Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) is a substantially linear polymer (polyethylene), with significant numbers of short

branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with longer-chain olefins. Linear low-density polyethylene differs
structurally from conventional low-density polyethylene (LDPE) because of the absence of long chain branching. The linearity of
LLDPE results from the different manufacturing processes of LLDPE and LDPE. In general, LLDPE is produced at lower
temperatures and pressures by copolymerization of ethylene and such higher alpha-olefins as butene, hexene, or octene. The
copolymerization process produces a LLDPE polymer that has a narrower molecular weight distribution than conventional LDPE
and in combination with the linear structure, significantly different rheological properties.
Contents
[hide]

1 Production and properties

2 Processing

3 Application

4 Physical properties

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

Production and properties[edit]

The production of LLDPE is initiated by transition metal catalysts, particularly Ziegler or Philips type of catalyst. The actual
polymerization process can be done either in solution phase or in gas phase reactors. Usually, octene is the comonomer in
solution phase while butene and hexene are copolymerized with ethylene in a gas phase reactor. LLDPE has higher tensile
strength and higher impact and puncture resistance than does LDPE. It is very flexible and elongates under stress. It can be used
to make thinner films, with better environmental stress cracking resistance. It has good resistance to chemicals. It has good
electrical properties. However, it is not as easy to process as LDPE, has lower gloss, and narrower range for heat sealing.

Processing[edit]
LDPE and LLDPE have unique rheological or melt flow properties. LLDPE is less shear sensitive because of its
narrower molecular weight distribution and shorter chain branching. During a shearing process, such as extrusion, LLDPE
remains more viscous and, therefore, harder to process than an LDPE of equivalent melt index. The lower shear sensitivity of
LLDPE allows for a faster stress relaxation of the polymer chains during extrusion, and, therefore, the physical properties are
susceptible to changes in blow-up ratios. In melt extension, LLDPE has lower viscosity at all strain rates. This means it will not
strain harden the way LDPE does when elongated. As the deformation rate of the polyethylene increases, LDPE demonstrates a
dramatic rise in viscosity because of chain entanglement. This phenomenon is not observed with LLDPE because of the lack of
long-chain branching in LLDPE allows the chains to slide by one another upon elongation without becoming entangled. This
characteristic is important for film applications because LLDPE films can be downgauged easily while maintaining high strength
and toughness. Therheological properties of LLDPE are summarized as "stiff in shear" and "soft in extension". It is not taken in
most curbside pickups in communities. LLDPE can berecycled though into other things like trash can liners, lumber, landscaping
ties, floor tiles, compost bins, and shipping envelopes

Application[edit]
LLDPE has penetrated almost all traditional markets for polyethylene; it is used for plastic bags and sheets (where it allows using
lower thickness than comparable LDPE), plastic wrap, stretch wrap, pouches, toys, covers, lids, pipes, buckets and containers,

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covering of cables, geomembranes,[1] and mainly flexible tubing. In 2013, the world market for LLDPE reached a volume of $40
billion.[2]
LLDPE is manufactured by using metallocene catalysts labeled mLLDPE.

Physical properties[edit]
Property

Value

Density

0.95 g/cm

Surface hardness

SD48

Tensile strength

30 MPa

Flexural modulus

0.35 GPa

Notched izod

1.06+ kJ/m

Linear expansion

20105/C

Elongation at break

500%

Strain at yield

20%

Max. operating temp.

50 C

Water absorption

0.01%

Oxygen index

17%

Flammability UL94

HB

Volume resistivity

1016 cm

Dielectric strength

25 MV/m

Dissipation factor 1 kHz

909090

Dielectric constant 1 kHz

2.3

HDT @ 0.45 MPa

45 C

HDT @ 1.80 MPa

37 C

Material drying

NA
120 to 160

Melting Temp. Range

Mould Shrinkage

3%

Mould temp. range

22 to 60 C

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made

from the monomer ethylene. It was the first grade
of polyethylene, produced in 1933 by Imperial Chemical
Industries (ICI) using a high pressure process via free radical
polymerization.[1] Its manufacture employs the same method
today. The EPA estimates 5.7% of LDPE (recycling number 4)
is recycled.[2] Despite competition from more modern polymers,
LDPE continues to be an important plastic grade. In 2013 the
worldwide LDPE market reached a volume of about US$33
billion.[3]
Contents
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[hide]
1 Properties
o

1.1 Chemical resistance

2 Applications
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Properties[edit]
LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.9100.940 g/cm 3. It is
not reactive at room temperatures, except by strong oxidizing
agents, and some solvents cause swelling. It can withstand
temperatures of 80 C continuously and 95 C for a short time.
Made in translucent or opaque variations, it is quite flexible,
and tough but breakable.[citation needed]
LDPE has more branching (on about 2% of the carbon atoms)
than HDPE, so its intermolecular forces (instantaneous-dipole
induced-dipole attraction) are weaker, its tensile strength is
lower, and its resilience is higher. Also, since its molecules are
less tightly packed and less crystalline because of the side
branches, its densityis lower. LDPE contains the chemical
elements carbon and hydrogen.
Chemical resistance[edit]

Excellent resistance (no attack / no chemical reaction) to

dilute and concentrated acids, alcohols, bases and esters

Good resistance (minor attack / very low chemical

reactivity) to aldehydes, ketones and vegetable oils

Limited resistance (moderate attack / significant chemical

reaction, suitable for short-term use only)
to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oils,
andoxidizing agents

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Poor resistance, and not recommended for use

with halogenated hydrocarbons.[4]

Applications[edit]

A GEECO bowl, c.1950, still used in 2014.

LDPE is widely used for manufacturing various containers,
dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags for
computer components, and various molded laboratory
equipment. Its most common use is in plastic bags. Other
products made from it include:

Trays and general purpose containers

Corrosion-resistant work surfaces

Parts that need to be weldable and machinable

Parts that require flexibility, for which it serves very well

Very soft and pliable parts such as snap-on lids

Six pack rings

Juice and milk cartons are made of liquid packaging

board, a laminate of paperboard and LDPE (as the
waterproof inner and outer layer), and often with of a layer
of aluminum foil (thus becoming aseptic packaging).[5][6]

Packaging for computer hardware, such as hard disk

drives, screen cards, and optical disc drives

Playground slides

Plastic wraps

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See also[edit]

Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE)

Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET/PETE)

Stretch wrap

Polyethylene / HDPE & LDPE

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
HDPE is a linear polymer that is used to create materials,
such as, arena board, telecomducts, fuel tanks for vehicles,
meter & valve boxes, plastic lumber, folding tables and chairs,
storage sheds, pipes, etc.
Because of the absence of branching, the more closely packed
structure has a higher density and specified strength. It is
harder and more opaque, which can withstand, to some extent,
higher temperatures. (120 Celsius for short periods, 110
Celsius continuously).
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
LDPE a polyolefin that is widely used for producing
containers, such as, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing,
etc. Originally developed some 50 years ago by the high
pressure polymerization of ethylene, other products made from
it are: trays, different usage containers, corrosion-resistant work
surfaces, etc.
The small presence of branching in the chain (about 2% of
carbon atoms) gives a more open structure. Defined by a
density range of 0.9100.940 g/cm, it can present itself as
translucent to opaque. It is strong enough to be virtually
indestructible and at the same time flexible. Though when
slowly attacked by overpowering oxidizing agents and certain
solvents, this can cause softening or swelling, resulting in

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breakage. LDPE is not reactive at room temperature, so

should be used at temperatures up to 95 Celsius for short
periods and at 80 Celsius continuously. LDPE contains the
chemical elements carbon and hydrogen.
lastic material used for both rigid containers and plastic
film applications.
Chemical Resistance: -Excellent resistance (no attack)
to dilute and concentrated acids, alcohols, bases and
esters -Good resistance (minor attack) to aldehydes,
ketones and vegetable oils -Limited resistance
(moderate attack suitable for short-term use only) to
aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oils, and
oxidizing agents -Poor resistance, and not
recommended for use with Halogenated hydrocarbons.
LDPE is widely used for manufacturing various
containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing,
plastic bags for computer components, and various
molded laboratory equipment. Its most common use is
in plastic bags.
View more information on Low Density Polyethylene
LDPE.
Polyethylene is a polyolefin. Polyolefins are high molecular
weight hydrocarbons. Polyolefins include linear low density
polyethylene, low density polyethylene, high density
polyethylene, polypropylene copolymer, polypropylene, and
polymethyl pentene. These are the only plastics that have a
lower specific gravity than water. This means that they weigh
less than water. These materials can become brittle from
oxidation and are damaged by exposure to UV light.
When ethylene is polymerized the result is relatively straight
polymer chains. From the main chain they can branch out. We
get different kinds of Polyethylenes from the varying degree of
branching in their molecular structure. Below are brief
descriptions on how the polyethylenes differ from each other.
LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) has the most excessive
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branching. This causes the low density to have a less compact

molecular structure which is what makes it less dense. It has a
density of 0.910-0.925 g/cm3.
HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) has minimal branching of
its polymer chains. Because it is denser it is more rigid and
less permeable then the LDPE. It has a density of 0.9410.965 g/cm3.
LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) has a significant
number of short branches. Because it has shorter and more
branches its chains are able slide against each other upon
elongation without becoming entangled like LPDE which has
long branching chains that would get caught on each other.
This gives LLDPE higher tensile strength and higher impact
and puncture resistance than the LDPE. It has a density of
0.91-0.94 g/cm3.
MDPE (Medium Density Polyethylene) has a little less
branching then the HDPE. It is less notch sensitive then HDPE
and has better stress cracking resistance. It has a density
range of 0.926 - 0.940 g/cm3
UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) has
extremely long chains, with molecular weight numbering in the
millions (usually between 2 to 6 million). In general, HDPE
molecules have between 700 and 1,800 monomer units per
molecule, whereas UHMWPE molecules tend to have 100,000
to 250,000 monomers each. The chains of UHMW align in the
same direction. The bonds between the chains are not very
strong however, because they are so long there are more
bonds holding it together then polyethylene with shorter chains.
These long chains give UHMW high tensile strength. The
longer chains serve to transfer load more effectively to the
polymer backbone by strengthening intermolecular interactions.
This causes the material to be very tough and gives it the
highest impact strength of the polyethylenes. It has a density of
0.928-0.941 g/cm3.
XLPE (Crosslinked Polyethylene) is high density
polyethylene which has covalent bonds between connecting its
polymer chains. These bonds are caused by using heat plus
chemicals or radiation and they help to form 3-dimensional
polymers with high molecular weights. These bonds tie the
polymers together and lengthening the polymer chains giving it
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better physical properties. The molecular structure that is

formed by crosslinking provides superior stress cracking,
improved toughness, stiffness, and chemical resistance
compared to the HDPE
LDPE is softer, more flexable and melts at lower temperatures
than HDPE. LDPE is used for things like sandwich bags.
HDPE is harder, has a higher chemical resistance and can
withstand higher temperatures. (120 Degrees Celsius for short
periods and 110 Degrees Celcuis continiously) It is used for
things like Plastic bins.

The Differences of Application Between HDPE, LDPE, MDPE

AsWell As PP Woven and Non Woven Bag
Definition of LDPE, HDPE, MDPE and PP woven material?HDPE (high
density polyethylene) is manufactured at low temperatures and pressures,using
Ziegler-Natal and misallocate catalysts or activated chromium oxide (known as
aPhillips catalyst). The lack of branches in its structure allows the polymer chains
to pack closely together, resulting in a dense, highly crystalline material of high
strength andmoderate stiffness.On the other hand, LDPE (low density
polyethylene) LDPE is prepared from gaseousethylene under very high pressures
(up to about 350 megapascals, or 50,000 pounds persquare inch) and high
temperatures (up to about 350 C [660 F]) in the presence of oxideinitiators.
These processes yield a polymer structure with both long and short
branches.Because the branches prevent the polyethylene molecules from packing
closely togetherin hard, stiff, crystalline arrangements, LDPE is a very flexible
material. Its melting pointis approximately 110 C (230 F).MDPE (medium
density polyethylene) is the mix of LDPE and HDPE.The other material, PP
woven (Polypropylene Woven), is produced through the extrusionof a wide sheet
of PP which is cut into long trends and then is woven together to make
acontinuous sheet of woven material. With the character of strength, cost
effectiveness andbreathable hole, PP woven material is also a flexible material for
packing grocery.In fact, with different characters, each material has separated
feature and to be used fordifferent function.How these different materials are used
for different purposes of producing packing bagLDPE material which is soft,
smooth and shiny is suitable for producing high qualitypacking bags of the
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luxurious goods like hand watch, clothes, handbags, etc. However,because of its
quality, the price of virgin LDPE material is quite high which a challengeis for
small companies. Therefore, they can suggest the producer adding
recycledmaterials in order to decrease the price as well as making the bag
environmentallyfriendly.HDPE on the other hand, is a popular choice of many
companies as the high quality,cheap price and stiff shape material. Moreover,
HDPE enables manufacturer to producewith thin thickness; therefore, is flexible
for diverse kinds of goods. However, to comparewith the LDPE material, the
HDPE is not as soft and shiny as LDPE; hence, is preferredfor the industrial
products, food and grocery, etc.MDPE is the combination of LDPE and HDPE.
It means MDPE has both of the characterof those two materials: it is softer than
HDPE and not smooth as LDPE with the average
thickness. MDPE is invented at the aim of satisfying all requirements of
customers. Thecustomer may hope that the bags are a little soft and shiny but
with the cheap price. Inthis situation, the MDPE is the best choice.Those three
materials above with their relatively thin thickness have a disadvantage withsome
kinds of goods like the heavy machine, the machine with sharp sides, etc.
However,PP woven material with its thickness, strength due to its tight plaited
succession as wellas breathable hole makes those tasks easier to fulfill. PP woven
allows a safetransportation with long distance which is now a best choice for
export companies.Moreover, its durability enables the customer to reuse for other
purposes.That is to say, choosing packing bag for the goods are not as simple as
people normallythought it is. It demands that company understand deeply their
products and scale to getsuitable ones.For more information on HDPE, LDPE,
MDPE, PP woven bags and other luxuriousPlastic Carrier Bags
visithttp://hathanhplastic.com Here you will find details on various types of
printed plastic bag and get responses from agreat supplier so that you can find the
best price and promotional items for yourmarketing needs.HDPE bag, LDPE
bags, MDPE bags, plastic bags, PP woven plastic bag, T shirt bag, softloop bag,
patc

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