See solution for Exercise questions E13.2, E13.4, E13.

9 and
Problems P13.42(b) and P13.62

CHAPTER 13
Exercises
E13.1

The emitter current is

v
iE = I ES exp BE
VT

given by the Shockley equation:

1

v
For operation with iE >> I ES , we have exp BE >> 1 , and we can write
VT
v
iE I ES exp BE
VT
Solving for v BE , we have

i
v BE VT ln E
I ES

v BC = v BE v CE

10 2
= 26 ln 14 = 718.4 mV

10

= 0.7184 5 = 4.2816 V

50

=
= 0.9804
+ 1 51
iC = iE = 9.804 mA
=

iB =
E13.2

iC

= 196.1 A

0.9
0.99
0.999

9
99
999

E13.3

iB = iE iC = 0.5 mA

= iC / iE = 0.95

E13.4

The base current is given by Equation 13.8:

v

iB = (1 )I ES exp BE 1 = 1.961 10 16 exp BE 1
0.026

VT

which can be plotted to obtain the input characteristic shown in Figure

13.6a. For the output characteristic, we have iC = iB provided that

487

= iC / iB = 19

v CE approximately 0.2 V. Forv CE 0.2 V, iC falls rapidly to zero at

v CE = 0. The output characteristics are shown in Figure 13.6b.
E13.5

The load lines for v in = 0.8 V and - 0.8 V are shown:

As shown on the output load line, we find

VCE max 9 V,VCEQ 5 V, andVCE min 1.0 V.
488

E13.6

The load lines for the new values are shown:

As shown on the output load line, we have

VCE max 9.8 V,VCEQ 7 V, andVCE min 3.0 V.

489

E13.7

Refer to the characteristics shown in Figure 13.7 in the book. Select a

point in the active region of the output characteristics. For example, we
could choose the point defined by v CE = 6 V and iC = 2.5 mA at which we
find iB = 50 A. Then we have = iC / iB = 50. (For many transistors the

value found for depends slightly on the point selected.)

E13.8

(a) Writing a KVL equation around the input loop we have the equation for
the input load lines: 0.8 v in (t ) 8000iB + v BE = 0 The load lines are
shown:

Then we write a KCL equation for the output circuit:

9 + 3000iC = v CE
The resulting load line is:

From these load lines we find

490

I B max 48 A, I BQ 24 A, I Bmin 5 A,
VCE max 1.8 V,VCEQ 5.3 V,VCE min 8.3 V
(b) Inspecting the load lines, we see that the maximum of vin corresponds
to IBmin which in turn corresponds to VCEmin. Because the maximum of vin
corresponds to minimum VCE, the amplifier is inverting. This may be a
little confusing because VCE takes on negative values, so the minimum
value has the largest magnitude.
E13.9

(a) Cutoff because we have VBE < 0.5 V andVBC = VBE VCE = 4.5 V which is
less than 0.5 V.
(b) Saturation because we have I C < I B .

(c) Active because we have I B > 0 andVCE > 0.2 V.

E13.10

(a) In this case ( = 50) the BJT operates in the active region. Thus the
equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 13.18d. We have
V 0. 7
I B = CC
= 71.5 A
I C = I B = 3.575 mA

RB

VCE = VCC RC I C = 11.43 V

Because we have VCE > 0.2, we are justified in assuming that the
transistor operates in the active region.
(b) In this case ( = 250) ,the BJT operates in the saturation region.
Thus the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 13.18c. We have
V 0. 7
V 0. 2
VCE = 0.2 V I B = CC
= 71.5 A I C = CC
= 14.8 mA

RB

RC

Because we have I B > I C , we are justified in assuming that the

transistor operates in the saturation region.
E13.11

For the operating point to be in the middle of the load line, we want
V VCE
VCE = VCC / 2 = 10 V and I C = CC
= 2 mA . Then we have

RC
V 0.7
(a) I B = I C / = 20 A RB = CC
= 965 k
IB
V 0. 7
(b) I B = I C / = 6.667 A RB = CC
= 2.985 M
IB

491

E13.12

Notice that a pnp BJT appears in this circuit.

(a) For = 50, it turns out that the BJT operates in the active region.
20 0.7
= 19.3 A
I C = I B = 0.965 mA
IB =

VCE

RB
= RC I C 20 = 10.35 V

(b) For = 250, it turns out that the BJT operates in the saturation
region.

VCE = 0.2 V I B =

20 0.7

RB

= 19.3 A

IC =

20 0.2

RC

= 1.98 mA

Because we have I B > I C , we are assured that the transistor operates

in the active region.
E13.13

VB = VCC

R2

= 5V

IB =

VB VBE

R1 + R2
RB + ( + 1)RE
I C = I B
VCE = VCC RC I C RE (I C + I B )

IB

100
300

32.01
12.86

(A)

I C (mA)

VCE (V)

3.201
3.858

8.566
7.271

For the larger values of R1 and R2 used in this Exercise, the ratio of the
collector currents for the two values of is 1.205, whereas for the
smaller values of R1 and R2 used in Example 13.7, the ratio of the
collector currents for the two values of is 1.0213. In general in the
four-resistor bias network smaller values for R1 and R2 lead to more
nearly constant collector currents with changes in .
E13.14

RB =
I BQ
r =

1
= 3.333 k
1 R1 + 1 R2
VB VBE
=
= 14.13 A
RB + ( + 1)RE
VT

I CQ

VB = VCC

R2

R1 + R2

= 5V

I CQ = I BQ = 4.239 mA

300(26 mV )
= 1840
4.238 mA

492

1
= 666.7
1 RL + 1 RC

RL =

Av =

RL

= 108.7

RL
1
= 163.0
= 1186
Z in =
1 R1 + 1 R2 + 1 r
r
Z
G = Av Ai = 7004
Ai = Av in = 64.43
RL
Z o = RC = 1 k
Z in
v o = Avv in = Avv s
= 76.46 sin(t )
Z in + Rs
Avoc =

E13.15

First, we determine the bias point:

R2
1
= 50.00 k
VB = VCC
= 10 V
RB =
1 R1 + 1 R2
R1 + R2
VB VBE
I BQ =
= 14.26 A I CQ = I BQ = 4.279 mA
RB + ( + 1)RE
Now we can compute r and the ac performance.

r =

VT

300(26 mV )
= 1823
4.279 mA

I CQ
RL ( + 1)
Av =
= 0.9910
r + ( + 1)RL

RL =

1
= 666.7
1 RL + 1 RE

RE ( + 1)
= 0.9970
r + ( + 1)RE
Z
1
= 40.10 k Ai = Av in = 39.74
Z in =
1 RB + 1 [r + ( + 1)RL]
RL
Avoc =

Rs =

G = Av Ai = 39.38

Zo =

1
( + 1) + 1 = 33.18
R + r RE
s

Problems
P13.1

493

1
= 8.333 k
1 RB + 1 Rs

P13.37

For the Darlington pair, we have VBEeq VBE 1 VBE 2 1.4 V

For the Sziklai pair, we have VBEeq VBE 1 0.7V.

P13.38

P13.39

(a)

Active Region

(b)

Saturation region (because IC is less than IB ).

(c)

Cutoff region (IB > 0 and VCE < 0.2V)

(a)
(b)
(c)

Active region.
Cutoff region.
Cutoff region (because IB 0 forVBE 0.4 V at room

temperature).
(d)
Saturation region (because IC is less than IB ).
P13.40

See Figure 13.16 in the text.

P13.41* 1. Assume operation in saturation, cutoff, or active region.

2. Use the corresponding equivalent circuit to solve for currents and
voltages.
3. Check to see if the results are consistent with the assumption made in
step 1. If so, the circuit is solved. If not, repeat with a different
assumption.
P13.42* The results are given in the table:
IC
Region of

Circuit
operation
(mA)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)

100
300
100
300
100
300
100
300

active
saturation
active
saturation
cutoff
cutoff
active
saturation

1.93
4.21
1.47
2.18
0
0
6.5
14.8

VCE
(volts)
10.9
0.2
5.00
0.2
15
15
8.5
0.2

2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,20
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

P13.61

The common-emitter amplifier is inverting. Both the voltage gain and

current gain magnitudes are potentially greater than unity.

P13.62* The solution is similar to that of Problem P13.64. The results are:

ICQ

Av
Avoc
Z in
Ai
G
Zo
P13.63

High impedance amplifier Low impedance amplifier

(Problem 13.62)
(Problem 13.64)
0.0393 mA
3.93 mA
66.2 k
662
-75.5
-75.5
-151
-151
54.8 k
548
-41.4
-41.4
3124
3124
100 k
1 k

(a) The small-signal equivalent circuit is:

in which we have defined RL

1
1 / RC 1 / RL

(b) From the equivalent circuit we can write:

(1)
vin rib ( 1)RE ib
vo RLib
Then we have

Av

RLib
RL
vo

v in r ib ( 1)RE ib r ( 1)RE

(c) From the equivalent circuit we can write:

2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,27
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.