Digital Communications 5th Ed SolutionsChap3

Solutions Manual
for
Digital Communications, 5th Edition
(Chapter 3) 1
Prepared by
Kostas Stamatiou
January 11, 2008
c
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. The
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2
Problem 3.1
Assuming M is even we have

12 + 32 + 52 + . . .( M 1)2 =
=
M
X
i=1
M/2
i2
(2k)2
k=1
M/2
X
M (M + 1)(2M + 1)
4
k2
6
k=1
M (M + 1)(2M + 1)
M/2(M/2 + 1)(M + 1)
=
4
6
6
M (M 2 1)
=
6
Problem 3.2

E, 0

s2 = E, 0

s3 = 0, E

s4 = 0, E
s1 =
f2
o s3
f1
o s1
o
s2
o s4
As we see, this signal set is indeed equivalent to a 4-phase PSK signal.
c
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reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the
limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a
student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3
Problem 3.3
1.2. The signal space diagram, together with the Gray encoding of each signal point is given
in the following figure :
01
00
11
10
The signal points that may be transmitted at times t = 2nT n = 0, 1, ... are given with blank
circles, while the ones that may be transmitted at times t = 2nT + 1, n = 0, 1, ... are given with
filled circles.
Problem 3.4
1. Consider the QAM constellation of Fig. P3-4. Using the Pythagorean theorem we can find the
radius of the inner circle as:
1
a2 + a2 = A2 = a = A
2
The radius of the outer circle can be found using the cosine rule. Since b is the third side of a
triangle with a and A the two other sides and angle between then equal to = 75o , we obtain:
1+ 3
b = a + A 2aA cos 75 = b =
A
2
2
2. If we denote by r the radius of the circle, then using the cosine theorem we obtain:
A2 = r 2 + r 2 2r cos 45o = r = p
A
2
c
4
3. The average transmitted power of the PSK constellation is:
!2
A
1
A2
PPSK = 8 p
=
P
=
PSK 2 2
8
2 2
whereas the average transmitted power of the QAM constellation:

!
"
#
1
A2
2 + (1 + 3)2
(1 + 3)2 2
PQAM =
4
= PQAM =
A2
+4
A
8
2
4
8
The relative power advantage of the PSK constellation over the QAM constellation is:
gain =
PPSK
8
= 1.5927 dB
=
PQAM
(2 + (1 + 3)2 )(2 2)
Problem 3.5
1. Although it is possible to assign three bits to each point of the 8-PSK signal constellation so that
adjacent points differ in only one bit, (e.g. going in a clockwise direction : 000, 001, 011, 010, 110,
111, 101, 100). this is not the case for the 8-QAM constellation of Figure P3-4. This is because there
are fully connected graphs consisted of three points. To see this consider an equilateral triangle
with vertices A, B and C. If, without loss of generality, we assign the all zero sequence {0, 0, . . . , 0}
to point A, then point B and C should have the form
B = {0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0}
C = {0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0}
where the position of the 1 in the sequences is not the same, otherwise B=C. Thus, the sequences
of B and C differ in two bits.
2. Since each symbol conveys 3 bits of information, the resulted symbol rate is :
Rs =
90 106
= 30 106 symbols/sec
3
Problem 3.6
The constellation
of Fig. P3-6(a) has four points at a distance 2A from the origin and four points
at a distance 2 2A. Thus, the average transmitted power of the constellation is:
i
1h
4 (2A)2 + 4 (2 2A)2 = 6A2
Pa =
8
c
The second
constellation has four points at a distance 7A from the origin, two points at a dis
tance 3A and two points at a distance A. Thus, the average transmitted power of the second
constellation is:
i 9
1h
4 ( 7A)2 + 2 ( 3A)2 + 2A2 = A2
Pb =
8
2
Since Pb < Pa the second constellation is more power efficient.
Problem 3.7
One way to label the points of the V.29 constellation using the Gray-code is depicted in the next
figure.
O 0110
O 0111
O 0101
O 0100
1101
1111
1110
1100
0000
0001
0011
0010
O 1000
O 1001
O 1011
O 1010
Problem 3.8
We assume that the input bits 0, 1 are mapped to the symbols -1 and 1 respectively. The terminal
c
6
phase of an MSK signal at time instant n is given by
(n; a) =
k
X
ak + 0
2
k=0
where 0 is the initial phase and ak is 1 depending on the input bit at the time instant k. The
following table shows (n; a) for two different values of 0 (0, ), and the four input pairs of data:
{00, 01, 10, 11}.
0
b0
b1
a0
a1
(n; a)
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Problem 3.9
1.
(i) There are no correlative states in this system, since it is a full response CPM. Based on (3-3-16),
we obtain the phase states :

2 4
s = 0, ,
3 3
(ii) Based on (3-3-17), we obtain the phase states :

3 3 9
15
7 18
21
5
s = 0,
, ,
, ,
,
,
4 2 4
4
4
4
4
2 4
4
2.

(i) The combined states are Sn = (n , In1 , In2 ) , where , In1/n2 take the values 1. Hence
there are 3 2 2 = 12 combined states in all.

(ii) The combined states are Sn = (n , In1 , In2 ) , where , In1/n2 take the values 1. Hence
there are 82 2 = 32 combined states in all.
c
7
Problem 3.10
The bandwidth required for transmission of an M -ary PAM signal is

W =
R
Hz
2 log2 M
Since,
R = 8 103
samples
bits
bits
8
= 64 103
sec
sample
sec
we obtain
W =
16 KHz
M =4
10.667 KHz
M =8
8 KHz
M = 16
Problem 3.11
The autocorrelation function for u (t) is :

Ru u (t) = E [u (t + )u (t)]
=
n=
n=
m= E
(Im In ) E [u(t + mT )u (t nT )]
m= Rii (m
m= Rii (m)
m= Rii (m)
n)E [u(t + mT )u (t nT )]
n= E
[u(t + mT nT )u (t nT )]
RT 1
n= 0 T u(t
+ mT nT )u (t nT )d
Let a = + nT, da = d, and a (, ). Then :

Ru u (t) =
1
T
m= Rii (m)
1
m= Rii (m) T
R (n+1)T 1
n= nT
T u(t
u(t
m= Rii (m)Ruu (
+ mT a)u (t a)da
+ mT a)u (t a)da
mT )
c
8
Thus we have obtained the same autocorrelation function as given by (4.4.11). Consequently the
power spectral density of u (t) is the same as the one given by (4.4.12) :
Su u (f ) =
1
|G(f )|2 Sii (f )
T
Problem 3.12
The 16-QAM signal is represented as s(t) = In cos 2f t + Qn sin 2f t, where In = {1, 3} , Qn =

{1, 3} . A superposition of two 4-QAM (4-PSK) signals is :
s(t) = G [An cos 2f t + Bn sin 2f t] + Cn cos 2f t + Cn sin 2f t
where An , Bn, Cn , Dn = {1} . Clearly : In = GAn + Cn , Qn = GBn + Dn . From these equations
it is easy to see that G = 2 gives the requires equivalence.
Problem 3.13
1
T

2
= 1, hence : Rii (m) =
|G(f )| Sii (f ) But E(In ) = 0, E |In |
2
We have that Suu (f ) =
1, m = 0
. Therefore : Sii (f ) = 1 Suu (f ) =
0, m 6= 0
1
T
|G(f )|2 .
1. For the rectangular pulse :
G(f ) = AT
sin 2 f T
sin f T j2f T /2
e
|G(f )|2 = A2 T 2
f T
(f T )2
where the factor ej2f T /2 is due to the T /2 shift of the rectangular pulse from the center t = 0.
Hence :
Suu (f ) = A2 T
sin 2 f T
(f T )2
c
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Sv(f)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
fT
RT
2. For the sinusoidal pulse : G(f ) = 0 sin t
T exp(j2f t)dt. By using the trigonometric identity
exp(jx)exp(jx)
sin x =
it is easily shown that :
2j
2AT cos T f j2f T /2
e
|G(f )|2 =
G(f ) =
1 4T 2 f 2
Hence :
Suu (f ) =
2A
2
2AT
2
cos 2 T f
(1 4T 2 f 2 )2
cos 2 T f
(1 4T 2 f 2 )2
0.45
0.4
0.35
Sv(f)
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
fT
3. The 3-db frequency for (a) is :

sin 2 f3db T
0.44
1
2 = 2 f3db = T
(f3db T )
c
10
(where this solution is obtained graphically), while the 3-db frequency for the sinusoidal pulse on
(b) is :
cos 2 T f
1
0.59
2 = 2 f3db = T
2
2
(1 4T f )
The rectangular pulse spectrum has the first spectral null at f = 1/T, whereas the spectrum of the
sinusoidal pulse has the first null at f = 3/2T = 1.5/T. Clearly the spectrum for the rectangular
pulse has a narrower main lobe. However, it has higher sidelobes.
Problem 3.14
1. Bn = In + In1 . Hence :
In In1 Bn
1
1
1
1 2
The signal space representation is given in the following figure, with P (Bn = 2) = P (Bn = 2) =
1/4, P (Bn = 0) = 1/2.
Bn
o
I
o -2
2.
RBB (m) = E [Bn+m Bn ] = E [(In+m + In+m1 ) (In + In1 )]
= Rii (m) + Rii (m 1) + Rii (m + 1)
Since the sequence {In } consists of independent symbols :
E [I
n+m ] E [In ] = 0 0 = 0, m 6= 0
Rii (m) =
2
E In = 1,
m=0
Hence :
2,
m=0
RBB (m) =
1, m = 1
0,
o.w
and
SBB (f ) =
=
m= RBB (m) exp(j2f mT )

2 [1 + cos 2f T ] = 4 cos 2 f T
= 2 + exp(j2f T ) + exp(j2f T )
c
11
A plot of the power spectral density SB (f ) is given in the following figure :
Power spectral density of B
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Normalized frequency fT
0.3
0.4
0.5
3. The transition matrix is :

In1
In Bn In+1 Bn+1
1 1 2
1 1 2
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
0
2
The corresponding Markov chain model is illustrated in the following figure :

1/2
1/2
1/2 #
-
2
"! 1/4
I
@
@
1/2
@
?
R#
@

0
"!
@
@
@
@#
1/4
1/2

-2
"!

Problem 3.15
1. In = an an2 , with the sequence {an } being uncorrelated random variables (i.e E (an+m an ) =
c
12
(m)). Hence :
Rii (m) = E [In+m In ] = E [(an+m an+m2 ) (an an2 )]
= 2(m) (m 2) (m + 2)
2,
m
=
0
=
1, m = 2
0,
o.w.
|G(f )|2 Sii (f ) where :

P
Sii (f ) =
m= Rii (m) exp(j2f mT ) = 2 exp(j4f T ) exp(j4f T )
2. Suu (f ) =
1
T
= 2 [1 cos 4f T ] = 4 sin 2 2f T
and
2
|G(f )| = (AT )
Therefore :
2
Suu (f ) = 4A T
sin f T
f T
sin f T
f T
2
2
sin 2 2f T
3.
If {an } takesthe values (0,1) with equal probability then E(an ) = 1/2 and E(an+m an ) =
1/4, m 6= 0
= [1 + (m)] /4. Then :
1/2, m = 0
Rii (m) = E [In+m In ] = 2Raa (0) Raa (2) Raa (2)
=
1
4
[2(m) (m 2) (m + 2)]
and
Sii (f ) =
Suu (f ) =
m= Rii (m) exp(j2f mT )

2

A2 T sinffT T sin 2 2f T
= sin 2 2f T
Thus, we obtain the same result as in (b) , but the magnitude of the various quantities is reduced
by a factor of 4 .
Problem 3.16
We may use the result in (3.4.27), where we set K = 2, p1 = p2 = 1/2 :

2
2
2
1 X X 1
21
l
l
1 X1
S(f ) = 2
Si
|Si (f )|2
Re [S1 (f )S2 (f )]
+
f

T
2
T
T
T
4
T4
l= i=1
i=1
c
13
To simplify the computations we may define the signals over the symmetric interval T /2 t
T /2. Then :

T sin (f fi )T
sin (f + fi )T
Si (f ) =
2j
(f fi )T
(f + fi )T
(the well-known rectangular pulse spectrum, modulated by sin 2fi t) and :
2 "
2
2 #
T
sin
(f
+
f
)T
sin
(f
f
)T
i
i
|Si (f )|2 =
+
2
(f fi )T
(f + fi )T
(f fi )T sin (f +fi )T
where the cross-term involving the product sin(f
fi )T (f +fi )T is negligible when fi >> 0. Also
:

n
n

)T
)T
sin ( Tl + 2T
sin ( Tl 2T
l
T
( l + n )T
S1 T
= 2j
( l n )T
T
2T
)
sin(l n
2
(l n
)
2
)
sin(l+ n
2
(l+ n
)
2
T
2j
T
l+1
2j 2l(1)
n
lT
l+1 sin 2
j (1)
(l2 n2 /4)
2T

2
2
sin n
2 / l n /4
and similarly for S2 ( Tl ) (with m instead of n). Note that if n(m) is even then S1(2) ( Tl ) = 0 for all l
T
except at l = n(m)/2, where S1(2) ( n(m)
2T ) = 2j . For this case

2
2

1 X X 1
n
n
m
m i
l
l
1 h
f
+
+
=

i

T2
2
T
T
16
2T
2T
2T
2T
l= i=1
The third term in (3.4.27) involves the product of S1 (f ) and S2 (f ) which is negligible since they
have little spectral overlap. Hence :
i

n
n
m
m i
1 h
1 h
f
+ f +
+ f
+ f
+
|S1 (f )|2 + |S2 (f )|2
S(f ) =
16
2T
2T
2T
2T
4T
In comparison with the spectrum of the MSK signal, we note that this signal has impulses in the
spectrum.
Problem 3.17
MFSK signal with waveforms : si (t) = sin 2it

0tT
T , i = 1, 2, ..., M
The expression for the power density spectrum is given by (3.4.27) with K = M and pi = 1/M.
From Problem 4.23 we have that :

sin (f + fi )T
T sin (f fi )T
Si (f ) =
2j
(f fi )T
(f + fi )T
c
14
for a signal si (t) shifted to the left by T /2 (which does not affect the power spectrum). We also
have that :
Si
n
T
T /2j, n = i
=
0,
o.w.
Hence from (3.4.27) we obtain :
S(f ) =

1 2 T 2 PM
1
i=1 [(f fi ) + (f + fi )]
4
T2 M

P
M
2
1 2
+ T1 M
i=1 |Si (f )|
h
i

P PM
1 2
(f )
T2 M
Re
S
(f
)S
i
j
i=1
j=i+1 M

1
1 2 PM
i=1 [(f fi ) +h (f + fi )] +
2M
T M2
i
2 PM PM
TM
2
i=1
j=i+1 Re Si (f )Sj (f )
PM
2
i=1 |Si (f )|
Problem 3.18
QPRS signal v(t) =
(Bn + jCn ) u(t nT ), Bn = In + In1 , Cn = Jn + Jn1 .
1. Similarly to Problem 3.11, the sequence Bn can take the values : P (Bn = 2) = P (Bn =
2) = 1/4, P (Bn = 0) = 1/2. The same holds for the sequence Cn ; since these two sequences are
independent :
P {Bn = i, Cn = j} = P {Bn = 1} P {Cn = j}
Hence, since they are also in phase quadrature the signal space representation will be as shown in
the following figure (next to each symbol is the corresponding probability of occurrence) :
c
15
6Cn
1/16
1/8
o
1/16
1/8
1/4
1/8
o
1/8
1/16
-Bn
1/16
2
2. If we name Zn = Bn + jCn :
RZZ (m) =
=
1
2 E [(Bn+m + jCn+m ) (Bn jCn )]
1
1
2 {E [Bn+m Bn ] + E [Cn+m Cn ]} = 2
(RBB (m) + RCC (m)) = RBB (m) = RCC (m)
since the sequences Bn , Cn are independent, and have the same statistics. Now, from Problem 3.11
:
2,
m
=
0
RBB (m) =
Hence, from (4-4-11) :

1
Rvs ( ) =
T
1, m = 1
0,
m=
o.w
= RCC (m) = RZZ (m)
RBB (m)Ruu ( mT ) = Rvc ( ) = Rv ( )
Also :
Svs (f ) = Svc (f ) = Sv (f ) =
1
|U (f )|2 SBB (f )
T
since the corresponding autocorrelations are the same . From Problem 3.11 : SBB (f ) = 4 cos 2 f T ,
so
4
Svs (f ) = Svc (f ) = Sv (f ) = |U (f )|2 cos 2 f T
T
Therefore, the composite QPRS signal has the same power density spectrum as the in-phase and
quadrature components.
3. The transition probabilities for the Bn , Cn sequences are independent, so the probability of
a transition between one state of the QPRS signal to another state, will be the product of the
c
16
probabilities of the respective B-transition and C-transition. Hence, the Markov chain model will
be the Cartesian product of the Markov model that was derived in Problem 3.11 for the sequence
Bn alone. For example, the transition probability from the state (Bn , Cn ) = (0, 0) to the same
state will be : P (Bn+1 = 0|Bn = 0) P (Cn+1 = 0|Cn = 0) = 21 12 = 14 and so on. Below, we give a
partial sketch of the Markov chain model; the rest of it can be derived easily, from the symmetries
of this model.
1/4
1/4
1/4
@
?
R
@

-2,2
0,2
2,2

@
I
@
1/4

@
I @
@
@ @
@
@ @
1/4
@ 1/8
@ @
@
@ @
@
@ @
@
@ @
1/8
@
1/16@ @@
R
@
R
@
@
@

@
-2,0
1/4
0,0
2,0

1/8
I
@
@
-
-2,-2

0,-2

2,-2

Problem 3.19
c
17
1. Since : a = 0, a2 = 1, we have : Sss (f ) =

G(f )
1
T
|G(f )|2 . But :
T sin f T /2 j2f T /4
2 f T /2 e
T sin f T /2 j2f 3T /4
2 f T /2 e
T sin f T /2 jf T
(2j
2 f T /2 e
sin f T /2)
T /2 jf T
= jT sinff
T /2 e
|G(f )|2 = T 2
Sss (f )
= T

sin 2 f T /2 2
f T /2

sin 2 f T /2 2
f T /2
2. For non-independent information sequence the power spectrum of s(t) is given by : Sss (f ) =
2
1
T |G(f )| Sbb (f ). But :
Rbb (m) = E [bn+m bn ]
Hence :
= E [an+m an ] + kE [an+m1 an ] + kE [an+m an1 ] + k2 E [an+m1 an1 ]
2,
1
+
k
m
=
0
=
k, m = 1
0,
o.w.
Sbb (f ) =
Rbb (m)ej2f mT = 1 + k2 + 2k cos 2f T
m=
We want :
Sss (1/T ) = 0 Sbb (1/T ) = 0 1 + k2 + 2k = 0 k = 1
and the resulting power spectrum is :
Sss (f ) = 4T
sin 2 f T /2
f T /2
2
sin 2 f T
3. The requirement for zeros at f = l/4T, l = 1, 2, ... means : Sbb (l/4T ) = 0 1 + k2 +

2k cos l/2 = 0, which cannot be satisfied for all l. We can avoid that by using precoding in the
c
18
form :bn = an + kan4 . Then :
m=0
1+k ,
Rbb (m) =
k, m = 4
0,
o.w.
Sbb (f ) = 1 + k2 + 2k cos 2f 4T
and , similarly to (b), a value of k = 1, will zero this spectrum in all multiples of 1/4T.
Problem 3.20
1. The power spectral density of the FSK signal may be evaluated by using equation (3-4-27) with
K = 2 (binary) signals and probabilities p0 = p1 = 21 . Thus, when the condition that the carrier
phase 0 and and 1 are fixed, we obtain
S(f ) =
1 X
n
n
n
1
|S0 ( ) + S1 ( )|2 (f ) +
|S0 (f ) S1 (f )|2
2
4T n=
T
T
T
4T
where S0 (f ) and S1 (f ) are the fourier transforms of s0 (t) and s1 (t). In particular :
S0 (f ) =
=
=
s0 (t)ej2f t dt
2Eb
T
cos(2f0 t + 0 )ej2f t dt,
f0 = fc
f
2

T Eb sin T (f f0 ) sin T (f + f0 ) jf T j0
+
e
e
2
(f f0 )
(f + f0 )
Similarly :
S1 (f ) =
=
where f1 = fc +
f
2 .
S(f ) =
s1 (t)ej2f t dt

T Eb sin T (f f1 ) sin T (f + f1 ) jf T j1
+
e
e
2
(f f1 )
(f + f1 )
By expressing S(f ) as :
1 X h
n 2
n 2
n n i
n
|S
(
)|
+
|S
(
)|
+
2Re[S
(
)S1 ( )] (f )
0
1
0
2
4T n=
T
T
T
T
T

1
|S0 (f )|2 + |S1 (f )|2 2Re[S0 (f )S1 (f )]
4T
c
19
we note that the carrier phases 0 and 1 affect only the terms Re(S0 S1 ). If we average over the
random phases, these terms drop out. Hence, we have :
S(f ) =
1 X h
n 2
n
n 2i
|S
(
)|
+
|S
(
)| (f )
0
1
2
4T n=
T
T
T
+
where :

1
|S0 (f )|2 + |S1 (f )|2
4T

T Eb sin T (f fk ) sin T (f + fk ) 2
|Sk (f )| =
+
,
2 (f fk )
(f + fk )
2
k = 0, 1
Note that the first term in S(f ) consists of a sequence of samples and the second term constitutes
the continuous spectrum.
2. Note that :
T Eb
|Sk (f )| =
2
2
"
sin T (f fk )
(f fk )
2
sin T (f + fk )
(f + fk )
2 #
because the product

sin T (f fk ) sin T (f + fk )
0
(f fk )
(f + fk )
if fk is large enough. Hence |Sk (f )|2 decays proportionally to
quently, S(f ) exhibits the same behaviour.
1
(f fk )2
1
f2
for f fc . Conse-
Problem 3.21
1) The power spectral density of X(t) is given by

Sx (f ) =
1
Si (f )|U (f )|2
T
The Fourier transform of u(t) is

U (f ) = F[u(t)] = AT
sin f T jf T
e
f T
Hence,
|U (f )|2 = (AT )2 sinc2 (f T )
and therefore,
Sx (f ) = A2 T Si (f )sinc2 (f T ) = A2 T sinc2 (f T )
c
20
2) If u1 (t) is used instead of u(t) and the symbol interval is T , then
Sx (f ) =
=
1
Sa (f )|U1 (f )|2
T
1
(A2T )2 sinc2 (f 2T ) = 4A2 T sinc2 (f 2T )
T
3) If we precode the input sequence as bn = In + In1 , then
1+ m=0
Rb (m) =
m = 1
0
otherwise
and therefore, the power spectral density Sb (f ) is
Sb (f ) = 1 + 2 + 2 cos(2f T )
To obtain a null at f =
1
3T ,
the parameter should be such that

1 + 2 + 2 cos(2f T )|
f= 1
3T
=0
and does not have a real-valued solution. Therefore the above precoding cannot result in a PAM
system with the desired spectral null.
4) The answer to this question is no. This is because Sb (f ) is an analytic function and unless it
is identical to zero it can have at most a countable number of zeros. This property of the analytic
functions is also referred as the theorem of isolated zeros.
Problem 3.22
P
j2fc t ], the lowpass equivalent signal is X (t) =
1. Since X(t) = Re [
l
n= (an + jbn )u(t nT )e
P
(a
+
jb
)u(t
nT
).
The
in-phase
and
quadrature
components
are
thus
given
by
n
n= Pn
P
Xi (t) = n= an cos 2fc t and Xq (t) = n= bn sin 2fc t.
2. Defining In = an + jbn , from the values of (an , bb ) pair, it is clear that E[In ] = 0 and
(
1 m=0
Ri (m) = E[In+m In ] =
0 m 6= 0
and Si (f ) = 1. Also note that U (f ) = 2T sinc2 (2T f ) and from 3.4-16
SXl (f ) =
1
Si (f )|U (f )|2 = 4T sinc4 (2T f )
T
c
21
Using 2.9-14,

1
4T sinc4 (2T (f fc )) + 4T sinc4 (2T (f + fc ))
4

= T sinc4 (2T (f fc )) + T sinc4 (2T (f + fc ))
SX (f ) =
3. This is equivalent to a precoding of the form Jn = In + In1 where Jn = cn + jdn . Using

3.4-20 we have

2

SYl (f ) = SXl (f ) 1 + ej2f T

= 4T sinc4 (2T f ) 1 + ||2 + 2 Re[ej2f T ]
To have no DC components the PSD must vanish at f = 0, or 1 + ||2 + 2 Re[] = 0 resulting

in 1 + 2r + 2r + 2i = 0. This relation is satisfied for infinitely many s, for instance = 1.
Problem 3.23
P
P
jn g(t nT ).
1. Since s(t) =
n= n g(t nT ) cos(2f0 t + n ), we have sl (t) =
n= n e
1
2
j
n
We know that Ssl (f ) = T Sa (f )|G(f )|
, where
each
an = n e s are all independent
/2
, therefore G(f ) = ejf T T2 sinc2
with probability of 18 . Since g(t) = tT
T /2

P
2
j2f mT , but
|G(f )|2 = T4 sinc4 T2f . We need to find Sa (f ) =
m= Ra (m)e
Tf
2
, and
Ra (m) = E[am+n an ]
(
E[|an |2 ], m = 0
=
|E(an )|2 , m 6= 0
P
1 7 |i |2 ,
m=0
i=1
8
2
= 1 P8
ji

6 0
i=1 i e , m =
64
(
1 2
,
m=0
= 81 2
64 || , m 6= 0
From here we have

X
1 2
1
1
j2f mT
2
2
e
+
||
Sa (f ) = ||
64
8
64
m=

1
m
1
||2 X
=
f
2 ||2 +
8
8
64T m=
T
c
22
and
1
Sa (f )|G(f )|2
T
#

"

2 X
T
T
f
m
1
1
||
= sinc4
f
2 ||2 +
4
2
8
8
64T m=
T
"
#

m
1 2
||2 X
T
2
4 m
4 Tf
f
|| sinc
sinc
+
=
32
8
2
8T m=
2
T
Ssl (f ) =
2. In this case = 0 and 2 =
a2 +b2
4 ,
therefore, Ssl (f ) =
T (a2 +b2 )
128
sinc4
Tf
2

.
3. For a = b the constellation

is on a circle at angles 45 apart, therefore it is 8PSK and

a2
sinc4 T2f .
Ssl (f ) = T64
4. bn s will still be independent and equiprobable, therefore the previous parts will not change.
Problem 3.24
1. In general
Sv (f ) =
where
Si (f ) =
1
|G(f )|2 Si (f )
T
Ri (m)ej2f mT
m=
and Ri (m) = E[In In+m ]. Since the sequence In is iid we have

(
(
(E[In ])2 m 6= 0
0
m 6= 0
Ri (m) =
= 1 2
= 2(m)
2
2
E In
m=0
4 (2 + 2 ) = 2 m = 0
P
j2f mT = 2 and S (f ) = 1 |G(f )|2 S (f ) = 2 |G(f )|2 , where
Hence Si (f ) =
i
v
m= Ri (m)e
T
T
G(f ) = F [g(t)] = T2 ejf T /2 sinc(T f /2) + T ejf T sinc(T f ).
2. In this cases the signaling interval is 2T and Jn substitutes In . We have
Rj (m) = E[Jn Jn+m ] = E [(In1 + In + In+1 )(In+m1 + In+m + In+m+1 )]
= 3Ri (m) + 2Ri (m + 1) + 2Ri (m 1) + Ri (m + 2) + Ri (m 2)
= 6(m) + 4(m 1) + 4(m + 1) + 2(m 2) + 2(m + 2)
6 m=0
4 m = 1
=
2 m = 2
0 otherwise
c
23
Hence Sj (f ) =
j2mf 2T
m= Rj (m)e
Sw (f ) =
= 6 + 8 cos(4f T ) + 4 cos(8f T ) and
|G(f )|2
1
|G(f )|2 Sj (f ) =
(3 + 4 cos 4f T + 2 cos 8f T )
2T
T
Problem 3.25
1. We have
Ra (m) = E[an+m an ]
(
E[a2n ]
m=0
=
2
(E[an ]) m 6= 0
(
5
m=0
= 41
m 6= 0
16
Using Sa (f ) =
j2f mT ,
m= Ra (m)e
we have
1 X j2f mT
19
+
e
16 16 m=
1
m
19
+
f
=
16 16T
T
Sa (f ) =
and since g(t) = sinc(t/T ), we have G(f ) = T (T f ), hence |G(f )|2 = T 2 (T f ) and

19
1
1
m
2
Sv (f ) =
+
f
T (T f )
T
16 16T
T
resulting in
1
19
T (T f ) + (f )
16
16
2

2. The power spectral density is multiplied by 1 + ej2f T ej4f T = 3 2 cos(4f T ).
Therefore
19
1
Su (f ) =
(3 2 cos 4f T ) T (f ) + (f )
16
16
2

3. In this case Sw (f ) is multiplied by 1 + jej2f T = (2 + 2 sin 2f T ) and
Sv (f ) =
Sw (f ) =
1
19
(1 + sin 2f T )T (f ) + (f )
8
8
c
24
Problem 3.26
First note that

Ra (m) = E[an an+m ] =
(
1, n = m
0, otherwise.
P
P
1. For QPSK we have Xl =
n= (a2n + ja2n+1 )g2T (t 2nT ) =
n= In g2T (t 2nT ) where
In = a2n + ja2n+1 and therefore
Ri (m) = E[In+m In ]

= E (a2(n+m) + ja2n+2m+1 )(a2n ja2n+1 )
= [2Ra (2m) + jRa (2m + 1) jRa (2m 1)]
(
2, m = 0
=
0, otherwise.

P
j4f mT = 2. Also note that g (t) = tT , and
Therefore Si (f ) =
2T
m= Ri (m)e
2T
therefore |G2T (f )|2 = 4T 2 sinc2 (2T f ). Substituting into SXl (f ) = T1 Si (f )|G2T (f )|2 , we have
SXl (f ) = 8T sinc2 (2T f ).
P
P
2. Here Xl (t) =
n= a2n g2T (t 2nT ) + j
n= a2n+1 g2T (t (2n + 1)T ), and
RXl (t + , t) = E [Xl (t + )Xl (t)]
!
"
X
X
a2n+1 g2T (t + (2n + 1)T )
a2n g2T (t + 2nT ) + j
=E
n=
n=
m=
n=
a2m g2T (t 2mT ) j
m=
!#
a2m+1 g2T (t (2m + 1)T )
[g2T (t + 2nT )g2T (t 2nT )
+ g2T (t + (2n + 1)T )g2T (t (2n + 1)T )]
X
g2T (t + nT )g2T (t nT )
=
n=
Same as BPSK with g(t) = g2T (t), therefore we have the same spectrum as in part 1.
3. The only difference here is that instead of the Fourier transform of the rectangular signal we
have to use the Fourier transform of the sinusoidal pulse g1 (t), nothing else changes. Noting
jx
jx
that sin(x) = e e
the Fourier transform of the sinusoidal pulse in the problem can be
2j
obtained by direct application of the definition of Fourier transform
G1 (f ) =
2T
sin
t
2T
ej2f t dt = =
4T cos 2T f j2f T
e
1 16T 2 f 2
c
25
and therefore
S(f ) =
32T cos2 2T f
2 (1 16T 2 f 2 )2
4. The envelope of Xl , is in general |Xl (t)|, so we need to show that |Xl (t)| is independent of t.
We have
X
X
a2n+1 g2T (t (2n + 1)T )
a2n g2T (t 2nT ) + j
Xl (t) =
n=
n=
Therefore,
2
|Xl (t)| =
=
!2
a2n g2T (t 2nT ) +

a2n+1 g2T (t
n=
n=
X
X
2
2
g2T
(t (2n + 1)T )
g2T
(t 2nT ) +
n=
n=
= sin
=1
t
2T
+ cos
t
2T

!2
(2n + 1)T )
for all t
where we have used the following facts:

(a) the duration of g2T (t) is 2T and hence g2T (t 2nT ) and g2T (t 2mT ) for m 6= n are
non-overlapping and therefore in the expansion of the squares the cross terms vanish
(same is true for g2T (t (2n + 1)T ) and g2T (t (2m + 1)T ).)
(b) For all n, a2n = 1.
Problem 3.27
Since an s are iid

Ra (m) = E[an an+m ] =
E[a2n ],
m=0
E[an ]E[an+m ],
m 6= 0
1
2,
1
4,
m=0
m 6= 0
1. bn = an1 an , hence P (bn = 0) = P (an = an1 = 0) + P (an = an1 = 1) = 12 and

P (bn = 1) = 21 . This means that bn s individually have the same probabilities as an s but of
course unlike an s they are not independent. In fact bn depends on bn1 and bn+1 and since
Rb (m) = E[bn bn+m ] = E[(an1 an )(an+m1 an+m )], we conclude that if m 6= 0, 1 then
Rb (m) = E[bn ][bn+m ] = 14 and Rb (0) = E[b2n ] = 21 . On the other hand, for m = 1, we have
to consider different values that an1 , an , and an+1 can assume. In order for bn bn+1 to be
1, we have to have bn = 1 and bn+1 = 1. This means that an1 = an+1 6= an and this can
c
26
happen in two cases; an1 = an+1 = 1, an = 0, and an1 = an+1 = 0, an = 1, each with
probability 1/8. Therefore, Rb (1) = 1/4 and
(
1
, m=0
Rb (m) = 21
4 , m 6= 0
P
P
j2f mT = 1 + 1
j2f mT . Also, |G(f )|2 = T 2 sinc2 (T f ),
and S(f ) =
m= Rb (m)e
m= e
4 4
and
#
"
1
1 1 X j2f mT
2
2
Sv (f ) = |G(f )| Sb (f ) = T sinc (T f )
e
+
T
4 4 m=

P
P
n
j2f nT = 1
We can simplify this using the relation
n= f T to obtain
n= e
T
#
"

X
m
1
1
f
+
Sv (f ) = T sinc2 (T f )
4 4T m=
T
=
=
T
m
1
m X
f
sinc2 (T f ) + sinc2 (T )
4
4
T m=
T
T
1
sinc2 (T f ) + (f )
4
4
2. Here, Rb (m) = E[(an + an1 )(an+m + an+m1 )] = 2Ra (m) + Ra (m + 1) + Ra (m 1), and
hence
3
2, m = 0
Rb (m) = 54 , m = 1
1, otherwise
and
Sb (f ) =
j2f mT
Rb (m)e
m=

X
1 1 jf T
j2f T
= +
ej2f mT
+
e
+e
2 4
m=
Therefore,

X
1 1 j2f T
Sv (f ) = T sinc (T f )
ej2f mT
e
+ ej2f T +
+
2 4
m=
#
"

X
1
1
m
1
+ cos(2f T ) +
f
= T sinc2 (T f )
2 2
T m=
T
2
=
=
"

X
T
m
sinc2 (m) f
sinc2 (T f ) [1 + cos(2f T )] +
2
T
m=
T
sinc2 (T f ) [1 + cos(2f T )] + (f )
2
c
27
Problem 3.28
Here we have 8 equiprobable symbols given by the eight points in the constellation.
1. Obviously E(an ) = 0 and
E[an am ]
Hence Sa (f ) =
r12 +r22
2 .
E[an ]E[am ] = 0
E[|an |2 ] =
r12 +r22
2
n 6= m
n=m
Also obviously |G(f )|2 = T 2 sinc2 (T f ). Therefore

Sl (f ) = T
r12 + r22
sinc2 (T f )
2
2. S(f ) = 14 Sl (f f0 ) + 41 Sl (f + f0 ).
3. In this case Sl (f ) = T r 2 sinc2 (T f ). An example of the plot is shown below
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
6
Problem 3.29
The MSK and offset QPSK signals have the following form :
X
v(t) =
[an u(t 2nT ) jbn u(t 2nT T )]
n
c
28
where for the QPSK :
1, 0 t 2T
u(t) =
0,
o.w.
and for MSK :
sin t , 0 t 2T
2T
u(t) =
0,
o.w.
The derivation is identical to that given in Sec. 3.4.2 with 2T substituted for T. Hence, the result
is:
1 P
Rvv ( ) = 2T
m= Rii (m)Ruu ( m2T )
P
1
2T
a2
T Ruu ( )
m=

a2 + b2 (m)Ruu ( m2T )
and :
Svv (f ) =
a2
|U (f )|2
T
For the rectangular pulse of QPSK, we have :

| |
Ruu ( ) = 2T 1
,
2T
0 | | 2T
For the MSK pulse :

R
R 2T
)
t
sin (t+
u(t + )u (t)dt = 0
sin 2T
2T dt

| |
|
| |
= T 1 2T
cos |
2T + sin 2T
Ruu ( ) =
(check for tha 1/2 factor in the defn. Of autocorr. Function!)
Problem 3.30
a. For simplicity we assume binary CPM. Since it is partial response :

q(T ) =
RT
u(t)dt = 1/4
R 2T
q(2T ) = 0 u(t)dt = 1/2,
0
q(t) = 1/2,
t > 2T
so only the last two symbols will have an effect on the phase :
P
R(t; I) = 2h nk= Ik q(t kT ), nT t nT + T
Pn2
Ik + (In1 q(t (n 1)T ) + In q(t nT )) ,
= 2 k=
c
29
It is easy to see that, after the first symbol, the phase slope is : 0 if In, In1 have different signs,
and sgn(In )/(2T ) if In, In1 have the same sign. At the terminal point t = (n + 1)T the phase is :
n1
X
Ik + In
R((n + 1)T ; I) =
2
4
k=
t=0
t=T
t=2T
t=3
7/4
+
5/4
o
+1
3/4
+1
o -1
o
-1@
/4
+1 +1
o
o
o
!
+1 !!
@-1
-1
-1
!
@
aa
0 !
@
aa
ao +1 o +1 @o+
/4 -1
@
@
-1
-1
@
@
+
-1 @o
o
3/4
+1
@
@
-1 @
5/4
@o
@
7/4
Hence the phase tree is as shown in the following figure :
b. The state trellis is obtained from the phase-tree modulo 2:

c
30
t=0
t=T
t=2T
t=3T
t=4T
+1
-1
+1
-1
o
o
o
o
@
B
B
@

+1
+1B

@
B
-1 @

@
B
B
@

B
B
@
-1 @
+1

@
B
@ +1 B

o@ B o
o@ B

= 5/4

-1 @ B
-1 @ B

@B
@B

B@
B
@
@
+1

+1
@
B
B

+1
-1
o B @
o
o
B
= 3/4

@
B
B
-1

B -1 @
+1

B +1 @

-1
@
B
-1

@
B
@o
o
oB
= /4
o

-1
+1
-1
+1

+1

3 = 7/4
0
0
(c) The state diagram is shown in the following figure (with the (In, In1 ) or (In1, In ) that cause
the respective transitions shown in parentheses)
(-1,1)
(-1,-1)
.... (-1,1)
...

P

PP

P
R
@ @
P

q
P
@

2 = 5/4
1 = 3/4

i
P

P

B

B PPP (1,1)

P
B
B

B
B

B
B

BB (-1,-1)
BB

(1,1)
(1,1)
(-1,-1)
..
... @
B
B

(1,1)

BB

B
B

B
PP
B

PP B

P
PB

q
0 = /4
i
P

PP

@

PP (-1,-1)

I @
@
....
..
P

...
@...
(-1,,1)
(-1,1)
3 = 7/4
Problem 3.31
c
31
R(t; I) = 2h
n
X
k=
Ik q(t kT )
1. Full response binary CPFSK (q(T ) = 1/2):

P
Pn
(i) h = 2/3. At the end of each bit interval the phase is : 2 32 21 nk= Ik = 2
k= Ik . Hence
3
the possible terminal phase states are {0, 2/3, 4/3} .
P
Pn
(ii) h = 3/4. At the end of each bit interval the phase is : 2 34 21 nk= Ik = 3
k= Ik . Hence
4
the possible terminal phase states are {0, /4, /2, 3/4, , 5/4, 3/2, 7/4}
2. Partial response L = 3, binary CPFSK : q(T ) = 1/6, q(2T ) = 1/3, q(3T ) = 1/2. Hence, at the
end of each bit interval the phase is :
h
n2
X
Ik + 2h (In1 /3 + In /6) = h
k=
n2
X
Ik +
k=
h
(2In1 + In )
3
The symbol levels in the parenthesis can take the values {3, 1, 1, 3} . So :
(i) h = 2/3. The possible terminal phase states are :
{0, 2/9, 4/9, 2/3, 8/9, 10/9, 4/3, 14/9, 16/9}
(ii) h = 3/4. The possible terminal phase states are : {0, /4, /2, 3/4, , 5/4, 3/2, 7/4}
Problem 3.32
We are given by Equation (3.3-33) that the pulses ck (t) are defined as
ck (t) = s0 (t)
L1
Y
n=1
s0 [t + (n + Lak,n )], 0 t T min[L(2 ak,n n]

n
Hence, the time support of the pulse ck (t) is

0 t T min[L(2 ak,n ) n]
n
We need to find the index n

which minimizes S = L(2 ak,n ) n, or equivalently maximizes
S1 = Lak,n + n :
n
= arg max[Lak,n + n], n = 1, ..., L 1, ak,n = 0, 1
n
It is easy to show that

n
=L1
(3.0.1)
c
32
if all ak,n , n = 0, 1, ..., L 1 are zero (for a specific k), and
n
= max {n : ak,n = 1}
(3.0.2)
otherwise.
The first case (1) is shown immediately, since if all ak,n , n = 0, 1, ..., L 1 are zero, then
maxn S1 = maxn n, n = 0, 1, ..., L 1. For the second case (2), assume that there are n1 , n2
such that : n1 < n2 and ak,n1 = 1, ak,n2 = 0. Then S1 (n1 ) = L + n1 > n2 (= S1 (n2 )), since
n2 n1 < L 1 due to the allowable range of n.
So, finding the binary representation of k, k = 0, 1, ..., 2L1 1, we find n
and the corresponding
S(n) which gives the extent of the time support of ck (t):
k=0
ak,L1 = 0, ..., ak,2 = 0, ak,1 = 0
k=1
n
= L1 S = L+1
ak,L1 = 0, ..., ak,2 = 0, ak,1 = 1
n
=1
S =L1
k = 2/3 ak,L1 = 0, ..., ak,2 = 1, ak,1 = 0/1 n

=2
S =L2
and so on, using the binary representation of the integers between 1 and 2L1 1.
Problem 3.33
sk (t) = Ik s(t) Sk (f ) = Ik S(f ),
E(Ik ) = i ,
i2 = E(Ik2 ) 2i

2

2
K
K
X

X

pk Sk (f ) = |S(f )|2
pk Ik = 2i |S(f )|2

k=1
k=1
Therefore, the discrete frequency component becomes :
n
2i X n 2
S

T 2 n=
T
T
The continuous frequency component is :

h
i
2
2 PP
1 PK
(f )
p
(1
p
)
|S
(f
)|
p
p
Re
S
(f
)S
i
j
i
k
k
k
j
k=1
i<j
T
T
=
1
T
|S(f )|2
hP
K
k=1 pk
|Ik |2
PK
1
T
|S(f )|2
hP
K
k=1 pk
|Ik |2
PK
1
T
i2
T
|S(f )|

PK
|S(f )|2
i
2 |I |2
p
k=1 k k
2
2
k=1 pk |Ik |
2
T
PP
i<j
PP
pi pj |S(f )|2
i<j pi pj |S(f )|
Ii Ij +Ii Ij
2
2I I
i j
+ Ii Ij
i
P
2
K

k=1 pk |Ik | k=1 pk Ik
2
c
33
Thus, we have obtained the result in (4.4.18)
Problem 3.34
The line spectrum in (3.4.27) consists of the term :

K
n 2
n
1 X X

p
S

k k
T 2 n=
T
T
k=1
PK
PK
PK
Now, if
k=1 pk sk (t) = 0, then
k=1 pk Sk (f ) = 0, f. Therefore, the condition
k=1 pk sk (t) = 0
is sufficient for eliminating the line spectrum.
PK
p s (t) 6= 0 for some t [t0 , t1 ]. For example, if sk (t) = Ik s(t), then
Now, suppose that
PK
P K k=1 k k
PK
k=1 pk sk (t) = s(t)
k=1 pk Ik , where
k=1 pk Ik i 6= 0 and s(t) is a signal pulse. Then, the
line spectrum vanishes if S(n/T ) = 0 for all n. A signal pulse that satisfies this condition is shown
below :
s(t)
6
1
T
-T
In this case, S(f ) = T

PK
k=1 pk sk (t)
sin T f
T f
- t
sin T f, so that S(n/T ) = 0 for all n. Therefore, the condition
= 0 is not necessary.
c

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Solutions Manual

Assuming M is even we have

whereas the average transmitted power of the QAM constellation:

The bandwidth required for transmission of an M -ary PAM signal is

The autocorrelation function for u (t) is :

Let a = + nT, da = d, and a (, ). Then :

The 16-QAM signal is represented as s(t) = In cos 2f t + Qn sin 2f t, where In = {1, 3} , Qn =

We have that Suu (f ) =

1. For the rectangular pulse :

3. The 3-db frequency for (a) is :

m= RBB (m) exp(j2f mT )

3. The transition matrix is :

The corresponding Markov chain model is illustrated in the following figure :

|G(f )|2 Sii (f ) where :

m= Rii (m) exp(j2f mT )

We may use the result in (3.4.27), where we set K = 2, p1 = p2 = 1/2 :

MFSK signal with waveforms : si (t) = sin 2it

Hence from (3.4.27) we obtain :

QPRS signal v(t) =

(Bn + jCn ) u(t nT ), Bn = In + In1 , Cn = Jn + Jn1 .

(RBB (m) + RCC (m)) = RBB (m) = RCC (m)

Hence, from (4-4-11) :

= RCC (m) = RZZ (m)

RBB (m)Ruu ( mT ) = Rvc ( ) = Rv ( )

1. Since : a = 0, a2 = 1, we have : Sss (f ) =

|G(f )|2 . But :

= E [an+m an ] + kE [an+m1 an ] + kE [an+m an1 ] + k2 E [an+m1 an1 ]

Rbb (m)ej2f mT = 1 + k2 + 2k cos 2f T

3. The requirement for zeros at f = l/4T, l = 1, 2, ... means : Sbb (l/4T ) = 0 1 + k2 +

cos(2f0 t + 0 )ej2f t dt,

because the product

1) The power spectral density of X(t) is given by

The Fourier transform of u(t) is

3) If we precode the input sequence as bn = In + In1 , then

and therefore, the power spectral density Sb (f ) is

the parameter should be such that

Xi (t) = n= an cos 2fc t and Xq (t) = n= bn sin 2fc t.

3. This is equivalent to a precoding of the form Jn = In + In1 where Jn = cn + jdn . Using

To have no DC components the PSD must vanish at f = 0, or 1 + ||2 + 2 Re[] = 0 resulting

From here we have

2. In this case = 0 and 2 =

3. For a = b the constellation

and Ri (m) = E[In In+m ]. Since the sequence In is iid we have

= 6(m) + 4(m 1) + 4(m + 1) + 2(m 2) + 2(m + 2)

= 6 + 8 cos(4f T ) + 4 cos(8f T ) and

First note that

a2m g2T (t 2mT ) j

a2m+1 g2T (t (2m + 1)T )

[g2T (t + 2nT )g2T (t 2nT )

+ g2T (t + (2n + 1)T )g2T (t (2n + 1)T )]

a2n g2T (t 2nT ) +

where we have used the following facts:

(b) For all n, a2n = 1.

Since an s are iid

1. bn = an1 an , hence P (bn = 0) = P (an = an1 = 0) + P (an = an1 = 1) = 12 and

Also obviously |G(f )|2 = T 2 sinc2 (T f ). Therefore

and for MSK :

For the rectangular pulse of QPSK, we have :

For the MSK pulse :

(check for tha 1/2 factor in the defn. Of autocorr. Function!)

a. For simplicity we assume binary CPM. Since it is partial response :

Hence the phase tree is as shown in the following figure :

b. The state trellis is obtained from the phase-tree modulo 2:

1. Full response binary CPFSK (q(T ) = 1/2):