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Preface

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Chapter 1. Overview of Satellite Systems

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

Introduction
Frequency Allocations for Satellite Services
INTELSAT
U.S. Domsats
Polar Orbiting Satellites
Argos System
Cospas-Sarsat
Problems
References

Chapter 2. Orbits and Launching Methods

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

Introduction
Keplers First Law
Keplers Second Law
Keplers Third Law
Denitions of Terms for Earth-Orbiting Satellites
Orbital Elements
Apogee and Perigee Heights
Orbit Perturbations
2.8.1 Effects of a nonspherical earth
2.8.2 Atmospheric drag
2.9 Inclined Orbits
2.9.1 Calendars
2.9.2 Universal time
2.9.3 Julian dates
2.9.4 Sidereal time
2.9.5 The orbital plane
2.9.6 The geocentric-equatorial coordinate system
2.9.7 Earth station referred to the IJK frame
2.9.8 The topocentric-horizon coordinate system

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2.9.9 The subsatellite point

2.9.10 Predicting satellite position
2.10 Local Mean Solar Time and Sun-Synchronous Orbits
2.11 Standard Time
2.12 Problems
References

Chapter 3. The Geostationary Orbit

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

Introduction
Antenna Look Angles
The Polar Mount Antenna
Limits of Visibility
Near Geostationary Orbits
Earth Eclipse of Satellite
Sun Transit Outage
Launching Orbits
Problems
References

Chapter 4. Radio Wave Propagation

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6

Introduction
Atmospheric Losses
Ionospheric Effects
Rain Attenuation
Other Propagation Impairments
Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 5. Polarization
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

Introduction
Antenna Polarization
Polarization of Satellite Signals
Cross-Polarization Discrimination
Ionospheric Depolarization
Rain Depolarization
Ice Depolarization
Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 6. Antennas
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

Introduction
Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas
Coordinate System
The Radiated Fields
Power Flux Density
The Isotropic Radiator and Antenna Gain

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6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12

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6.14
6.15

6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
6.22

Radiation Pattern
Beam Solid Angle and Directivity
Effective Aperture
The Half-Wave Dipole
Aperture Antennas
Horn Antennas
6.12.1 Conical horn antennas
6.12.2 Pyramidal horn antennas
The Parabolic Reector
The Offset Feed
Double-Reector Antennas
6.15.1 Cassegrain antenna
6.15.2 Gregorian antenna
Shaped Reector Systems
Arrays
Planar Antennas
Planar Arrays
Reectarrays
Array Switching
Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 7. The Space Segment

7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Power Supply
7.3 Attitude Control
7.3.1 Spinning satellite stabilization
7.3.2 Momentum wheel stabilization
7.4 Station Keeping
7.5 Thermal Control
7.6 TT&C Subsystem
7.7 Transponders
7.7.1 The wideband receiver
7.7.2 The input demultiplexer
7.7.3 The power amplier
7.8 The Antenna Subsystem
7.9 Morelos and Satmex 5
7.10 Anik-Satellites
7.11 Advanced Tiros-N Spacecraft
7.12 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 8. The Earth Segment

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Receive-Only Home TV Systems
8.2.1 The outdoor unit
8.2.2 The indoor unit for analog (FM) TV
8.3 Master Antenna TV System

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8.4 Community Antenna TV System

8.5 Transmit-Receive Earth Stations
8.6 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 9. Analog Signals

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6

Introduction
The Telephone Channel
Single-Sideband Telephony
FDM Telephony
Color Television
Frequency Modulation
9.6.1 Limiters
9.6.2 Bandwidth
9.6.3 FM detector noise and processing gain
9.6.4 Signal-to-noise ratio
9.6.5 Preemphasis and deemphasis
9.6.6 Noise weighting
9.6.7 S/N and bandwidth for FDM/FM telephony
9.6.8 Signal-to-noise ratio for TV/FM
9.7 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 10. Digital Signals

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6

Introduction
Digital Baseband Signals
Pulse Code Modulation
Time-Division Multiplexing
Bandwidth Requirements
Digital Carrier Systems
10.6.1 Binary phase-shift keying
10.6.2 Quadrature phase-shift keying
10.6.3 Transmission rate and bandwidth for PSK modulation
10.6.4 Bit error rate for PSK modulation
10.7 Carrier Recovery Circuits
10.8 Bit Timing Recovery
10.9 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 11. Error Control Coding

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Linear Block Codes
11.3 Cyclic Codes
11.3.1 Hamming codes
11.3.2 BCH codes
11.3.3 Reed-Solomon codes
11.4 Convolution Codes
11.5 Interleaving
11.6 Concatenated Codes

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11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11

Link Parameters Affected by Coding

Coding Gain
Hard Decision and Soft Decision Decoding
Shannon Capacity
Turbo Codes and LDPC Codes
11.11.1 Low density parity check (LDPC) codes
11.12 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
11.13 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 12. The Space Link

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
12.3 Transmission Losses
12.3.1 Free-space transmission
12.3.2 Feeder losses
12.3.3 Antenna misalignment losses
12.3.4 Fixed atmospheric and ionospheric losses
12.4 The Link-Power Budget Equation
12.5 System Noise
12.5.1 Antenna noise
12.5.2 Amplier noise temperature
12.5.3 Ampliers in cascade
12.5.4 Noise factor
12.5.5 Noise temperature of absorptive networks
12.5.6 Overall system noise temperature
12.6 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
12.7 The Uplink
12.7.1 Saturation ux density
12.7.2 Input backoff
12.7.3 The earth station HPA
12.8 Downlink
12.8.1 Output back-off
12.8.2 Satellite TWTA output
12.9 Effects of Rain
12.9.1 Uplink rain-fade margin
12.9.2 Downlink rain-fade margin
12.10 Combined Uplink and Downlink C/N Ratio
12.11 Intermodulation Noise
12.12 Inter-Satellite Links
12.13 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 13. Interference

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Interference between Satellite Circuits (B1 and B2 Modes)
13.2.1 Downlink
13.2.2 Uplink
13.2.3 Combined [C/I] due to interference on both
uplink and downlink
13.2.4 Antenna gain function

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13.2.5 Passband interference

13.2.6 Receiver transfer characteristic
13.2.7 Specied interference objectives
13.2.8 Protection ratio
13.3 Energy Dispersal
13.4 Coordination
13.4.1 Interference levels
13.4.2 Transmission gain
13.4.3 Resulting noise-temperature rise
13.4.4 Coordination criterion
13.4.5 Noise power spectral density
13.5 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 14. Satellite Access

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7

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14.9
14.10

14.11

Introduction
Single Access
Preassigned FDMA
Demand-Assigned FDMA
Spade System
Bandwidth-Limited and Power-Limited TWT Amplier Operation
14.6.1 FDMA downlink analysis
TDMA
14.7.1 Reference burst
14.7.2 Preamble and postamble
14.7.3 Carrier recovery
14.7.4 Network synchronization
14.7.5 Unique word detection
14.7.6 Trafc data
14.7.7 Frame efciency and channel capacity
14.7.8 Preassigned TDMA
14.7.9 Demand-assigned TDMA
14.7.10 Speech interpolation and prediction
14.7.11 Downlink analysis for digital transmission
14.7.12 Comparison of uplink power requirements
for FDMA and TDMA
On-Board Signal Processing for FDMA/TDM Operation
Satellite-Switched TDMA
Code-Division Multiple Access
14.10.1 Direct-sequence spread spectrum
14.10.2 The code signal c(t)
14.10.3 Acquisition and tracking
14.10.4 Spectrum spreading and despreading
14.10.5 CDMA throughput
Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 15. Satellites in Networks

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Bandwidth
15.3 Network Basics

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15.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

15.4.1 ATM layers
15.4.2 ATM networks and interfaces
15.4.3 The ATM cell and header
15.4.4 ATM switching
15.4.5 Permanent and switched virtual circuits
15.4.6 ATM bandwidth
15.4.7 Quality of service
15.5 ATM over Satellite
15.6 The Internet
15.7 Internet Layers
15.8 The TCP Link
15.9 Satellite Links and TCP
15.10 Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels Using Standard
Mechanisms (RFC-2488)
15.11 Requests for Comments
15.12 Split TCP Connections
15.13 Asymmetric Channels
15.14 Proposed Systems
15.15 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 16. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Television

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13

Introduction
Orbital Spacing
Power Rating and Number of Transponders
Frequencies and Polarization
Transponder Capacity
Bit Rates for Digital Television
MPEG Compression Standards
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
The Home Receiver Outdoor Unit (ODU)
The Home Receiver Indoor Unit (IDU)
Downlink Analysis
Uplink
High Denition Television (HDTV)
16.13.1 HDTV displays
16.14 Video Frequency Bandwidth
16.15 Problems and Exercises
References

Chapter 17. Satellite Mobile and Specialized Services

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6

Introduction
Satellite Mobile Services
VSATs
Radarsat
Global Positioning Satellite System (GPS)
Orbcomm

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17.7 Iridium
17.8 Problems and Exercises
References

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Appendix A. Answers to Selected Problems

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Appendix B. Conic Sections

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Appendix C. NASA Two-Line Orbital Elements

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Appendix D. Listings of Articial Satellites

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Appendix E. Illustrating Third-Order Intermodulation Products

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Appendix F. Acronyms

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Appendix G. Logarithmic Units

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Appendix H. Additional Questions and Exercises

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Index

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