4/25/2015

RelativeatomicmassWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Relativeatomicmass
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Relativeatomicmass(symbol:Ar)isadimensionlessphysicalquantity,
theratiooftheaveragemassofatomsofanelement(fromasinglegiven
sampleorsource)to112ofthemassofanatomofcarbon12(knownas
theunifiedatomicmassunit).[1][2]Therelativeatomicmassisastatistical
term,referringtoanabundanceweightedfigureinvolvingmeasurement
ofmanyatoms.Asinallrelatedterms,theword"relative"refersto
makingthefigurerelativetocarbon12,sothatthefinalfigureis
dimensionless.
Thetermrelativeatomicmassisexactlyequivalenttoatomicweight,
whichistheolderterm.Intechnicalusage,thesevaluesaresample
specific(i.e.,elementsourcespecific)whenanaturalelementsourceis
composedofmorethanoneisotope.Thus,twosamplesofachemical
elementwhichisnaturallyfoundasbeingcomposedofmorethanone
isotope,collectedfromtwosubstantiallydifferentsources,areexpectedto
giveslightlydifferentrelativeatomicmasses(atomicweights),because
isotopicconcentrationstypicallyvaryslightlyduetothehistory(origin)
ofthesource.Thesevaluesdifferencesarerealandrepeatable,andcanbe
usedtoidentifyspecificsamples.Forexample,asampleofelemental
carbonfromvolcanicmethanewillhaveadifferentrelativeatomicmass
(atomicweight)thanonecollectedfromplantoranimaltissues(formore,
seeisotopegeochemistry).Inshort,theatomicweight(relativeatomic
mass)ofcarbonvariesslightlyfromplacetoplaceandfromsourceto
source,afactthatcanbeuseful.However,atypical(standard)figurealso
canbeuseful,asfollows.

Theatomicnumberof
hydrogenis1.The
standardatomicweightof
hydrogenis1.008(this
valueisnotgivenhereasan
expectationinterval,asitis
inelementsbelow).Atomic
weightisthesameas
relativeatomicmass.The
atomicweightsofsamples
ofhydrogenwillvary
accordingtotheircontent
ofheavyhydrogen
(deuterium),andthiswillin
turndependuponwherethe
samplesarecollected.

Boththetermsrelativeatomicmassandatomicweightaresometimeslooselyusedtorefertoa
technicallydifferentstandardizedexpectationvalue,calledthestandardatomicweight.Thisvalueis
themeanvalueofatomicweightsofanumberof"normalsamples"oftheelementinquestion.Forthis
definition,"[a]normalsampleisanyreasonablypossiblesourceoftheelementoritscompoundsin
commerceforindustryandscienceandhasnotbeensubjecttosignificantmodificationofisotopic
compositionwithinageologicallybriefperiod."[3]Thesestandardatomicweightsarepublishedat
regularintervalsbytheCommissiononIsotopicAbundancesandAtomicWeightsoftheInternational
UnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC)[4][5]The"standard"valuesareintendedasmeanvalues
thatcompensateforsmallvariancesintheisotopiccompositionofthechemicalelementsacrossarange
ofordinarysamplesonEarth,andthustobeapplicabletonormallaboratorymaterials.However,they
maynotaccuratelyreflectvaluesfromsamplesfromunusuallocationsorextraterrestrialobjects,which
oftenhavemorewidelyvariantisotopiccompositions.
Thestandardatomicweightsarereprintedinawidevarietyoftextbooks,commercialcatalogues,
PeriodicTablewallchartsetc.,andinthetablebelow.Theyarewhatchemistslooselycall"atomic
weights."
Thecontinueduseoftheterm"atomicweight"(ofanyelement),asopposedto"relativeatomicmass"
hasattractedconsiderablecontroversy,sinceatleastthe1960s,mainlyduetothetechnicaldifference
betweenweightandmassinphysics.[6](seebelow).BothtermsareofficiallysanctionedbyIUPAC.The
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass

1/8

4/25/2015

RelativeatomicmassWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

term"relativeatomicmass"nowseemstobegainingasthepreferredtermover"atomicweight,"
althoughinthecaseof"standardatomicweight,"thisshorterterm(asopposedto"standardrelative
atomicmass")continuestobepreferred.

Contents
1Definition(andcloselyrelatedterm)
1.1Currentdefinition
1.2Historicalamu
2Differingtermsreferringtothemassofsingleatoms
3Namingcontroversy
4Determinationofrelativeatomicmass
5Periodictablewithrelativeatomicmasses
6Seealso
7References
8Externallinks

Definition(andcloselyrelatedterm)
Relativeatomicmass
(nottobeconfused
withrelativeisotopic
mass)isasynonymfor
atomicweight,andin
somecircumstances
mayevenbe
synonymouswith
standardatomic
weight(dependingon
thesample,seebelow).
Itisanaverage
atomicmass,orthe
weightedmeanofthe

ExcerptoftheIUPACPeriodicTableoftheElementsshowingtheinterval
notationofthestandardatomicweightsofboron,carbon,andnitrogen
(ChemistryInternational,IUPAC).Example:thepiechartforboronshowsit
tobecomposedofabout20%B10and80%B11.Thisisotopemixcauses
thestandardatomicweightofordinaryEarthlyboronsamplestobeexpected
tofallwithintheinterval10.806to10.821.Boronsamplesfromunusual
sources,particularlynonterrestrialsources,mighthavemeasuredatomic
weightsthatfalloutsidethisrange.Atomicweightandrelativeatomicmass
aresynonyms.

atomicmassesofall
theatomsofaparticularchemicalelementfoundinaparticularsample,whichisthen
standardizedbycomparisontocarbon12.[7]Relativeatomicmassisfrequentlyusedasasynonym
forthestandardatomicweightanditiscorrecttodosoiftherelativeatomicmassusedisthatfor
anelementfromEarthunderdefinedconditions.However,relativeatomicmasscoversmorethan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass

2/8

4/25/2015

RelativeatomicmassWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

standardatomicweights,andisalessspecifictermthatmaymorebroadlyrefertononterrestrial
environmentsandhighlyspecificterrestrialenvironmentsthatdeviatefromEarthaverageorhave
differentcertainties(numberofsignificantfigures)thandothestandardatomicweights.
Standardatomicweightreferstotheexpectedrelativeatomicmassoratomicweightofan
elementsampleinthelocalenvironmentoftheEarth'scrustandatmosphereasdeterminedbythe
IUPACCommissiononAtomicWeightsandIsotopicAbundances.[8]Becausethesestandard
atomicweightsareanaverage(mean)ofrelativeisotopicmassesforagivenelementfrom
differentsources(placesonEarth),standardatomicweightsaresubjecttonaturalvariation.An
uncertaintyinbracketsoranexpectationintervalmaythereforebeincludedinsourcesofstandard
atomicweights(seeexampleinillustrationimmediatelyabove).Thisuncertaintyreflectsnatural
variabilityinisotopicdistributionforanelement,ratherthanuncertaintyinmeasurement(whichis
muchsmallerwithqualityinstruments).[9]
AlthoughthereisanattempttocovertherangeofvariabilityonEarthwithstandardatomicweight
figures,thereareknowncasesofmineralsampleswhichcontainelementswithatomicweightsthatare
outliersfromthestandardatomicweightrange.[10]
Lithiumrepresentsauniquecasewherethenaturalabundancesoftheisotopeshaveinsomecasesbeen
foundtohavebeenperturbedbyhumanisotopicseparationactivitiestothepointofaffectingthe
uncertaintyinitsstandardatomicweight,eveninsamplesobtainedfromnaturalsources,suchasrivers.
Forsyntheticelementstheisotopeformeddependsonthemeansofsynthesis,sotheconceptofnatural
isotopeabundancehasnomeaning.Therefore,forsyntheticelementsthetotalnucleoncountofthemost
stableisotope(i.e.,theisotopewiththelongesthalflife)islistedinbrackets,inplaceofthestandard
atomicweight.
Whentheterm"atomicweight"isusedinchemistry,usuallyitisthemorespecificstandardatomic
weightthatisimplied.Itisstandardatomicweightsthatareusedinperiodictablesandmanystandard
referencesinordinaryterrestrialchemistry.

Currentdefinition
PrevailingIUPACdefinitionstakenfromthe"GoldBook"are
atomicweightSee:relativeatomicmass[11]
and
relativeatomicmass(atomicweight)Theratiooftheaveragemassoftheatomtotheunified
atomicmassunit.[12]
Herethe"unifiedatomicmassunit"refersto1/12ofthemassofanatomof12Cinitsgroundstate.[13]
TheIUPACdefinition[1]ofrelativeatomicmassis:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass

3/8

4/25/2015

RelativeatomicmassWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Anatomicweight(relativeatomicmass)ofanelementfromaspecifiedsourceistheratio
oftheaveragemassperatomoftheelementto1/12ofthemassofanatomof12C.
Thedefinitiondeliberatelyspecifies"Anatomicweight",asanelementwillhavedifferentrelative
atomicmassesdependingonthesource.Forexample,boronfromTurkeyhasalowerrelativeatomic
massthanboronfromCalifornia,becauseofitsdifferentisotopiccomposition.[14][15]Nevertheless,
giventhecostanddifficultyofisotopeanalysis,itisusualtousethetabulatedvaluesofstandardatomic
weightswhichareubiquitousinchemicallaboratories.

Historicalamu
Older(pre1961)historicalrelativescales(basedontheatomicmassunit,ora.m.u.,oramu)usedeither
theoxygen16relativeisotopicmassforreference,orelsetheoxygenrelativeatomicmass(i.e.,atomic
weight)forreference.Seethearticleonthehistoryofthemodernunifiedatomicmassunitforthe
resolutionoftheseproblemsin1961.

Differingtermsreferringtothemassofsingleatoms
Relativeisotopicmassisasimilarsoundingtermwhichreferstoaquitedifferentquantity,
specificallytheratioofthemassofasingleatomtothemassofaunifiedatomicmassunit,
expressedasadimensionlessnumber.Therelativeisotopicmass(ofsingleatoms,etc.)is
discussedinthearticleonatomicmass,withwhichitissynonymous,saveforchoiceofmass
units.

Namingcontroversy
Theuseofthename"atomicweight"hasattractedagreatdealofcontroversyamongscientists.[6]
Objectorstothenameusuallyprefertheterm"relativeatomicmass"(nottobeconfusedwithatomic
mass).Thebasicobjectionisthatatomicweightisnotaweight,thatistheforceexertedonanobjectin
agravitationalfield,measuredinunitsofforcesuchasthenewtonorpoundal.
Inreply,supportersoftheterm"atomicweight"pointout(amongotherarguments)[6]that
thenamehasbeenincontinuoususeforthesamequantitysinceitwasfirstconceptualizedin
1808[16]
formostofthattime,atomicweightsreallyweremeasuredbyweighing(thatisbygravimetric
analysis)andthatthenameofaphysicalquantityshouldnotchangesimplybecausethemethodof
itsdeterminationhaschanged
theterm"relativeatomicmass"shouldbereservedforthemassofaspecificnuclide(orisotope),
while"atomicweight"beusedfortheweightedmeanoftheatomicmassesoveralltheatomsin
thesample
itisnotuncommontohavemisleadingnamesofphysicalquantitieswhichareretainedfor
historicalreasons,suchas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass

4/8

4/25/2015

RelativeatomicmassWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

electromotiveforce,whichisnotaforce
resolvingpower,whichisnotapowerquantity
molarconcentration,whichisnotamolarquantity(aquantityexpressedperunitamountof
substance).
Itcouldbeaddedthatatomicweightisoftennottruly"atomic"either,asitdoesnotcorrespondtothe
propertyofanyindividualatom.Thesameargumentcouldbemadeagainst"relativeatomicmass"used
inthissense.

Determinationofrelativeatomicmass
Modernrelativeatomicmasses(atermspecifictoagivenelementsample)arecalculatedfrommeasured
valuesofatomicmass(foreachnuclide)andisotopiccompositionofasample.Highlyaccurateatomic
massesareavailable[17][18]forvirtuallyallnonradioactivenuclides,butisotopiccompositionsareboth
hardertomeasuretohighprecisionandmoresubjecttovariationbetweensamples.[19][20]Forthis
reason,therelativeatomicmassesofthe22mononuclidicelements(whicharethesameastheisotopic
massesforeachofthesinglenaturallyoccurringnuclidesoftheseelements)areknowntoespecially
highaccuracy.Forexample,thereisanuncertaintyofonlyonepartin38millionfortherelativeatomic
massoffluorine,aprecisionwhichisgreaterthanthecurrentbestvaluefortheAvogadroconstant(one
partin20million).
Thecalculationisexemplifiedfor
silicon,whoserelativeatomicmassis
Abundance[19]
[18]
Isotope
Atomicmass
especiallyimportantinmetrology.
Standard
Range
Siliconexistsinnatureasamixtureof
28Si
27.97692653246(194) 92.2297(7)% 92.2192.25%
threeisotopes:28Si,29Siand30Si.The
29Si
atomicmassesofthesenuclidesare
28.976494700(22)
4.6832(5)% 4.674.69%
knowntoaprecisionofonepartin
30Si
29.973770171(32)
3.0872(5)% 3.083.10%
14billionfor28Siandaboutonepartin
onebillionfortheothers.Howeverthe
rangeofnaturalabundancefortheisotopesissuchthatthestandardabundancecanonlybegivento
about0.001%(seetable).Thecalculationis
Ar(Si)=(27.976930.922297)+(28.976490.046832)+(29.973770.030872)=28.0854
Theestimationoftheuncertaintyiscomplicated,[21]especiallyasthesampledistributionisnot
necessarilysymmetrical:theIUPACstandardrelativeatomicmassesarequotedwithestimated
symmetricaluncertainties,[22]andthevalueforsiliconis28.0855(3).Therelativestandarduncertaintyin
thisvalueis1 105or10ppm.Tofurtherreflectthisnaturalvariability,in2010,IUPACmadethe
decisiontolisttherelativeatomicmassesof10elementsasanintervalratherthanafixednumber.[23]

Periodictablewithrelativeatomicmasses

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass

5/8

4/25/2015

RelativeatomicmassWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Atomicweight
9
10

11

12

13

14

Group
Period

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

H
1.008

Li

Be

6.94

9.012

10.81

12.01

Na

Mg

Al

Si

22.99

24.31

26.98

28.09

14.01
30.97

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

39.10

40.08

44.96

47.87

50.94

52.00

54.94

55.85

58.93

58.69

63.55

65.38

69.72

72.63

74.92

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

85.47

87.62

88.91

91.22

92.91

95.95

[97.91]

101.07

102.91

106.42

107.87

112.41

114.82

118.71

121.76

Cs

Ba

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

132.91

137.33

178.49

180.95

183.84

186.21

190.23

192.22

195.08

196.97

200.59

204.38

207.2

208.98

Fr

Ra

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

Uut

Fl

Uup

[223.02] [226.03]

[267.12] [268.13] [271.13] [270.13] [277.15] [278.16] [281.17] [281.16] [285.18] [286.19] [289.19] [289.19]

La

Ce

Pr

138.91

140.12

140.91

Ac

Th

Pa

[227.03] 232.04

231.04

Nd

Pm

Sm

144.24 [144.91] 150.36

Np

Pu

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

151.96

157.25

158.93

162.50

164.93

167.26

168.93

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

238.03 [237.05] [244.06] [243.06] [247.07] [247.07] [251.08] [252.08] [257.10] [258.10]

Legendfortheperiodictable
Primordial

Fromdecay

Synthetic

Bordershowsnaturaloccurrenceoftheelement

Backgroundcolorshowssubcategoryinthemetalmetalloidnonmetaltrend:
Metal
Nonmetal
Unknown
Alkaline
Post
Metalloid
chemical
Alkali
Lan

Transition
PolyatomicDiatomic
earth
Actinide
transition
Noblegas
properties
metal
thanide
metal
nonmetal nonmetal
metal
metal

Seealso
InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC)
CommissiononIsotopicAbundancesandAtomicWeights

References
1. InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(1980)."AtomicWeightsoftheElements1979"
(http://goldbook.iupac.org/publications/pac/1980/pdf/5210x2349.html).PureAppl.Chem.52(10):234984.
doi:10.1351/pac198052102349(https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac198052102349).
2. InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(1993).Quantities,UnitsandSymbolsinPhysical
Chemistry,2ndedition,Oxford:BlackwellScience.ISBN0632035838.p.41.Electronicversion.
(http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/gbook/green_book_2ed.pdf)
3. Definitionofelementsample(http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05907.html)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass

6/8

4/25/2015

RelativeatomicmassWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

4. ThelatesteditionisInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(2006)."AtomicWeightsofthe
Elements2005"(http://goldbook.iupac.org/publications/pac/2006/pdf/7811x2051.html).PureAppl.Chem.78
(11):205166.doi:10.1351/pac200678112051(https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051).
5. Theupdatedlistofstandardatomicweightsisexpectedtobeformallypublishedinlate2008.The
IUPAC(InternationalUnionOfPureAndAppliedChemistry)CommissiononIsotopicAbundancesand
AtomicWeightsannounced(http://goldbook.iupac.org/objID/Note/nt50112469625981329917907)inAugust
2007thatthestandardatomicweightsofthefollowingelementswouldberevised(newfiguresquotedhere):
lutetium174.9668(1)molybdenum95.96(2)nickel58.6934(4)ytterbium173.054(5)zinc65.38(2).The
recommendedvaluefortheisotopeamountratioof40Ar/36Ar(whichcouldbeusefulasacontrol
measurementinargonargondating)wasalsochangedfrom296.03(53)to298.56(31).
6. deBivre,P.Peiser,H.S.(1992)." 'AtomicWeight'TheName,ItsHistory,Definition,andUnits"
(http://goldbook.iupac.org/publications/pac/1992/pdf/6410x1535.html).PureAppl.Chem.64(10):153543.
doi:10.1351/pac199264101535(https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199264101535).
7. IUPAC,CompendiumofChemicalTerminology,2nded.(the"GoldBook")(1997).Onlinecorrectedversion:
(2006)"relativeatomicmass(http://goldbook.iupac.org/R05258.html)".
8. IUPACDefinitionofStandardAtomicWeight(http://goldbook.iupac.org/goldbook/S05907.html)
9. ATOMICWEIGHTSOFTHEELEMENTS2005(IUPACTECHNICALREPORT),M.E.WIESERPure
Appl.Chem.,V.78,pp.2051,2006(http://goldbook.iupac.org/publications/pac/2006/pdf/7811x2051.html)
10. [1](http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05907.html)Definitionofstandardatomicweights:"Recommendedvaluesof
relativeatomicmassesoftheelementsrevisedbienniallybytheIUPACCommissiononAtomicWeightsand
IsotopicAbundancesandapplicabletoelementsinanynormalsamplewithahighlevelofconfidence.A
normalsampleisanyreasonablypossiblesourceoftheelementoritscompoundsincommerceforindustry
andscienceandhasnotbeensubjecttosignificantmodificationofisotopiccompositionwithinageologically
briefperiod."
11. IUPACGoldBookatomicweight(http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00505.html)
12. IUPACGoldBookrelativeatomicmass(atomicweight),Ar(http://goldbook.iupac.org/R05258.html)
13. IUPACGoldBookunifiedatomicmassunit(http://goldbook.iupac.org/U06554.html)
14. Greenwood,NormanN.Earnshaw,Alan(1984).ChemistryoftheElements
(http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ&q=0080220576&dq=008022057
6&source=bl&ots=m4tIRxdwSk&sig=XQTTjw5EN9n5z62JB3d0vaUEn0Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UoAWUN7
EM6ziQfyxIDoCQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA).Oxford:PergamonPress.pp.21,160.ISBN0080220576.
15. InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(2003)."AtomicWeightsoftheElements:Review2000"
(http://goldbook.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7506x0683.html).PureAppl.Chem.75(6):683800.
doi:10.1351/pac200375060683(https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).
16. Dalton,John(1808).ANewSystemofChemicalPhilosophy
(http://www.archive.org/details/newsystemofchemi01daltuoft).Manchester.
17. NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.AtomicWeightsandIsotopicCompositionsforAllElements
(http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass

7/8

4/25/2015

RelativeatomicmassWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

18. Wapstra,A.H.Audi,G.Thibault,C.(2003),TheAME2003AtomicMassEvaluation
(http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/masses/)(Onlineed.),NationalNuclearDataCenter.Basedon:
Wapstra,A.H.Audi,G.Thibault,C.(2003),"TheAME2003atomicmassevaluation(I)",Nuclear
PhysicsA729:129336,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729..129W
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729..129W),doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.002
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.002)
Audi,G.Wapstra,A.H.Thibault,C.(2003),"TheAME2003atomicmassevaluation(II)",Nuclear
PhysicsA729:337676,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729..337A
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729..337A),doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.003)
19. Rosman,K.J.R.Taylor,P.D.P.(1998),"IsotopicCompositionsoftheElements1997"
(http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1998/pdf/7001x0217.pdf)(PDF),PureandAppliedChemistry70(1):
21735,doi:10.1351/pac199870010217(https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199870010217)
20. Coplen,T.B.etal.(2002),"IsotopicAbundanceVariationsofSelectedElements"
(http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7410x1987.pdf)(PDF),PureandAppliedChemistry74(10):
19872017,doi:10.1351/pac200274101987(https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200274101987)
21. Meija,JurisMester,Zoltn(2008)."Uncertaintypropagationofatomicweightmeasurementresults"
(http://stacks.iop.org/Met/45/53).Metrologia45:5362.Bibcode:2008Metro..45...53M
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Metro..45...53M).doi:10.1088/00261394/45/1/008
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F00261394%2F45%2F1%2F008).
22. Holden,NormanE.(2004)."AtomicWeightsandtheInternationalCommitteeAHistoricalReview"
(http://goldbook.iupac.org/publications/ci/2004/2601/1_holden.html).ChemistryInternational26(1):47.
23. IUPACInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry:AtomicWeightsofTenChemicalElements
AbouttoChange(http://goldbook.iupac.org/news/newsdetail/article/atomicweightsoftenchemical
elementsabouttochange.html)

Externallinks
IUPACCommissiononIsotopicAbundancesandAtomicWeights(http://www.ciaaw.org)
NISTrelativeatomicmassesofallisotopesandthestandardatomicweightsoftheelements
(http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some)
AtomicWeightsoftheElements2011(http://goldbook.iupac.org/publications/pac/85/5/1047/)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_atomic_mass&oldid=652902242"
Categories: Amountofsubstance Chemicalproperties Stoichiometry Periodictable
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon21March2015,at17:27.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionalterms
mayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass

8/8