Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science

Vol.5, Issue 2 (February 2015), PP 30-38

Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
[

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type

and

[t 2 ( y z )] -type

four dimensional plane wave

solutions of Einsteins field equations in general relativity

B. G. Ambatkar , J K Jumale*
Head Department of mathematics, R.S. Bidkar Arts, Comm. and Science College, Hinganghat,
* R.S. Bidkar Arts, Comm. and Science College, Hinganghat, Distt. Wardha*, jyotsnajumale21@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: In the present paper, we have studied [

1
2

( y z ) t ] - type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type plane

wave solutions of Einsteins field equations in general theory of relativity in the case where the zero mass scalar
field coupled with gravitational field and zero mass scalar field coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic
field and established the existence of these two types of plane wave solutions in V 4 . Furthermore we have
considered the case of massive scalar field and shown that the non-existence of these two types of plane wave
solutions in GR theory.
Keywords : Einsteins field equations in general relativity in case where the zero mass scalar field coupled with
gravitational field and zero mass scalar field coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field, four
dimensional space-time, etc.

I. INTRODUCTION

H.Takeno (1961) has obtained the non-flat plane wave solutions g ij of the field equations Rij 0 and
established the existence of ( z t ) -type and (t z ) -type plane waves in purely gravitational case in fourdimensional empty region of space-time. On the lines of Takeno (1961), Kadhao and Thengane (2002) have also
obtained the plane wave solutions g ij of the field equations Rij 0 in purely gravitational case by
reformulating Takeno's (1961) definition of plane wave as follows:
Definition A plane wave g ij is a non-flat solution of field equations

Rij 0 ,

[i, j 1,2,3,4,5]

(1.1)

in an empty region of space-time such that

g ij g ij (Z ) ,

Z Z (xi ) ,

where x u, x, y, z , t
i

(1.2)

in some suitable co-ordinate system such that

Z ,i

g ij Z ,i Z , j 0,
Z Z ( y, z, t ),

x i

Z , 2 0,

(1.3)

Z ,4 0 .

Z , 3 0,

(1.4) In this

definition, the signature convention adopted is

g rr 0, r 1,2,3

g rr
g sr

g rs
0,
g ss

g11

g12

g13

g 21

g 22

g 31

g 32

g 23 <0,
g 33

g 44 0

[not summed for r,s =1,2,3] and accordingly g det( g ij ) 0

30

(1.5)

(1.6)

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type four

and in the paper refer it to [2], we have established the existence of [

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and

[t 2 ( y z )] -type plane waves in V 5 .

Furthermore, in the paper [3] by investigating the plane symmetric line elements

ds 2 Adx 2 B[dy 2 dz 2 dt 2 ]

(1.7)

ds 2 Adx 2 Z 2 Bdy 2 Z 2 Bdz 2 Bdt 2

(1.8)

and
we have obtained the relations of non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor as

P 2R22 2R33 R44 2R23 2R24 2R34 ,

and

( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
R

R23
22
33
44
2
Z2
Z2
Z2

for [

1
2

(1.9)

( y z) 2
Z 2

R24

( y z) 2
Z 2

R34 .

(1.10)

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type plane waves respectively.

In this paper, we investigate whether these two types of plane wave solutions exist in the case where zero
mass scalar field coupled with gravitational field and the zero mass scalar field coupled with gravitational &
electromagnetic field. Furthermore we consider the coupling of massive scalar field with gravitational field
and the massive scalar field with gravitational & electromagnetic field in V 4 to investigate the existence of
these two types of plane wave solutions of Einstein's field equation

Rij (8)[Tij

1
g ijT ] ,
2

[i, j 1,2,3,4]

(1.11)

where Rij is the Ricci tensor of the space-time ,

Tij is the energy momentum tensor ,

g ij is the fundamental tensor of the space-time

and

T Tii g ijTij .

We study these two plane wave solutions separately.

Case I [

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type plane wave solutions in V 4

II. ZERO MASS SCALAR FIELD COUPLED WITH GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

The energy momentum tensor of zero mass scalar field is given by

Tij

1
1
[ViV j g ijVkV k ] ,
4
2

where V is scalar function of Z and

Vj

[k 1,2,3,4]

V
,
x j

( x j x, y , z , t ) .

31

(2.1)

2V2 2V3 V4 V

Thus

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type four

V1 V2 0

(2.2)

where (-) bar denotes partial derivative w. r. to Z

From line element (1.7) we have

g 22 B,
1
g 22 ,
B
k
VkV 0 .

g 44 B ,
1
g 44
B

g 33 B,
1
g 33 ,
B

(2.3)
(2.4)
(2.5)

Therefore equation (2.1) becomes

1
[ViV j ] .
4

Tij

(2.6)

And from equation (2.6), in zero mass scalar field

T Tii g ijTij 0

(2.7)

Then using equations (2.6) and (2.7), Einsteins field equation (1.11) becomes

Rij 2[ViV j ]

(2.8)

which further gives

2

2
R22 V , R33 V, R44 2V, R23 V,
2

R24 2 V, R34 2V .

(2.9)

Thus non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor are related as

2R22 2R33 R44 2R23 2R24 2R34 .

(2.10)

It is observed that the equation (2.10) is compatible with the equation (1.9) which is obtained in the case of
purely gravitational field. Hence we have

Conclusion

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type plane wave solutions exist in the case where zero mass scalar field is

coupled with the gravitational field.

III. Zero Mass scalar field coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field
In this case the energy momentum tensor is given by

Tij
where

Eij

1
1
[ViV j g ijVkV k ] Eij
4
2

(3.1)

denotes electromagnetic energy momentum tensor.

But as in the previous case for zero mass scalar field

VkV k 0 and T Ti i g ij Tij 0 .

(3.2)

Therefore equation (3.1) becomes

Tij

1
[ViV j ] Eij .
4

(3.3)

Hence Einsteins field equation (1.11) becomes

Rij 2[ViV j 4Eij ] .

(3.4)

Then equation (3.4) yields

32

[
2

R22

V
2[
4E22 ] ,
2

R23

V
2[
4E23 ] ,
2

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type four

V
R33 2[
4E33 ] ,
2

R24 2[

R44 2[V 4E44 ] ,

4E 24 ] ,

R34 2[

4E34 ] . (3.5)

All above non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor are related as

2R22 2R33 R44 2R23 2R24 2R34 .

(3.6)

It is observed that the equation (3.6) is compatible with equation (1.9) which is obtained in the case of purely
gravitational field. Hence we have
Conclusion [

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type type plane wave solutions exists in the case where zero mass scalar field

is coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field.

IV. MASSIVE SCALAR FIELD COUPLED WITH GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

The energy momentum tensor of massive scalar field is given by

1
1
[ViV j g ij (Vk V k m 2V 2 )] , [k 1,2,3,4]
4
2
V
( x j x, y , z , t ) ,
where V is scalar function of Z and V j
,
j
x
Tij

(4.1)

m is mass associated with the massive scalar field.

Thus

V2 2 V3 2 V4 V

V1 0

(4.2)

where (-) bar denotes partial derivative w. r. to Z.

From line element (1.7) we have

g 22 B ,
1
g 22 ,
B
k
VkV 0 .

g 44 B
1
g 44
B

g 33 B
1
g 33 ,
B

(4.3)
(4.4)
(4.5)

Therefore equation (4.1) implies

Tij

1
1
[ViV j g ij m 2V 2 ] .
4
2

(4.6)

Equation (4.6) yields

T Tii g ijTij

1
[2m 2V 2 ] .
4

(4.7)

Using (4.6) and (4.7), Einsteins field equation (1.11) becomes

Rij 2[ViV j

1
g ij m 2V 2 ]
2

(4.8)

which further yields

2

R22 [V Bm2V 2 ] ,
R23 V,

R33 [V Bm2V 2 ] ,

R24 V

R44 [2V Bm2V 2 ] ,

R34 V

2,
33

2.

(4.9)

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type four

But from the line element (1.7) we have the relation of non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor as

2R22 2R33 R44 2R23 2R24 2R34 .

(4.10)

It is to be noted that here the equation (4.9) is incompatible with the equation (4.10) which is obtained in the
case of purely gravitational field. Hence we have

Conclusion [

( y z ) t ] -type plane wave solutions doesnt exist in the case where massive scalar field

is coupled with gravitational field.

Remark If m 0 then the equation (4.9) is compatible to (4.10) and we have a result as in the case where
the zero mass scalar field is coupled with the gravitational field.
2

V. Massive scalar field coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field

In this case the energy momentum tensor is given by

Tij
where

1
1
[ViV j g ij (Vk V k m 2V 2 )] Eij
4
2

(5.1)

Eij denotes electromagnetic energy momentum tensor.

But as in the previous case for massive scalar field

VkV k 0 and T Tii g ijTij

1
[2m 2V 2 ] .
4

(5.2)

Therefore equation (5.1) becomes

Tij

1
1
[ViV j g ij m 2V 2 ] Eij .
4
2

(5.3)

Hence Einsteins field equation (1.11) becomes

Rij 2[ViV j

1
g ij m 2V 2 4Eij ] .
2

( 5.4)

Then from equation (5.4) we have

2

R22

V
Bm2V 2
2[

4E22 ] ,
2
2

R44

Bm 2V 2
2[2V
4E 44 ] ,
2

R24

V
2[
4E24 ] ,
2

V
Bm2V 2
R33 2[

4E33 ] ,
2
2
2

R23

R34 2[

V
2[
4E23 ] ,
2
2

4E34 ] .

(5.5)

But line element (1.7) gives the relation of non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor as

2R22 2R33 R44 2R23 R24 2 R34 2 .

(5.6)

Here it has been observed that the equation (5.5) is incompatible with the equation (5.6) which is obtained in
the case of purely gravitational field. Hence we have
Conclusion [

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type plane wave solutions of Einsteins field equation in general relativity

doesnt exist in the case where massive scalar field is coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field.
Remark If m 0 then the equation (5.5) is compatible to (5.6) and we have a result as in the case where the
zero mass scalar field is coupled with the gravitational & electromagnetic field .
2

34

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type four

Case II we consider the case of [t 2 ( y z )] -type plane wave solutions.

VI. ZERO MASS SCALAR FIELD COUPLED WITH GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

The energy momentum tensor of zero mass scalar field is given by

Tij

1
1
[ViV j g ijVkV k ] ,
4
2

[k 1,2,3,4]

where V is scalar function of Z and V j

V1 0 and V2 V3 V4

Thus

Z
2

V
x

, (x

(6.1)

x , y, z, t ) .

VZ
( y z)

(6.2)

here ( - ) bar denotes partial derivative w. r. to Z

From line element (1.8) we have

g 22 Z 2 B ,
g 22

1
2

Z B

g33 Z 2 B ,
g 33

1
2

Z B

g 44 B ,
g 44

(6.3)

1
B

(6.4)

VkV k 0 .

(6.5)

Therefore equation (6.1)

Tij

1
[ViV j ]
4

(6.6)

Equation (6.6) yields

T Tii g ijTij 0 .

(6.7)

Then from (6.6) and (6.7), Einsteins field equation (1.11) becomes

Rij 2[ViV j ]

(6.8)

which further gives

2

R22

V Z2
2[
],
( y z) 2

R23

V Z2
2[
],
( y z) 2

R33

V Z2
2[
],
( y z) 2

R24

V Z
2 2[
],
( y z) 2

R44

2V
2[
]
( y z) 2

R34

V Z
2 2[
].
( y z) 2

(6.9)

Thus non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor are related as

(y z) 2
Z2

R22

(y z) 2
Z2

(y z)
(y z)
(y z) 2
(y z) 2
R24
R34 . (6.10)
R44
R23
2
2
Z
Z 2
Z 2
2

R33

It is observed that the equation (6.10) is compatible with equation (1.10) which is obtained in the case of purely
gravitational field. Hence we have
Conclusion [t 2 ( y z )] -type plane wave solutions exist in the case where zero mass scalar field is
coupled with the gravitational field.

35

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type four

VII. ZERO MASS SCALAR FIELD COUPLED WITH GRAVITATIONAL &

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
In this case the energy momentum tensor is given by

Tij
where

1
1
[ViV j g ijVk V k ] Eij
4
2

(7.1)

Eij denotes electromagnetic energy momentum tensor.

But as in the previous case for zero mass scalar field

VkV k 0 and

T Tii g ijTij 0 .

(7.2)

Therefore equation (7.1) becomes

Tij

1
[ViV j ] Eij .
4

(7.3)

Hence Einsteins field equation (1.11) becomes

Rij 2[ViV j 4Eij ]

(7.4)

which further yields

2

R22

V Z2
V Z2
2V
2[
4E 22 ] , R33 2[
4E33 ] , R44 2[
4E 44 ] ,
2
2
( y z)
( y z)
( y z) 2

R23

V Z2
V Z 2
2[
4E 23 ] , R24 2[
4E 24 ] ,
2
( y z)
( y z) 2

R34

V Z 2
2[
4E34 ] .(7.5)
( y z) 2

All above non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor are related as

( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
R

R23
22
33
44
2
Z2
Z2
Z2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2

R24
R34 .
Z 2
Z 2

(7.6)

It is observed that the equation (7.6) is compatible with equation (1.10) which is obtained in the case of purely
gravitational field. Hence we have
Conclusion [t 2 ( y z )] -type plane wave solutions exist in the case where zero mass scalar field is
coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field.

VIII. MASSIVE SCALAR FIELD COUPLED WITH GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

The energy momentum tensor of massive scalar field is given by

1
1
[ViV j g ij (Vk V k m 2V 2 )] , [k 1,2,3,4]
4
2
V
j
where V is scalar function of Z and V j
, ( x x , y, z, t ) ,
j
x
m is mass associated with the massive scalar field.
Tij

36

(8.1)

Thus V2 V3 V4

Z
2

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type four

VZ
, V1 0
( y z)

(8.2)

where ( - ) bar denotes partial derivative w. r. to Z.

From line element (1.8) we have

g 22 Z 2 B ,
1
g 22 2 ,
Z B

g33 Z 2 B ,
1
g 33 2 ,
Z B

g 44 B ,
1
g 44
B

(8.3)
(8.4)

VkV k 0 .

(8.5)

Therefore equation (8.1) becomes

Tij

1
1
[ViV j g ij m 2V 2 ] .
4
2

(8.6)

From equation (8.6) we have

T Tii g ijTij

1
[2m 2V 2 ] .
4

(8.7)

Then from (8.6) and (8.7), Einsteins field equation (1.11) becomes

Rij 2[ViV j

1
g ij m 2V 2 ]
2

(8.8)

which further yields

2

R22

V Z2
Z 2 Bm2V 2
2[

],
2
( y z) 2

R44

2V
Bm2V 2
2[

],
2
( y z) 2

R33

V Z2
Z 2 Bm2V 2
V Z2
, R23 2[
2[

]
],
2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2

R24

V Z 2
V Z 2
2[
] , R34 2[
].
2
( y z)
( y z) 2

(8.9)

But from the line element (1.8) we have the relation of non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor as

( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
R

R23
22
33
44
2
Z2
Z2
Z2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2

R24
R34
Z 2
Z 2

(8.10)

Here we observed that the equation (8.9) is incompatible with the equation (8.10) which is obtained in the case
of purely gravitational field. Hence we have
Conclusion [t 2 ( y z )] -type plane wave solutions of Einsteins field equation in general theory of
relativity doesnt exist in the case where massive scalar field is coupled with the gravitational field.
Remark If m 0 then the equation (8.9) is compatible to (8.10) and we have a result as in the case where
the zero mass scalar field is coupled with the gravitational field.
2

IX. MASSIVE SCALAR FIELD COUPLED WITH GRAVITATIONAL &

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
In this case the energy momentum tensor is given by

Tij

1
1
[ViV j g ij (Vk V k m 2V 2 )] Eij
4
2
37

(9.1)

where

Eij

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type four

denotes electromagnetic energy momentum tensor.

But as in the previous case for massive scalar field

VkV k 0 and T Tii g ijTij

1
[m 2V 2 ] .
4

(9.2)

Therefore equation (9.1) becomes

1
1
[ViV j g ij m 2V 2 ] Eij .
4
2
Hence Einsteins field equation (1.11) becomes
1
Rij 2[ViV j g ij m 2V 2 4Eij ] .
2
Tij

(9.3)

(9.4)

And from equation (9.4) we have

2

R22

V Z2
Z 2 Bm2V 2
2[

4E 22 ] ,
2
( y z) 2

R44

2V
Bm2V 2
2[

4E 44 ] ,
2
( y z) 2

R33

V Z2
Z 2 Bm2V 2
2[

4E33 ] ,
2
( y z) 2
2

R23

V Z2
2[
4E23 ] ,
( y z) 2

R24 2[

V Z 2
4E 24 ] ,
( y z) 2

R34 2[

V Z 2
4E34 ] .
( y z) 2

(9.5)

But line element (1.8) gives the relation of non-vanishing components of Ricci tensor as

( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
( y z) 2
R

R24
22
33
44
23
2
Z2
Z2
Z2
Z 2
( y z)2

R34 .
.
(9.6)
Z 2
Here we observed that the equation (9.5) is incompatible with the equation (9.6) which is obtained in the case
of purely gravitational field. Hence we have
Conclusion [t 2 ( y z )] -type plane wave solutions of Einsteins field equation doesnt exist in the case
where massive scalar field is coupled with gravitational & electromagnetic field.
Remark If m 0 then the equation (9.5) is compatible to (9.6) and we have a result as in the case where the
zero mass scalar field is coupled with the gravitational & electromagnetic field.
2

Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to Professor K. D. Thengane of India for his constant inspiration .
REFERENCES
[1] Kadhao S R and
Thengane K D (2002)

[2] Jumale J K and

Thengane K D (2004)
[3] H Takeno(1961)

: Some Plane wave solutions of field equations

Rij 0

in four

dimensional space-time. Einstein Foundation

International Vol.12,2002, India.
:

1
2

( y z ) t ] -type and [t 2 ( y z )] -type plane waves

in four dimensional space-time Tensor New Series Japan,

vol.65, No.1, pp.85-89.
: The Mathematical theory of plane gravitational wave in general relativity. Scientific report of the Research
Institute to theoretical physics. Hiroshima, University, Takchara, Hiroshima-ken, Japan-1961.

38