CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E.

Quiroz

P
TENSION MEMBER:
Structural member
subjected to tensile axial
load.

P
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Strength design requirements:

Pu Pn (Pa Pn/)ASD
Where varies depending on failure mode.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Tensile Strength
Strength Limit States:
Yielding on Gross Area
Rupture on Net Area
Block Shear
Bearing or Tear-out at Bolts

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

INSERT INFORMATION:
Sample AISC Tables
Table_5-2_pp15-16.PDF
Table_5-8_pp47-48.PDF
Table_1-7_pp46-49.PDF
Table_7-4_pp26.PDF
Table_7-5_pp28.PDF

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Yielding on Gross Area, Ag

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Yield on Gross Area

When a member is loaded the strength is limited by the
yielding of the entire cross section.

P=FyA
L0
yL0

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Yield on Gross Area

When a member is loaded the strength is limited by the
yielding of the entire cross section.

P=FyA

L
yL0

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

P
8

Yield on Gross Area

However, consider how this is affected by the

stress-strain conditions.
Consider L0=100 inch long tension member.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Yield on Gross Area

Fu
Esh

Stress

Fy

E
y

sh

u
.1 to .2

.001 to .002 .01 to .03

Strain

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

10

Yield on Gross Area

Fu
Esh

Stress

Fy

E
y

y = 0.0015(100) = 0.15
sh

.001 to .002 .01 to .03

Strain

u
.1 to .2
u

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

11

Yield on Gross Area

Fu
Esh

Stress

Fy

sh = 0.02(100) = 2
E
y

y = 0.0015(100) = 0.15
sh

.001 to .002 .01 to .03

Strain

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

u
.1 to .2
u

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

12

Yield on Gross Area

u = 0.15(100) = 15
Fu
Esh

Stress

Fy

sh = 0.02(100) = 2
E
y

y = 0.0015(100) = 0.15
sh

.001 to .002 .01 to .03

Strain

u
.1 to .2
u

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

13

Yield on Gross Area

Consider L0 = 100 inch long tension member.
Yield
= approx. 0.00172(100) = 0.172
Onset of Strain Hardening = approx. 0.02(100)
= 2
= approx. 0.15(100)
= 15
Peak Load
Excessive deformations defines Failure for
tension member yielding.
Limit to FyAg.
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

14

Yield on Gross Area

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
15
Quiroz

Yield on Gross Area

Pn = FyAg

Equation D2-1

t = 0.90 (t = 1.67)
Ag = Gross Area
Total cross-sectional area in the plane
perpendicular to tensile stresses.
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
Juan E.
16
Quiroz

Rupture on Effective Net Area, Ae

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

17

Rupture on Effective Net Area

If holes are included in the cross section

less area resists the tension force.
Bolt holes are larger than the bolt
diameter.
In addition, processes of punching holes
can damage the steel around the
perimeter.
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

18

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Pn

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

19

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.
Initial stresses will typically include
stress concentrations due to higher
strains at these locations.

Pn

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

20

10

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.
Highest strain locations yield,
then elongate along plastic
plateau while adjacent stresses
increase with additional strain.

Pn

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

21

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Pn
Eventually at very high strains
the ductility of steel results in
full yielding of the cross
section.
CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

22

11

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Design typically uses average stress values.

This assumption relies on the inherent ductility of steel.

Pn

Therefore average stresses are

typically used in design.
CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

23

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Similarly, bolts and surrounding material will yield prior

to rupture due to the inherent ductility of steel.
Therefore assume each bolt transfers equal force .

Pn

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

24

12

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Shear Lag affects members where:

Only a portion of the cross section is connected,
Connection does not have sufficient length.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

25

Rupture on Effective Net Area

The plate will fail in the line with the highest force
(for similar number of bolts in each line).
Each bolt line shown transfers 1/3 of the total force.

Pn
Bolt line

1
CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

Net area
reduced by
hole area
Cross Section
26

13

Rupture on Effective Net Area

The plate will fail in the line with the highest force
(for similar number of bolts in each line).
Each bolt line shown transfers 1/3 of the total force.
Pn

Pn

Pn
Bolt line

Net area
reduced by
hole area
Cross Section

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

27

Rupture on Effective Net Area

The plate will fail in the line with the highest force
(for similar number of bolts in each line).
Each bolt line shown transfers 1/3 of the total force.
Pn/6
2/3Pn

Pn/6

Pn

Pn
Bolt line

1
CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

Net area
reduced by
hole area
Cross Section
28

14

Rupture on Effective Net Area

The plate will fail in the line with the highest force
(for similar number of bolts in each line).
Each bolt line shown transfers 1/3 of the total force.
Pn/6 Pn/6
1/3Pn

Pun/6 Pn/6

Pun

Pn
Bolt line

Net area
reduced by
hole area
Cross Section

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

29

Rupture on Effective Net Area

The plate will fail in the line with the highest force
(for similar number of bolts in each line).
Each bolt line shown transfers 1/3 of the total force.
Pn/6 Pn/6 Pn/6
Pn/6 Pn/6 Pn/6

Pn

Pn
Bolt line

1
CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

Net area
reduced by
hole area
Cross Section
30

15

Rupture on Effective Net Area

The plate will fail in the line with the highest force
(for similar number of bolts in each line).
Each bolt line shown transfers 1/3 of the total force.

Bolt line 1 resists Pn in the plate.

Force in plate Bolt line 2 resists 2/3Pn in the plate.
Bolt line 3 resists 1/3Pn in the plate.
Net area
Pn
1/3
2/3
0
reduced by
Pn
Pn Pn
hole area
Cross Section
1
2
Bolt line 3
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

31

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Consider how this is affected by the stress-strain

conditions.
Consider L0=1 inch diameter holes.
1 inch

Pn

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

32

16

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Fu
Esh

Stress

Fy

E
y

u
.1 to .2

sh

.001 to .002 .01 to .03

Strain

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

33

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Fu
Esh

Fy =

Stress

50 ksi

E
y

= 0.0017(1) = 0.0017
sh

u
.1 to .2

.001 to .002 .01 to .03

Strain

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

34

17

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Fu
Esh

Fy

Stress

= 0.02(1) = 0.02
E
y

= 0.0015(1) = 0.0015
u
.1 to .2

sh

.001 to .002 .01 to .03

Strain

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

35

Rupture on Effective Net Area

u = 0.15(1) = 0.15
Fu
Esh

Stress

Fy

sh = 0.02(1) = 0.02
E
y

y = 0.0017(1) = 0.0017
sh

.001 to .002 .01 to .03

Strain

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

u
.1 to .2
u

.1 to .2

.2 to .3

36

18

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Consider L0=1 inch hole diameter.

Yield
= approx. 0.00172(1) = 0.00172
Onset of Strain Hardening = approx. 0.02(1)
= 0.02
Peak Load
= approx. 0.15(1)
= 0.15
Failure at net area can achieve Fu
so long as ductility is available.

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

37

Rupture on Effective Net Area

For a plate with a typical bolt pattern the rupture plane is shown.
Yield on Ag would occur along the length of the member.
Both failure modes depend on cross-sectional areas.
Rupture failure across
section at lead bolts.

Pn
Yield failure (elongation)
occurs along the length of
the member.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

38

19

Rupture on Effective Net Area

What if holes are not in a line perpendicular to the load?

Need to include
additional length/area
of failure plane due to
non-perpendicular path.

Pn

g
s

Additional strength depends on:

Geometric length increase
Combination of tension and shear stresses
Combined effect makes a direct calculation difficult.
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

39

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Boundary of force transfer

into the plate from each bolt.

Pn

As the force is transferred from each bolt it spreads through the

tension member. This is sometimes called the flow of forces
Note that the forces from the left 4 bolts act on the full cross
section at the failure plane (bolt line nearest load application).

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

40

20

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Now consider a
much wider plate.
Pn

At the rupture plane (right bolts) forces have not engaged the
entire plate.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

41

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Rupture Plane

Now consider a
much wider plate.

Pn

At rupture plane (right bolts) forces have not engaged the entire
plate.

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

42

21

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Portion of member
carrying no tension.

Rupture Plane

Now consider a
much wider plate.

Pn

At the rupture plane (right bolts) forces have not engaged the
entire plate.

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

43

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Portion of member
carrying no tension.

Rupture Plane

Pn

Now consider a
much wider plate.

Effective length of
rupture plane

At the rupture plane (right bolts) forces have not engaged the
entire plate.

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

44

22

Rupture on Effective Net Area

This concept
describes the
Whitmore Section.

30o

Pn

lw= width of
Whitmore Section

30o

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

45

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Shear Lag
Accounts for distance required for stresses to distribute
from connectors into the full cross section.
Largest influence when
Only a portion of the cross section is connected.
Connection does not have sufficient length.
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

46

23

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Shear Lag
Ae = Effective Net Area
An = Net Area
Ae An Due to Shear Lag

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

47

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Pn

l= Length of Connection

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

48

24

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Pn

Rupture
Plane
l= Length of Connection

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

49

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Pn
Distribution of
Forces Through
Section

Rupture
Plane
l= Length of Connection

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

50

25

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Section Carrying
Tension Forces

Pn

Distribution of
Forces Through
Section

Rupture
Plane
l= Length of Connection

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

51

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Pn
Area not
Effective in
Tension Due to
Shear Lag

Effective Net
Area in Tension
CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

Shear lag less

influential when l is
long, or if outstanding
leg has minimal area
or eccentricity
52

26

Rupture on Effective Net Area

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
53
Quiroz

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Pn = FuAe

Equation D2-2

t = 0.75 (t = 2.00)
Ae = Effective Net Area
Accounts for any holes or openings,
potential failure planes not
perpendicular to the tensile stresses,
and effects of shear lag.

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
54
Quiroz

27

Rupture on Effective Net Area

An = Net Area = Net Width x thickness
Modify gross area (Ag) to account for the following:
Holes or openings
Potential failure planes not
perpendicular to the tensile stresses.

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
55
Quiroz

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Diagonal hole pattern:
Net Width = Gross Width + s2/4g width of all holes
Section B4.3b and D3.2
s = longitudinal center-to-center spacing of holes (pitch)
g = transverse center-to-center spacing between fastener lines (gage)
Pu

g
s

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
56
Quiroz

28

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Holes or openings
Section D4.3b
Use1/16 greater bolt hole width than nominal
hole dimension shown in Table J3.3.
Accounts for potential damage in fabrication.

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
57
Quiroz

Rupture on Effective Net Area

When considering angles:

Find gage (g) on page 1-48 of Manual,

Workable Gages in Standard Angles
unless otherwise noted.

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
58
Quiroz

29

Rupture on Effective Net Area

An = Net Area
An = Ag- (dn+1/16)t + (s2/(4g))t
dn = nominal hole diameter
t = thickness of tension member
Other terms defined on previous slides
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
Juan E.
59
Quiroz

Rupture on Effective Net Area

Ae = Effective Net Area
Modify net area (An) to account for shear lag.
Ae = AnU

x
U 1
l

Or value per
Table D3.1

Equation D3-1
U = shear lag factor reduction

x = eccentricity of connection
l = length where force transfer occurs
(distance parallel to applied tension
CAE525 force along bolts or weld)
IIT - Dr.
Juan E.
60
Quiroz

30

Block Shear

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

61

Block Shear Area

Block Shear Failures

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

62

31

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

63

Block Shear
Failure Tears Out Block of Steel
Block defined by:
Center line of holes
Edge of welds
State of Combined Yielding and Rupture
Failure Planes
At least one each in tension and shear.
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

64

32

Block Shear
Typical Examples in Tension Members:
Angle Connected on One Leg
W-Shape Flange Connection
Plate Connection

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Block Shear

65

Angle Bolted to Plate

Pn

Pn

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

66

33

Block Shear

Angle Bolted to Plate

Shear plane on Angle

Pn

Tension plane on Angle

Pn

Tension plane on Plate

Shear plane on Plate

(Shorter Dimension Controls if Fy and t are the same)

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

Block Shear

67

Angle Bolted to Plate

Pn

Block Failure from Angle

Block Failure From Plate
Pn

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

68

34

Flange of W-Shape
Bolted to Plate

Block Shear

Pn

First look at the W-Shape, then the plate

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

69

Flange of W-Shape
Bolted to Plate

Block Shear
Shear planes on W-Shape

Pn

Tension planes on W-Shape

First look at the W-Shape, then the plate

CAE525 -Tension
IIT - Dr.Theory
Juan E. Quiroz

70

35

Block Shear

Flange of W-Shape
Bolted to Plate

Pn

Block Failure in W-Shape

First look at the W-Shape, then the plate

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Block Shear

71

Flange of W-Shape
Bolted to Plate

Pn

Pn

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

72

36

Flange of W-Shape
Bolted to Plate

Block Shear

Pn

Shear planes on Plate

Tension planes on Plate
Pn

Tension plane on Plate

Shear planes on Plate

Tension Theory
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Block Shear

73
73

Flange of W-Shape
Bolted to Plate

Pn

Block Failure in Plate

Pn

Block Failure in Plate

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

74

37

Block Shear

Angle or Plate Welded to Plate

Pn

Weld around the perimeter

Two Block Shear Failures to Check

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Block Shear

75

Angle or Plate Welded to Plate

Pn

Pn

Tension Theory
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

76
76

38

Block Shear

Angle or Plate Welded to Plate

Pn
Shear plane on Plate
Tension plane on Plate
Pn
Shear planes on Plate
Tension plane on Plate
Tension Theory
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

Block Shear

77
77

Angle or Plate Welded to Plate

Pn

Block Failure From Plate

Pn

Tension Theory
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

78
78

39

Block Shear

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
79
Quiroz

Block Shear
Block Shear Rupture Strength (Equation J4-3),

Rn 0.6 Fu Anv U bs Fu Ant 0.6 Fy Agv U bs Fu Ant

t = 0.75 (t = 2.00)
Agv =
Anv =
Ant =
Ubs =

gross area subject to shear

net area subject to shear
net area subject to tension
1 or 0.5 (1 for most tension members, see Figure C-J4.2)
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
Juan E.
80
Quiroz

40

Block Shear
Block Shear Rupture Strength (Equation J4-5),

Rn 0.6 Fu Anv U bs Fu Ant 0.6 Fy Agv U bs Fu Ant

t = 0.75 (t = 2.00)
Agv =
Anv =
Ant =
Ubs =

Smaller of two
values will control

gross area subject to shear

net area subject to shear
net area subject to tension
1 or 0.5 (1 for most tension members, see Figure C-J4.2)
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
Juan E.
81
Quiroz

Bearing at Bolt Holes

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

82

41

Bearing at Bolt Holes

Bolts bear into material around hole.
Direct bearing can deform the bolt hole an
excessive amount and be limited by direct
bearing capacity.
If the clear space to adjacent hole or edge
distance is small, capacity may be limited by
tearing out a section of base material at the
bolt.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

83

Bearing at Bolt Holes

Bolt
Pn

Bolt induces bearing

stresses on the base
material.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

84

42

Bearing at Bolt Holes

Bolt
Pn

Which can result in excessive

deformation of the bolt hole,

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

85

Bearing at Bolt Holes

Lc

Bolt
Pn

When bearing stresses act on bolts

that are near the edge of the material
(Lc dimension is small).
Lc= clear distance, in the direction of load, between the edge of the
hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or the edge of the material.
CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

86

43

Bearing at Bolt Holes

Pn

A block of material can tear out to

the plate edge due to bearing.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

87

Bearing at Bolt Holes

Lc

Bolt
Pn

Similarly, when bearing stresses

act on bolts that are closely spaced
(Lc dimension is small).

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

88

44

Bearing at Bolt Holes

Pn

A block of material can tear out

between the bolt holes due to
bearing stresses.

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

89

Bearing at Bolt Holes

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
90
Quiroz

45

Bearing at Bolt Holes

For standard, oversized, and short-slotted holes, or long slotted
holes with slots parallel to the direction of loading:
(Equation J3-6a)
R 1.2 L tF 2.4dtF
n

t = 0.75 (t = 2.00)
Lc = clear distance, in the direction of force, between the
edge of hole and the edge of adjacent hole or edge of the
material.
t = thickness of connected material
d = nominal bolt diameter
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of the connectedCAE525 IIT - Dr.
material
Juan E.
91
Quiroz

Bearing at Bolt Holes

For standard, oversized, and short-slotted holes, or long slotted
holes with slots parallel to the direction of loading:
(Equation J3-6a)
R 1.2 L tF 2.4dtF
n

Tearout Limit

Bearing Limit

t = 0.75 (t = 2.00)

Lc = clear distance, in the direction of force, between the

edge of hole and the edge of adjacent hole or edge of the
material.
t = thickness of connected material
d = nominal bolt diameter
Fu = Specified minimum tensile strength of the connected
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
material
Juan E.
92
92
Quiroz

46

Bearing at Bolt Holes

For standard, oversized, and short-slotted holes, or long slotted

holes with slots parallel to the direction of loading, but when
deformation of the bolt hole is not a design consideration:
(Equation J3-6b)
R 1.5 L tF 3.0dtF
n

For long-slotted holes with slot perpendicular to the direction of

force:
(Equation J3-6c)
Rn 1.0 Lc tFu 2.0dtFu
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
Juan E.
93
Quiroz

CAE525 - IIT - Dr. Juan E. Quiroz

94

47

Tension Members:

Chapter B: Gross and Net Areas

Chapter D: Tension Member Strength
Chapter J: Block Shear
Part 5:
Design Charts and Tables

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
95
Quiroz

Gross and Net Areas:

Criteria in Section B4.3

Strength criteria in Chapter D: Design of Members for
Tension

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
96
Quiroz

48

Yield on Gross Area

t = 0.90 (t = 1.67)
Rupture on Effective Net Area
t = 0.75 (t = 2.00)
Block Shear
t = 0.75 (t = 2.00)
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
Juan E.
97
Quiroz

Design Aids

CAE525 IIT - Dr.

Juan E.
98
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Design Aids
Tables 5-1 to 5-8
List available yield and rupture strength for
typical sections.
Use care!
These tables assume Ae = 0.700Ag to 0.952Ag.
You must check this is met in the member and
connections!
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
Juan E.
99
Quiroz

Design Aids
Table 7-4 provides bearing strength at bolt holes
based on bolt spacing.
Table 7-5 provides bearing strength at bolt holes
based on edge distance.
These tables check bearing and tearout.
Note that edge distance, Le and bolt spacing, s are measured
to the centers of bolt holes, rather than the edges of the bolt
holes.
The bearing side of the equation controls when s sfull or Le
Lefull. sfull and Lefull are the bolt spacing and edge distance
CAE525 IIT - Dr.
for full bearing strength.
Juan E.
100
Quiroz

50