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Metallic Materials:
a) Ferrous Metals:
Which are composed of Iron and carbon plus a number of other elements. (As raw materials, added
alloying).
b) Non-Ferrous Metals:
Which include:
-
Non-Metallic Materials:
Include many types of materials that are used in every day activity.
a) Building materials:
Include stones, cement, lime, bricks, timberetc.
b) Energy Materials:
They are used for energy generation. They May include water, oil, coal, fuels..etc.
c) Miscellaneous Materials:
They include rubber, cork, plastics..etc.
2. Plasticity:
The ability of a metal to undergo permanent deformation (without fracture) after removing loads.
Lead has good plasticity even at room temperature, while Cast iron does not possess any
appreciable plasticity even when red hot.
3. Ductility:
The ability of the materials to undergo cold plastic deformation by tension and can be drawn into
wires before rupture.
4. Brittleness :
The ability of materials to fracture without plastic deformation. It is opposite to ductility.
5. Hardness:
The ability of metal to resist abrasion, deformation, penetration scratching or indentation by harder
bodies, it is measured by the resistance of metal to scratching.
6. Toughness :
The Capacity of material to withstand (absorb) shock loads without fracture (Toughness of most
materials falls with the rise in Temperature).
7. Stiffness :
The ability of a metal to resist deformation
Modulus of elasticity (stress/strain below elastic limit) is a measure of Stiffness.
8. Resilience:
The ability of a metal to store energy and resist shocks or Impacts.
9. Creep :
The ability of metal to deform continuously under steady loads. Creep occurs in steel at high
temperatures.
10. Endurance :
The ability of a metal to withstand varying stresses (same or opposite nature).
Endurance limit is the maximum stress that can be applied for indefinite times without causing
failures.
11. Strength:
The ability of the material to resist applications of forces without rupture.
Types of Strength:
a- Elastic Strength:
The value of load corresponding to transition from elastic to plastic range.
b- Plastic Strength:
The value of load corresponding to plastic range & rupture.
Factor of safety =
Ultimate Stress / Working Stress
Examples:
Gold, Silver, Aluminum, Copper, Tin, Lead, Platinum, Iron and Nickel.
B. Machinability:
Metal ability to be cut by turning, drilling, boring () , milling.etc.
Examples:
White Cast Iron, wrought iron low alloy steel, Copper, Aluminum, and Grey Cast Iron.
C. Weldability:
D. Formability :
Metal ability to be formed (pressed by forging i.e.) into different shapes and sizes.
Examples:
Low carbon steels, medium carbon steel.
E. Castability:
Metal ability to be formed into different shapes and sizes from its liquid state.
Examples:
Most of metals have good Castability: Aluminum, Cast iron, Copper, Brass, Leadetc.
Tensile Test:
The results obtained by tensile test are widely used in the design of materials for structures and other
purposes.
ii.
Compression Test:
It is opposite of the tensile test and performed for ductile and brittle materials. Difficulties in
performing the test are:
Non-parallel top and bottom faces of specimen leads to difficult axial loading.
iii.
Hardness Test:
Hardness test is done to know metal resistance against indentation, penetration and abrasion.
iv.
Fatigue Test:
Fatigue failure is caused by repeated stress cycles (reversal of direction of bending or torsion or
alternating compressive and tensile stresses application and removal of stresses). A fatigue crack
starts at some point of stress concentration. The Stress that produces fatigue failure is smaller than
the ultimate tensile stress.
v.
Creep Test:
Materials loaded for long periods may gradually deform, and fracture at a stress that is well below the
ultimate tensile stress. This continuous gradual extension under a steady load or steady stress is
known as Creep. Creep is critical at high temperatures and for low-melting-point metals at room
temperature.
Metal
Aluminum
Copper
Lead
Magnesium
Zinc
Chromium
Manganese
b.
Material
Asbestos
Ceramics
Cement
Concrete
Diamond
Plastics
Rubber