Chapter 07 Final Control

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.
3442
Industrial Instruments 2
Chapter 7
Final Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh
Princess Sumaya Unive

rsity
3442 - Industrial Instruments 2
7: Final Control
2 / 46
Objective
The function of the final control element is to
translate low-energy control signals into a
level of action commensurate with the
process under control.

rsity
7: Final Control
3 / 46
Operation
Block Diagram
Control
Signal
Signal
Conversions
Actuator
Final
Control
Element
Process

rsity
7: Final Control
4 / 46
Operation
Block Diagram
Control
Signal
Signal
Conversions
The devices that perform such
signal conversions are often

called transducers because they
convert control signals from one
form to another, such as current to
pressure, current to voltage
etc.
Actuator
Final
Control
Element
Process

rsity
7: Final Control
5 / 46
Operation
Block Diagram
Control
Signal
Signal
Conversions
The actuator is a translation of
the (converted) control signal

into action on the control
element.
Actuator
Final
Control
Element
Process

rsity
7: Final Control
6 / 46
Operation
Block Diagram
Control
Signal
Signal
Conversions
The control element is operated
(run) by the actuator.
Actuator
Final
Control
Element
Process

rsity
7: Final Control
7 / 46
Operation
Block Diagram
Control
Signal
Signal
Conversions
process is operation
(objective) under control.
The
Actuator
Final
Control
Element
Process

rsity
7: Final Control
Operation
Example: Baking of Crackers
8 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Signal Conversions
Analog Electrical Signals
Relays
Mechanical
Solid-State
Amplifiers
Transistor
Op-amp
9 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Signal Conversions
Relays
Mechanical
10 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Signal Conversions
Relays
Mechanical
11 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Signal Conversions
Relays
Mechanical
12 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
13 / 46
Signal Conversions
Op-amp
Example:
Convert a 4 20 mA
control signal to a 5 10
V signal.
Solution:
Vin = Rin * Iin
Vout = K Vin + VB
V (Volts)
10
I (mA)
4
20

rsity
7: Final Control
14 / 46
Signal Conversions
Op-amp
Solution:
Vin = Rin * Iin
Vout (V)
10
Let Rin = 100

5
Vin (V)
0.4

rsity
7: Final Control
15 / 46
Signal Conversions
Op-amp
Solution:
Vout = K Vin + VB
5 = K * 0.4 + VB
10 = K * 2 + VB
K = 3.125
VB = 3.75
Vout = 3.125 Vin + 3.75
Vout = 3.125 (Vin + 1.2)
Vout (V)
10
Vin (V)
0.4

rsity
7: Final Control
16 / 46
Signal Conversions
Op-amp
Solution:
Vout = 3.125 (Vin + 1.2)

rsity
7: Final Control
17 / 46
Signal Conversions
Digital Electrical Signals
Op-amp
DAC
Direct Action
Example:
A 4-bit digital word is intended to control the setting of a 2 DC resistive heater. Heat output varies as a 0 24 V
input to the heater. Using a 10V DAC followed by an
amplifier and a unity gain high-current amplifier,
calculate: a) the settings from minimum to maximum
heat dissipation, and b) how the power varies with LSB
changes.

rsity
7: Final Control
Signal Conversions
DAC
Solution:
DAC 10V reference 24 = 16

Therefore:
1111 (15/16) * 10 = 9.375 V
.
V = (1/16) * 10 V
.
0000 0 V
Amplifier gain = 24 / 9.375 = 2.56
Incremental step = [(1/16) * 10 ] * 2.56 = 1.6 V
18 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Signal Conversions
19 / 46
Power (W)
DAC
Solution:
P (from 0000 to 0001)
= (1.6 V)2 / 2
= 1.28 W
P (from 1110 to 1111)

= (24)2 (22.4)2 / 2
= 37.12 W
Control Ward

rsity
7: Final Control
20 / 46
Signal Conversions
Pneumatic Signals
Pressure signal travels down the pipe at a speed in

the range of the speed of sound.

rsity
7: Final Control
21 / 46
Signal Conversions
Pneumatic Signals

Amplifier (booster or relay)

rsity
7: Final Control
22 / 46
Signal Conversions
Pneumatic Signals

Nozzle/Flapper system

rsity
7: Final Control
23 / 46
Signal Conversions
Pneumatic Signals

Nozzle/Flapper system
Current-to-Pressure converters

rsity
7: Final Control
Industrial Electronics
Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Maximum forward current

Peak reverse voltage
Trigger voltage
Trigger current
Holding current
24 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
SCR Operation:
Half-wave
25 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
SCR Operation:
Full-wave
26 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
SCR Operation: Full-wave (with digital control)
27 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
SCR Example
An SCR with a 4.0V
trigger is used as a
lightdimmer control.
What resistance, R,
should be used to
provide approximately
10% to 90% ON
time?
28 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
SCR Example
29 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
SCR Example
VC(t) = VO(1 e-t/RC)
4.0 = 10 (1 e-t/RC)
t = 0.511 RC
T half a cycle = 10 ms
10% 1 ms
90% 9 ms
With C = 0.12 F
Rmin = 16.3 K
Rmax = 147 K
30 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
TRIAC
DIAC
31 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
TRIAC
32 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
TRIAC Example
An DIAC with a 28V
breakdown voltage is
used in the light
dimmer control. What
resistance, R, should
be used to provide
approximately 10% to
90% ON time?
33 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
34 / 46
TRIAC Example
When does VAC reach 28 Volts so
that it becomes possible to trigger
the TRIAC?
VAC 220 * 2 sin (50 * 2 t )

28 = 310 sin(314 t)
t = 0.288 ms
2.9% of the period
And for 40 Volts:

40 = 310 sin(314 t)
t = 0.412 ms
4.1% of the period

rsity
7: Final Control
TRIAC Example
VC VZ (1 e t / RC )
28 = 40 [ 1 e t / RC ]
t = 1.2 RC
If t = 1 ms: Rmin = 6.9 K
If t = 9 ms: Rmax = 62.5 K
35 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Actuators
Electrical Actuators
Solenoid
36 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Actuators
Solenoid
DC Motor
AC Motor
37 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Actuators
Solenoid
DC Motor
AC Motor
Stepping Motor
38 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Actuators
Solenoid
DC Motor
AC Motor
Stepping Motor
Pneumatic Actuators
39 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Actuators
Solenoid
DC Motor
AC Motor
Stepping Motor
Pneumatic Actuators
Hydraulic Actuators
40 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Control Elements
Mechanical
Solid-Material Hopper Valves
41 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Control Elements
Mechanical
Paper Thickness
42 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Control Elements
Electrical
Motor Speed Control
43 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Control Elements
Electrical
Temperature Control
44 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
Control Elements
Fluid Valves
45 / 46

rsity
7: Final Control
46 / 46
End of Chapter 7

Chapter 07 Final Control

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 07 Final Control

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Princess Sumaya Univ.

Electronic Engineering Dept.

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

The devices that perform such

signal conversions are often

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

The actuator is a translation of

the (converted) control signal

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

The control element is operated

(run) by the actuator.

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Let Rin = 100

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Vout = 3.125 (Vin + 1.2)

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

DAC 10V reference 24 = 16

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

P (from 1110 to 1111)

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Pressure signal travels down the pipe at a speed in

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Pressure signal travels down the pipe at a speed in

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Pressure signal travels down the pipe at a speed in

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Pressure signal travels down the pipe at a speed in

Princess Sumaya Unive

3442 - Industrial Instruments 2

Maximum forward current

Princess Sumaya Unive