3 +Aerobic+Capaciy+and+endurance

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Aerobic Capacity and Endurance
Research Center in Physical Acitivity , Health and Leisure, University of Porto

School of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University
Jos Antnio Lumini

jantoniolumini@ufp.edu.pt
Exercise Physiology
The study of the effects of exercise on the body.
Bodys responses and adaptations to exercises
System to subcellular level
Acute (short term) to chronic (long term) adaptations
Population served
Elite performers
People of all ages and abilities, diseased or not, in
leisure, sports and health contexts
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What is exercise physiology?

What is the role of physical activity and exercise
in achieving physical fitness and health?
How do you use the FITT formula to design a
fitness program?
What are the contributors and deterrents
to fitness?
Fitness is a general term used to describe the ability to perform

physical work.
Performing physical work requires cardiorespiratory functioning,
muscular strength and endurance, and musculoskeletal flexibility.
In Kisner, C and Colby LA. (2007). Therapeutic exercise: Foundations and techniques
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Pulmonary Ventilation
Minute ventilation or VE (L/min) = Tidal
volume (L/breathing) X Breathing rate
(Breaths/min)
Measure of volume of air passing through
pulmonary system: air expired/minute
Variables
Tidal Volume
(L/breathing)
Breathing Rate
(breaths/min)
Rest
10 - 14
10 20
Maximal Exercise
100 180
40 - 60
3.0
2.5
40
30
2.0
1.5
1.0
20
80 100 120 140 160 180
Heart Rate
70
60
200
150
50
40
30
100
50
VE (L/min)
50
3.5
VO2 (ml/kg/min)
60
Tidal volume (L/Breath)
Breaths/Minute
Relation Between Breathing and

Ventilation
20
0
10
80 100 120 140 160 180
Heart Rate
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Stroke Volume (SV)

Amount of blood ejected from heart with each
beat (ml/beat).
Rest
Exercise (max)
Max occurs
80 90
110 200
40-50% of VO2 max

untrained
Up to 60% VO2 max in
athletes
(Depending on training
status)
Cardiac Output (CO)

Amount of blood ejected from heart each min
(L/min).
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Fick Equation:
CO = VO2/(a - v O2)
Rest: ~ 5 L/min
Exercise: ~10 to 25 L/min
Primary Determinant = Heart rate
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Exercise:
Heart Rate
Stroke volume
Blood pressure
in Willmore, JA. and Costill, DL.(1994).Phsysiology of sport and exercise
Relation Between SV and CO
170
140
140
120
110
100
80
80
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
60
0 20 40 60 80 100
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Cardiac Output (L/min)
160
200
Stroke Volume (ml/beat)
Heart Rate (bpm)
Cardiac Output = SV x HR
Rest: ~ 5.0 L/min
Maximal Exercise: up to 30 L/min
% of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
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In Voight et al (2007).Musculoskeletal interventions: techniques for therapeutic exercise
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Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is a measure of

the bodys capacity to use oxygen.
It is the maximum amount of oxygen consumed per minute
when the individual has reached maximum effort.
Ability to take in, transport and deliver O2 to skeletal muscle for
use by tissue.
It is usually expressed relative to body weight, as milliliters of oxygen per
kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg per minute).
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VO2max
Uses a percentage of the maximum rate of oxygen
consumption
Very time-consuming and complicated measure
Typically a laboratory measure in hospitals and universities
because of expensive equipment required
Highly competitive athletes (performance goal category) may
want to pursue such a measure at a university exercise
physiology laboratory to track changes through a training
program.
Oxygen supply to the body involves

the coordinated fuction
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Endurance is the ability to work for prolonged periods of

time and the ability to resist fatigue.
It includes muscular endurance and cardiovascular
endurance.
Cardiovascular endurance refers to the ability to perform

large muscle dynamic exercise, such as walking, swimming,
and/or biking for long periods of time.
Cardiovascular fitness : endurance type activities: fuel challenging

large muscle mass
repetitive
lower intensity
walking, running, swimming, cycling
Muscular strength: high resistance, high force output

focus on muscle groups not on systemic exercise
e.g. knee extensors vs. flexors
Can a type of exercise be both strength and endurance?
yes BUT the effectiveness of any one form of activity to elicit
a specific adaptation is dependent on the endurance/strength
starting state of the individual.
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Specificity of Exercise: Adaptations that occur in response to

training are specific to the nature of the training stimulus
Cardiovascular fitness: requires that the person
train in a manner that challenges heart rate, cardiac
output, capillarity with the underlying change being
improved oxygen delivery to working tissues
Muscular strength: requires that the person train in a manner
that challenges the recruitment and force output of specific
muscle groups with the underlying change being increased
muscle mass.
The corollary to this is that training for

endurance will not augment strength or vice
versa.
Assessing VO2
Direct Measure: Rearrange Fick Equation: VO2 = CO X (a vO2)
Indirect Measure: gas exchange at mouth: VO2 = VE X (FIO2 FEO2)
Rest: 0.20 to 0.35 L/min
Maximal Exercise: 2 to 6 L/min
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Importance of VO2 max

An index of maximal cardiovascular and pulmonary
function.
Single most useful measurement to characterize the
functional capacity of the oxygen transport system.
Limiting factor in endurance performance
Determinants of VO2max
Peripheral Factors
Muscle Blood Flow

Capillary Density
O2 Diffusion
O2 Extraction
Hb-O2 Affinity
Muscle Fiber Profiles
Central Factors
Cardiac Output
Arterial Pressure
Hemoglobin
Ventilation
O2 Diffusion
Hb-O2 Affinity
Alveolar Ventilation
Perfusion ratio
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Factors Affecting VO2max

Intrinsic
Genetic
Gender
Body Composition
Muscle mass
Age
Pathologies
Extrinsic
Activity Levels
Time of Day
Sleep Deprivation
Dietary Intake
Nutritional Status
Environment
Common Criteria Used to Document

VO2 max
Primary Criteria
< 2.1 ml/kg/min increase with 2.5% grade increase often
seen as a plateau in VO2
Secondary Criteria
Blood lactate 8 mmol/L

RER 1.10
HR to 90% of age predicted
RPE 17
12
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retalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Aerobic_Capacity-2.jpg
Lactate Threshold
16
12
1.0 mM above baseline
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Oxygen Uptake (ml/min)
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Heart Rate and VO2max

% of Maximal Heart Rate
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
% of VO2max
In http://www.escardio.org/
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Aging, Training, and VO2max

70
Athletes
Moderately Active
Sedentary
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age (yr)
Gender, Age and VO2max

4.0
VO2max (L/min)
VO2max (ml/kg/min)
60
Men
Women
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
10
20
30
40
Age (Years)
50
60
15
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Effect of Bed rest on VO2max

0
% Decline in VO2max
%Decline in VO2max
1.4 - 0.85 X Days; r = - 0.73
-10
-20
-30
-40
0
10
20
30
40
Days of Bedrest
In VA Convertino MSSE 1997
VO2max Classification for Men

(ml/kg/min)
Age (yrs)
Low
Fair
20 - 29
<25
25 - 33
34 - 42
43 - 52
53+
30 - 39
<23
23 - 30
31 - 38
39 - 48
49+
40 - 49
<20
20 - 26
27 - 35
36 - 44
45+
50 - 59
<18
18 - 24
25 - 33
34 - 42
43+
60 - 69
<16
16 - 22
23 - 30
31 - 40
41+
Average Good High
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VO2max Classification for Women

(ml/kg/min)
Age (yrs)
Low Fair Average Good High
20 - 29
<24
24 - 30
31 - 37
38 - 48
49+
30 - 39
<20
20 - 27
28 - 33
34 - 44
45+
40 - 49
<17
17 - 23
24 - 30
31 - 41
42+
50 - 59
<15
15 - 20
21 - 27
28 - 37
38+
60 - 69
<13
13 - 17
18 - 23
24 - 34
35+
Respiratory Exchange Ratio/Quotient

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER): ratio of CO2 expired/O2
consumed
- Measured by gases exchanged at the mouth.
Respiratory Quotient (RQ): ratio of CO2 produced by cellular
metabolism to O2 used by tissues
-Measurements are made at cellular level
Useful indicator of type of substrate (fat vs. carbohydrate)
being metabolized:
-Fat is the first fuel source used during exercise. As RQ/RER
increases towards 1.0 the use of CHO as energy increases.
RER/RQ typically ranges from .70 to 1.0+
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Typical Ways to Measure VO2max
Treadmill (walking/running)
Cycle Ergometry
Arm Ergometry
Step Tests
Maximal Values During Various

Exercise Tests
Types of Exercise
% of VO2max
Uphill Running
Horizontal Running
Upright Cycling
Supine Cycling
Arm Cranking
Arms and Legs
Step Test
100%
95 - 98%
93 - 96%
82 - 85%
65 - 70%
100 - 104%
97%
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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX, CPEX or CPET) is the 'gold
standard' tool for the evaluation of cardiopulmonary function and
fitness. It is an entirely non-invasive and objective method of
assessing the exercise response of the pulmonary,
cardiovascular and skeletal muscle systems.
CPET evaluates the way in which your heart, lungs and circulation
simultaneously respond to exercise.
Laboratory Tests
Maximal
Sub-maximal
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Field Tests
Maximal
Sub-maximal
CPET information:
1. 12 lead ECG (Resting and exertion)
2. Lung function: Spirometry and lung volume
flow loops
3. Oxygen consumption during exercise
4. VO2 max
5. Anaerobic threshold (Lactate threshold)
6. Metabolism during exercise (Fat vs.
carbohydrate burning)
7. Cardiac and respiratory function during
Who might need a CPET?
exercise
Patients scheduled for major surgery
Patients taking part in a health check-up for
the diagnosis of heart and lung disease
Patients in rehabilitation following a major
illness
Healthy subjects assessing their fitness,
personal fitness goals and or weight loss
targets
Athletes at all levels needing expert guidance
to titrate training programs
Athletes looking to quantify fitness levels and
evaluate training effectiveness
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in Willmore, JA. and Costill, DL.(1994).Phsysiology of sport and exercise
METABOLISM: Muscle Fuel Sources
Important Questions
1. How is energy released?
2. What fuels sources exist in our body?
3. Where does ATP come from?
4. What pathways can we use to make ATP?
5. Why do we slow down?
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METABOLISM: Energy Release

ATP or adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency used by
our body everyday to perform a number of tasks:
Maintain body temperature
Repair damaged cells
Digestion of food
Mechanical work movement
ATP ADP +
Energy
http://www.lactate.com/triathlon/lactate_triathlon_energy_basic.html
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METABOLISM: Our need for Energy

Fact: Our muscles already contain ATP molecules
Problem: There are not enough!
Result: Find other ways to provide our body with ATP
In order to maintain exercise we need to supply our
muscles with an adequate amount of ATP or energy.
Physiology
Energy
Principle: ATP Supply = ATP Demand
METABOLISM: Sources of Energy

Question: Where does the additional ATP come from?
The chemical breakdown of
the fuel sources in our body:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Muscle Glycogen
Blood Glucose (Liver)
Fats (Adipose Tissue)
Proteins (Amino Acids)*
ATP ADP +
Energy
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Characteristics of Human Muscle

Fiber Types
Other Terminology
Slow Twitch
Fast Twitch
Type Ia
Type lla
Type lld(x)
Aerobic Capacity
HIGH
MED/HIGH
MED
Myoglobin Content
HIGH
MED
LOW
Color
RED
RED
PINK/WHITE
Fatigue Resistance
HIGH
MED/HIGH
MED
Glycolytic Capacity
LOW
MED
MED/HIGH
Glycogen Content
LOW
MED
HIGH
Triglyceride Content
HIGH
MED
MED/LOW
MHCIb
MHCIIa
MHCIId(x)
Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC)
METABOLISM: Sources of Energy

Important: two factors determine the amount of ATP
required to perform exercise and the types of fuel used:
I. Exercise Intensity : rate of ATP production
II. Exercise Duration: amount of ATP production
In the next section we will learn to categorise sporting events
using exercise intensity and duration to determine the energy
systems that are being used to provide our bodies with ATP.
ATP ADP +
Energy
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In Katch, VL. et al (2011). Essencials of Exercise Physiology.
METABOLISM: ATP Production

ATP is able to be produced by more than one system/ pathway
A system can be categorised as either:
1. Anaerobic O2 independent
O2
Does not require oxygen
2. Aerobic O2 dependent
Requires oxygen
O2
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METABOLISM: Anaerobic Pathways

Remember: these pathways generate energy without using O2
ATP is produced by these energy systems:
1. ATP-CP system
ATP reservoir
Immediate energy system
2. Anaerobic Glycolysis system
Exclusively uses CHO
Short-term lactic acid system
METABOLISM: Aerobic Pathways

Remember: these pathways require O2 to generate energy
ATP is produced by these energy systems:
3. Aerobic glycolytic (CHO) system
Moderate- to high-intensity exercise
Finite energy source (CHO ATP)
CHO
O2
4. Aerobic lipolytic (Fat) system
Prolonged low-intensity exercise
Unlimited energy source (Fat ATP)
AT
P
FAT
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Energy Systems
Energy Systems
Mole of
ATP/min
Time to Fatigue
Immediate: Phosphagen (Phosphocreatine

and ATP)
5 to 10 sec
2.5
1.0 to 1.6 min
Unlimited time
Short Term: Glycolysis

(Glycogen-Lactic Acid)
Long Term: Aerobic system
Anaerobic vs Aerobic
Energy Systems
Anaerobic
ATP-PCR : 10 sec.
Glycolysis: < 3 minutes
Aerobic
Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Chain
-Oxidation
2 minutes +
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Energy Transfer Systems and Exercise

100%
Glycolysis
% Capacity of Energy System
Aerobic
Phosphagen (ATP-PCR)
10 sec
30 sec
2 min
5 min +
Aerobic and Anaerobic

ATP Production
Glycogen
Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Immediate
Short-term
ATP-stores
ATP
Long-term
ATP-production
PCR
Glycolysis
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
Aerobic
aerobic
Glycolysis
Substrate level phosphorylation
system-oxidation
TCA-Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Energy expenditure (J/kg/min)
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE INTENSITY ON

FUEL SELECTION DURING EXERCISE
1500
1200
900
Plasma glucose
Plasma FFA
IMTG
Muscle glycogen
600
300
25
65
85
Relative exercise intensity (% of VO2max)

Romijn et al. Am. J Phsyiol. Endocrin. Metab. 265: E380-E391, 1993.
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Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic ATP

production
Limiting Factors
ATP/PC
R
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
Aerobic
Glycolysis
-oxidation
Velocity of supply
++
--
Rate of supply
++
--
Stores
++
Efficiency
--
++
Aerobic glucose degradation yields 18-19 more ATP

than anaerobic, but velocity and rate are lower
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The contribution of these systems to

energy production will depend on the
event type:
6.3%
8%
40%
50%
44.1%
50%
65%
92%
49.6%
6 sec
ATP
60%
50%
30 sec
CP
60 sec
Anaerobic
Glycolytic
50%
35%
2 min
1 hour
Aerobic
Glycolytic
4 hours
Aerobic
Lipolytic
Peak Performance, Hawley & Burke (1998)
ENERGY SYSTEMS: Athletic Events
Sporting events can be classified into 4 main

categories listed below:
1. Power Events
2. Speed Events
3. Endurance Events
4. Ultra-Endurance Events
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ENERGY SYSTEMS: Pathwaysc

The body has 4 distinct systems it can use to supply
energy for these different types of events:
Event
Energy System
1. Power (Jump)
ATP-CP system (phosphagen)
2. Speed (Sprint)
Anaerobic system (O2 independent)
3. Endurance (Run)
Aerobic glycolytic (CHO) system
4. Ultra-Endurance
Aerobic lipolytic (Fat) system
ENERGY SYSTEMS: ATP-CP (Phosphagen)

Event Type: Maximal strength & speed
Event Duration: 0 - 6 sec (Dominant System)
Energy Sources
1. ATP ADP + Pi + H+
2. CP + ADP + H+ ATP + Cr
Availability: Immediate- stored in muscle
Anaerobic Power: Large
Anaerobic Capacity: Small
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ENERGY SYSTEMS: Anaerobic (O2 independent)

Event Type: Maximal speed or high-intensity efforts
Event Duration: 6 - 60 sec (Dominant System)
Energy Sources
Muscle Glycogen 2 ATP + 2 Lactate + 2H+
Availability: Rapid- via glycogen breakdown (glycolysis)
Anaerobic Power: Moderate
Anaerobic Capacity: Larger than ATP-CP
Aerobic
system
Lactate
Modified from http://www.lactate.com/triathlon/lactate_triathlon_energy_basic.html
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Oxidative phosphorylation
ENERGY SYSTEMS: Aerobic Glycolytic (CHO)

Event Type: Moderate and High-intensity exercise
Event Duration: 2 min 1.5 hours (Dominant System)
Energy Sources
Carbohydrates + O2 38 ATP + by-products
Availability: Fast- via breakdown CHO
Aerobic Power: Large
Aerobic Capacity: Large but limited
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ENERGY SYSTEMS: Aerobic Lipolytic (Fat)

Event Type: Low-intensity exercise
Event Duration: 4 hours+ (Dominant System)
Energy Sources
Fats + O2 456 ATP + by-products
Availability: Slow- via fat breakdown (lipolysis)
Aerobic Power: Low
Aerobic Capacity: Unlimited
Lactic Acid
Formed from reduction of pyruvate in

recycling of NAD or when insufficient O2
is available for pyruvate to enter TCA
cycle.
If NADH + H+ cant pass H+ to
mitochondria, H+ is passed to pyruvate to
form lactate.
Regeneration of NAD+
sustains continued
operation of glycolysis.
Glucose 6-P G-3-P Pyruvate

Acetyl-CoA
Lactate
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Pyruvate:Lactate
Oxygen Uptake and HR

Exercise Domains
INCREMENTAL
VO2 (l/min)
TLac
CONSTANT LOAD
Wa
Severe
4
Heavy
Severe
Moderate
Heavy
Moderate
150
Work Rate (Watts)
300
12
24
Time (minutes)
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Lactate/Lactic Acid
A product of glycolysis formed from reduction of pyruvate in
recycling of NAD or when insufficient O2 is available for
pyruvate to enter the TCA cycle.
Extent of lactate formation depends on availability of both
pyruvate and NADH.
Blood lactate at rest is about 0.8 to 1.5 mM, but during
intense exercise can be in excess of 18 mM.
Exercise Intensity Domains

Moderate Exercise:
All work rates below LT
Heavy Exercise:
Lower boundary: Work rate at LT
Upper boundary: highest work rate at which blood
lactate can be stabilized (Maximum lactate steady state)
Severe Exercise:
Neither O2 or lactate can be stabilized
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Lactate and Exercise Domains

12
Severe
Heavy
Moderate
12
24
Time (minutes)
Lactate Threshold
Intensity of exercise at which blood lactate
concentration is 1 mM above baseline.
Expressed as a function of VO2max, i.e., 65% of VO2max.
Expressed as a function of velocity or power output,
i.e., 150 W or 7.5 mph.
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Anaerobic threshold or AT
first used in 1964
based on blood La- being associated with hypoxia
Should not be used
Onset of blood lactate accumulation

maximal steady state blood lactate concentration
Can vary between 3 to 7 mmol/L
Usually assumed to be around 4 mmol/L
Lactate Threshold
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Lactate Threshold
LT as a % of VO2max or workload
Sedentary individual 40-60% VO2max
Endurance-trained > 70% VO2max
LT: Maximal lactate at Steady State exercise

Max intensity SS-exercise can be maintained
Prescribe intensity as % of LT
Blood Lactate (mM)
Blood Lactate as a Function of Training
25
50
75
100
Percent of VO2max
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What is the Lactate Threshold (LT)?

Point La- production exceeds removal in blood
La- rises in a non-linear fashion
Rest [La-] 1 mmol/L blood (max 12-15 mmol)
LT represents metabolism
glycogenolysis and glycolytic metabolism
recruitment of fast-twitch motor units
Mitochondrial capacity for pyruvate is exceeded
Pyruvate converted to lactate to maintain NAD+
Redox potential (NAD+/NADH)
Mechanisms of La production
Blood
Catechols
Lactate
Threshold
Reduced
Removal of
Lactate
Low
Muscle O2
Redox
Potential
LaProduction
Accelerated
Glycolysis
Recruitment
of Type II
Fibers
Mitochon
Capacity for
Pyruvate
Exceeded
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Lactate is Critical to Cellular Function

Does not cause acidosis related to fatigue
pH in body too high for Lactic Acid to be formed
Assists in regenerating NAD+ (oxidizing power)

No NAD+, no glycolysis, no ATP
Removes H+ when it leaves cell: proton consumer

Helps maintain pH in muscle
Can be converted to glucose/glycogen in liver via

Cori cycle
The relative strength of the aerobic and anaerobic

systems determines substrate utilization for ATP
replacement.
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Mader model - Pyruvate/lactate formation at a given effort level depends

on three variables :
VO2 max - this is aerobic capacity or the maximum rate of energy production
by the aerobic system. VO2 max is usually estimated by a device attached to the
mouth and nose of an athlete. The device measures oxygen uptake by athletes
as they complete a progressive exercise test to exhaustion.
VO2 steady state - this is the amount of aerobic energy that is being used
during a submaximal steady state exercise. It is usually measured using the
same instruments as for VO2 max.
VLamax - this is anaerobic capacity or the maximum rate of energy production
by the glycolytic system. It is sometimes designated by the term Plamax or
maximum production of lactate. In reality this is the maximum rate of
production of pyruvate and lactate but since lactate is what is measured La
has been used for this term.
In http://www.lactate.com
The theory states that VLa (the production of lactate) at

any steady state level is a function of VO2 max, VO2 at
that level and VLamax.
Estimate of lactate production in the muscle fiber itself
http://www.lactate.com
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Heath et al. (1981). Journal of Applied Physiology. 51 (3) 634-640
Intensity Principle: Lactate production increases as intensity

increases (the levels will be variable within each individual athlete).
Aerobic Capacity Principle: as aerobic capacity increases, the

utilization of the anaerobic system will decrease at every intensity
level in a steady state situation.
Anaerobic Capacity Principle: as anaerobic capacity increases ,the

utilization of the aerobic system will decrease at every intensity
level.
The anaerobic system acts as a Gate Keeper for the
Aerobic System. It determines how much it can get
use.
Adapted from http://www.lactate.com
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Ventilatory Threshold
Describes the point at which pulmonary ventilation
increases disproportionately with oxygen
consumption during graded exercise.
At this exercise intensity, pulmonary ventilation no
longer links tightly to oxygen demand at the cellular
level.
3 methods used in research:
Minute ventilation vs VO2, Work or HR
V-slope (VO2 & VCO2)
Ventilatory equivalents (VE/VO2 & VE/VCO2)
Relation of VT & LT
highly related (r = .93)
30 second difference between thresholds
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During incremental exercise:
Increased acidosis (H+ concentration)
Buffered by bicarbonate (HCO3-)
H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 H2O + CO2

Muscle
Lung
RBC
Marked by increased ventilation

Hyperventilation
6000
By V Slope Method
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
2000
AT
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
VO 2 (ml/min)
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VE (L/min)
200
By Minute Ventilation Method
150
100
50
0
80
100
120
140
160
180
Heart Rate
Respiratory Exchange Ratio/Quotient

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER): CO2 expired/O2
consumed
Respiratory Quotient (RQ): CO2 produced/O2
consumed at cellular level
RQ indicates type of substrate (fat vs. carbohydrate)
being metabolized:
0.7 when fatty acids are main source of energy.
1.0 when CHO are primary energy source.
Can exceed 1.0 during heavy non-steady state,

maximal exercise due to increased respiratory and
metabolic CO2.
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Oxygen Deficit and Debt

Oxygen deficit: difference between the total
oxygen used during exercise and the total that
would have been used if it had achieved steady
state immediately
Excess Post-Exercise O2 Consumption (EPOC) or
O2 debt: increased rate of O2 used during
recovery period. The extra oxygen is used in the
processes that restore the body to a resting state
and adapt it to the exercise just performed.
Oxygen Deficit and Debt
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EPOC or Recovery VO2

Fast component (Alactacid debt??): when prior
exercise was primarily aerobic; repaid within 30 to 90
sec; restoration of ATP and CP depleted during
exercise.
Slow component (Lactacid debt): reflects strenuous
exercise; may take up to several hours to repay; may
represent re-conversion of lactate to glycogen.
http://s697.photobucket.com/user/performancetl/media/image1.jpg.html
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Energy expenditure: is the energy expended by individuals

engaging in physical activity and is often expressed in kilocalories.
Activities can be categorized as light, moderate or heavy by determining the energy cost.
Quantification of Energy Expenditure Energy expended is
computed from the amount of oxygen consumed. Units used to
quantify energy expenditure are:
A Kilocalorie is a measure expressing the energy value of food. It is the amount of
heat necessary to raise 1 kilogram (kg) of water 1C. A kilocalorie (kcal) can be
expressed in oxygen equivalents. Five kilocalories equal approximately 1 liter of
oxygen consumed (5 kcal 1 liter O2).
A MET is defined as the oxygen consumed (milliliters) per kilogram of body weight
per minute (mL/kg). It is equal to approximately 3.5 mL/kg per minute
Estimating Energy Expenditure

(RER + 4) x (L/O2 consumed per minute) =
kcal/minute
Example:
RER determined from gas analysis =0.75
4.0 + 0.75 = 4.75
L of O2 per minute = 3 liters
4.75 x 3 = 14.25 kcal/min
If exercised for 30 minutes = 427.5 kcals
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Estimating Energy Expenditure

From RER: (RER + 4) x (L/O2 per minute) = kcal/minute
RER = 0.75
4.0 + 0.75 = 4.75
L of O2 per minute = 3 liters
4.75 x 3 = 14.25 kcal/min
From VO2: 1 L/min of O2 is ~ 5 kcal/L

VO2 (L/min) = 3
3 * 5 kcal/L = 15 kcal/min
54

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Aerobic Capacity and Endurance

Research Center in Physical Acitivity , Health and Leisure, University of Porto

Jos Antnio Lumini

What is exercise physiology?

Fitness is a general term used to describe the ability to perform

Tidal volume (L/Breath)

Relation Between Breathing and

Stroke Volume (SV)

40-50% of VO2 max

Cardiac Output (CO)

Primary Determinant = Heart rate

in Willmore, JA. and Costill, DL.(1994).Phsysiology of sport and exercise

Relation Between SV and CO

Cardiac Output (L/min)

Stroke Volume (ml/beat)

Heart Rate (bpm)

% of Maximal Oxygen Uptake

In Voight et al (2007).Musculoskeletal interventions: techniques for therapeutic exercise

In Voight et al (2007).Musculoskeletal interventions: techniques for therapeutic exercise

Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is a measure of

Oxygen supply to the body involves

In Voight et al (2007).Musculoskeletal interventions: techniques for therapeutic exercise

Endurance is the ability to work for prolonged periods of

Cardiovascular endurance refers to the ability to perform

Cardiovascular fitness : endurance type activities: fuel challenging

Muscular strength: high resistance, high force output

Specificity of Exercise: Adaptations that occur in response to

The corollary to this is that training for

Importance of VO2 max

Muscle Blood Flow

Factors Affecting VO2max

Common Criteria Used to Document

Blood lactate 8 mmol/L

1.0 mM above baseline

Oxygen Uptake (ml/min)

Heart Rate and VO2max

Aging, Training, and VO2max

Gender, Age and VO2max

Effect of Bed rest on VO2max

VO2max Classification for Men

Average Good High

VO2max Classification for Women

Low Fair Average Good High

Respiratory Exchange Ratio/Quotient

Typical Ways to Measure VO2max

Maximal Values During Various

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)

In Voight et al (2007).Musculoskeletal interventions: techniques for therapeutic exercise

in Willmore, JA. and Costill, DL.(1994).Phsysiology of sport and exercise

METABOLISM: Muscle Fuel Sources

METABOLISM: Energy Release

METABOLISM: Our need for Energy

Principle: ATP Supply = ATP Demand

METABOLISM: Sources of Energy

Characteristics of Human Muscle

Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC)

METABOLISM: Sources of Energy

In Katch, VL. et al (2011). Essencials of Exercise Physiology.

METABOLISM: ATP Production

Does not require oxygen

METABOLISM: Anaerobic Pathways

Immediate energy system