brief was undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the
Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Watching
Briefs (1994).
A full written, drawn and photographic record was made of all archaeological
deposits, in accordance with the GGAT Manual of Excavation Recording Techniques.
Contexts were recorded using a single continuous numbering system, and are
summarised in Appendix I. All significant contexts were photographed using a
Pentax Optio E40 8.1 megapixel digital camera.
All classes of finds were retained, cleaned and catalogued, in line with the
requirements of the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for the
collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials
(2001) and in accordance with the GGAT Manual of Excavation Recording
Techniques. No material from this project has been retained within the site archive.
The project archive will be deposited with an appropriate receiving organisation, in
accordance with the UKIC and IfA Guidelines (Archaeological Archives: a guide to
best practice in creation, compilation, transfer and curation (2007)). A copy of the
report and archive index will be deposited with the regional Historic Environment
Record, curated by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, Swansea, and a
further copy of the report and archive index will be deposited with the National
Monuments Record, Royal Commission on the Archaeological and Historical
Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW), Aberystwyth.
The groundwork was undertaken using a three tonne mini-excavator with toothless
bucket and breaker for the tarmac. The trenches averaged 0.60m in width, and up to
a maximum of 0.90m in depth. The intention was to locate the position and depth of
all services, or establish their absence, but to excavate no further than the minimum
required, hence the variability in depth from one trench to another and also within
each trench.
The excavated trenches were carefully inspected for evidence of archaeological
features, and the excavated spoil was checked for the presence of artefacts. Any
artificial material was recovered for examination, and the presence of any features of
archaeological significance was noted, photographed and recorded as appropriate.
6
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
Caerleon
Bridge
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GRID
Based on the 2005 Ordnance Survey 1:5000 Landplan map with the permission of The Controller
0 100 200metres of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown Copyright, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust
Ltd, Licence number Al10005976
3 Results
Trenches within Isca Road (Nos 1-8) were orientated generally southwest-northeast
and crossed the full width of the road and pavement(s); the trench in Bulmore Road
was orientated northwest-southeast.
Full details of the contexts for each trench may be found in the Context Index,
Appendix I, and details of the finds recovered are given in Appendix II, below.
Results are summarised below.
Trench 1 (outside ‘Beckscott’, where Isca Road runs beside the river)
Beneath tarmac surfacing and intermittent sub-base make-up was a homogenous
general layer containing all manner of materials, principally small to medium stone
with a little bricks (1004), presumably a general make-up layer, cut by the fill of a
service trench for gas (1003) on the northwestern side of the road. General make-up
layer 1004 overlay an intermittent layer of loam (1005), which was more substantial
on the river side of the road. Close to the inner edge of the pavement, the remains of
an earlier revetment wall (1006) was noted c1.35m within the line of the present river
defences, at a depth of 0.65m. It was overlain by a deposit of sand and gravel (1007),
probably connected to the construction of the kerb above or to the foundations for the
present wall to the northeast.
Close to the housing on the southwestern side of the street the remnants of a cobbled
surface (1011) were noted at a depth of c0.40m. Evidence for the former road and
pavement surfaces (see Plate 2, below) were noted in several of the trial trenches, but
the greater depth of what is assumed to be part of the same surface may be attributable
to the proximity of the river to this section of Isca Road with the consequent need to
raise the levels to a greater extent here than elsewhere. Context 1011 had been cut by
a service trench for electricity (1010); in the centre of the road considerable
disturbance accompanied the presence of a cast iron water main (1009).
A thin deposit of sandy, charcoal-rich material (1012) at a depth of 0.75m directly
overlay the natural gravel (1013), at a depth of 0.85m, over the main part of this
trench, but at the southwestern end the pinkish marl subsoil (1014) was noted at a
depth of 0.65m.
Trench 2 (outside Usk Cottage, where Isca Road runs beside the river)
The results from this trench were broadly similar to those from Trench 1, will the
three main services again present. The riverside revetment wall, however, was not
exposed and natural gravel was not reached. Sub-base for the road emerged as two
distinct layers, which formed the standard in other trenches, with a blackish, ashy
deposit (2004) overlying a lighter-coloured, buff or pinkish, deposit (2005). Traces of
the former cobbled road surface were also noted (2007), and beneath a residue of
loam (2008) underlying the cobble remnant was a layer of pinkish silty clay with
broken stone (2013). The limit of excavation was 0.75m; other deposits relate to
modern or recent services.
Trench 3 (opposite the junction of No 1, Grange Cottage and the house to the
southeast)
To allow more space for manoeuvre this trench was cut to cross the road at an angle,
its orientation being more nearly north-south. The lower layer of sub-base for the
road (3003) appeared to form part of a larger, more general layer of make-up,
probably more akin to 1004. Natural river gravels (3005) were reached at a minimum
8
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
depth of 0.45m. As elsewhere, the fill of the cast-iron water main (3006) was not
clearly defined, rather contributing to a general sense of disturbance of the levels in
the middle of the road. The main was reached at a depth of 0.80m, the same depth as
the gas main on the northern side of the road (3007).
Excavation to the north of 3007 was not carried out owing to the location of all the
expected services.
Trench 4 (at the northwestern end of the car-parking space belonging to Ivy Cottage)
This trench, in the narrowest part of Isca Road, was the shortest, c3.7m in length, and
was dominated by service trenches. Beneath a minimal depth of sub-base was a
certain amount of pinkish silty material with broken stone, probably redeposited
natural (4003), overlying a more substantial, dirtier, more mixed layer, apparently the
backfill/disturbance caused by excavation for the cast iron water main (4006), which
occupied much of the central part of the road, as in Trench 3. Both the main, and the
gas main to the northwest (4007), lay at a depth of 0.60m.
Trench 6 (outside the property division between Greenfield Cottage and Peartree
House)
A remnant of the earlier cobbled street, in a black ashy matrix (6002/3), was noted at
the southeastern end of Trench 6, on both sides of the modern kerb (see Plate 1,
below), with the natural sequence of silty clay and stone over coarse sandy gravel
(6004/5) occurring at a depth of 0.50m. The disturbance for the cast iron water main
(6007) occupied the upper levels in the central part of the trench, with natural marl
and sandstone bedrock (6008/9, the equivalent of 6004/5) at a depth of 0.60m.
9
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
Further to the northeast the gas main (6010) lay at a depth of 0.70m, which was taken
as the limit of excavation. Beneath the northeastern pavement the service trench for
electricity cables (6014) had ensured that there was little trace of the former cobbled
road surface (6012/3) remaining.
Part of a Roman tegula, one of the principal elements of a ceramic roof of the Roman
period, was recovered from context 6013, the first and only diagnostic artefact of
certain Roman date to be collected during the watching brief.
Plate 1 Trench 6, looking southeast showing former cobbled road surface. Ranging rod in 0.20m
gradations © GGAT
10
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
11
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
Several fragments of undiagnostic tile/fired clay were recovered from context 8018.
Some of the tile could be of Roman date, but one piece is somewhat finer in fabric
and may belong to a Caerleon-ware mortarium rather than to a tile.
Trench 9 (in Bulmore Road, 50m to northeast of junction with Isca Road, opposite
Bush House)
Beneath the tarmac and sub-base lay a mixed make-up layer probably similar to and
the equivalent of 1004 and other mixed deposits, with small stone, brick/tile etc
(9003), grading to a pinker layer with a high percentage of broken stone (9004),
probably a layer of redeposited make-up material similar to 2013. This overlay a
brownish pink silty loam (9005), probably a residual upper subsoil, or ‘cultivation’
layer similar to 1014, from which was recovered a sherd from a ‘local’ red
earthenware vessel of 17th/18th century date. As expected, this deposit overlay a
brownish-pink, clean layer (9009) identified as natural subsoil, at a depth of 0.80m.
In the southeastern part of the trench a very solid stone surface (9010), at the same
depth, appears to represent bedrock.
A total of eight services were exposed during the excavation of this trench.
12
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
4 The finds
Full details of the assemblage may be found in Appendix II, to which reference should
be made. Apart from obviously recent deposition within any of the many service
trenches and evidence of a post-medieval horizon from Trench 9, in Bulmore Road,
most of the assemblage appears to be associated with backfill or make-up of the
levels, and thus of a residual/redeposited nature. The only diagnostic artefact of
Roman date is the flange from a tegula, the principal element of a Roman roof, from
Trench 6, but ceramic tile of likely Roman date was also present in Trench 8, and
perhaps in other trenches. It is possible that one of the undiagnostic fragments from
Trench 8 could be part of a redware vessel, a Caerleon-ware mortarium, as the fabric
seems finer than the other undiagnostic tile present.
13
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
5 Conclusions
Evidence for the existence of an earlier road and pavement level was noted in a
number of trial trenches (Trenches 2, 5-8, and Plate 3 below). In the stretch of Isca
Road that runs alongside the river, part of an earlier revetment wall for the road,
together with evidence for terracing with made ground to raise the levels, was
apparent. Elsewhere levels had been raised to a lesser extent with the use of
redeposited material. There was little reliable dating evidence for any but the most
recent disturbances, which took the form of numerous services reflecting the
development of the area and the increasing complexity of modern living.
Plate 3: View to southeast along Isca Road during the 1930s. Note the cobbled surfaces of the
road and pathway. (Sketched by Lucie Gibbons, and reproduced here by permission of Nigel
Young, www.caerleon.net)
No evidence was noted for the Roman road thought to set the line of Isca Road,
probably largely due to the extent of modern disturbance and the ephemeral nature of
its construction and potential for survival in the environment of subsequent road
infrastructure. At least one piece of Roman tile, the flange from a tegula, was
recovered from Trench 6, and what may possibly be part of a Caerleon-ware
mortarium, together with other undiagnostic pieces of ?Roman tile, were collected
from Trench 8. All are thought to be residual, and otherwise there was no certain
evidence for Roman occupation.
The possible exception to this lay in Trench 7, where what may be a clay floor level
was noted. It was overlain by charcoal-rich occupation detritus, and sealed by a solid
layer of fused industrial material. Unfortunately no dating material was available for
any of these deposits, but their presence would not be unexpected within the
14
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
sometimes squalid setting of a vicus or even as an outlier to the canabae that grew up
around and in consequence of the establishment of the Roman fortress just across the
river.
Evidence for post-medieval occupation, possibly a ‘cultivation’ layer, was noted in
Trench 9, on Bulmore Road; other horizons were unaccompanied by dating evidence.
The sample provided by these trial trenches is very small and yet provides at least one
location where there is evidence for activity during an earlier period, and given the
proximity of the Roman fortress, and the already existing evidence to the south of the
river, in ultra pontem, this may well be fresh evidence of a Roman presence. The
proposed open-cut trench for main drainage, running the full length of Isca Road
before turning along Bulmore Road to the northeast, may well increase our
understanding of the extra-mural settlement at Caerleon to a significant degree,
although establishment of the line of the Roman road may be more problematic.
References
15
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
16
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
17
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
18
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
19
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
20
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
21
Isca Road, Caerleon, Newport: archaeological watching brief
22