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Experiment 7: Aims and Principles
Aim
To ascertain the concentration of fluoride present in mineral water, drinking water,
toothpaste and mouthwash. This is achieved by using a fluoride ion selective
electrode and the working curve method.
Principles
Potentiometric ion selective electrodes (ISE) are made up of an inner filling solution,
an outer test solution and two reference electrodes as can be seen in figure 1 [1].
The inner filling solution contains a fixed concentration of the analyte while the
outer test solution contains an unknown analyte concentration. These two solutions
are separated by an active membrane [1, 2].
F- [1]. This
regarded as positive with respect to the other side. As a result a potential difference
which can be measured is generated across the membrane [1, 2]. This measured
F-
as OH- directly affect the measured potential because they bind to the membrane
surface and complex with the
F-
free fluoride ions [5]. For this reason a buffer solution must be used [1].
The most commonly used buffer is TISAB (Total Ionic Strength Buffer) [1]. TISAB
maintains a constant ionic strength in the analyte solution and the calibration
standards; it also minimizes interference by controlling the level of OH - [1, 5].
At a pH below 5.0,
potential [6]. TISAB has a buffering ability and therefore controls the pH of the
solution so that it does not fall to below 5.0 [1]. TISAB also controls the pH of the
analyte solution so that the concentration of OH - does not become larger than 10%
than that of the fluoride ion present [5].
References
1. Henderson D.E., 2010. A Potentiometric Analysis of Fluoride ion in Toothpaste
[Online].
Available at: http://infohost.nmt.edu/~jaltig/Toothpaste.pdf
[Accessed on 4 April 2015]
2. Lingane J.J., 1968. Lathanum fluoride membrane electrode for potentiometric
determination and titration of fluoride. Analytical chemistry 40(6), pp. 935939.
3. Pillay, L., 2015. CHEM340: Instrumental Analysis Practical Manual, School of
Chemistry and Physics, UKZN Durban, pp 35-36.
4. Kealey D., Haines P.J., 2002. Instant notes on Analytical Chemistry, pp.70-73.
5. Noh J., Coetzee P., 2007. Evaluation of the potentiometric determination of
trace fluoride in natural and drinking water with a fluoride ISE [Online]