Purdue University

Purdue e-Pubs
International Compressor Engineering Conference

School of Mechanical Engineering

1986

Heat Transfer in Oil-Flooded Screw Compressors

P. J. Singh
J. L. Bowman

Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec

Singh, P. J. and Bowman, J. L., "Heat Transfer in Oil-Flooded Screw Compressors" (1986). International Compressor Engineering
Conference. Paper 521.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/icec/521

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HEAT TRANSFER IN OIL-FLOODED SCREW COMPRESSORS

Pawan J. Singh
INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY
Phillip sburg, N.J.
James L. Bowman
INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY
Mocksv ille, N.C.

ABSTRACT
Thermod ynamic efficie ncy of the compre ssion process
in oil-floo ded screw compre ssors depends greatly on
the oil-gas heat transfe r process .
The amount of
heat transfe r is a functio n of many parame ters such
as mode of oil injecti on, oil inlet tempera ture,
etc.
This paper describ es a mathem atical model to
calcula te this heat transfe r, assumin g that the oil
is injecte d in the form of non-int eractin g spheric al
droplet s.
The droplet traject ories are calcula ted
from the point of injectio n to the point where the
droplet s hit the moving bounda ries of the compre ssor
rotor.
The overall heat transfe r is calcula ted by
summing the heat exchang e over all the droplet s
during their free-fl ight time.
This model is then
used to calcula te the effect of such heat transfe r on
compre ssor perform ance.
Some guideli nes on ways to
enhance heat tran~fer are also provide d.

135

INTRODUCTION
comp resso rs serv es
Oil inje ctio n in oil-f lood ed screwial
seal ing of gas
part
one,
two prim ary purp oses :
gh oil-g as
throu
ing
cool
gas
two,
and
s,
leak age path
tran sfer
heat
of
nt
exte
al
actu
The
heat tran sfer .
well
very
not
is
ty
with in the screw comp resso r cavi obta ined from gas
ates
estim
sfer
tran
Heat
know n.
de heat tran disc harg e temp eratu re meas urem ents inclu
in the diswith
that
and
ty
cavi
the
in
sfer both with
The
t.
poin
ent
urem
meas
the
char ge pass age up to
the tota l
of
tion
frac
e
larg
a
ally
norm
is
latte r
urem ent in
In addi tion , gas temp eratu re meastask
valu e.
sinc e
t
icul
diff
the pres ence of oil is a very
re
eratu
temp
the
ure
meas
to
ly
like
the sens or is more
of oil than the gas.
y estim ate the
It is very impo rtant to accu ratel
to impr ove it
ways
find
and
sfer
tran
heat
amou nt of
area in comped
untap
only
the
sinc e this is prob ably
nt impr oveifica
sign
to
lead
can
that
n
desig
sor
pres
The use of new prof iles with
ment in perfo rman ce.
blow -hole area s,
smal ler leak age cont act line s and
comp uter
and
es
ranc
clea
ring
factu
manu
tigh ter
alrea dy
have
rs
mete
para
gn
prog rams to optim ize desi
and very
ce
rman
perfo
in
s
gain
r
majo
in
resu lted
e-sc ale imlittl e room rema ins for furth er larg
prov emen ts in thes e area s.
retic ally , chan It can be argu ed tha~, at leas t theo
poly trop ic
from
ess
proc
on
ress1
comp
the
ging
lt in efresu
can
l
erma
isoth
to
(typ ical ly n > 1.4)
are not
s
gain
such
Yet
ficie ncy gain s of 15-20 %.
sfer
tran
Heat
ons.
reas
ral
seve
for
by
easy to come
n
ectio
conv
by
rs
occu
arily
prim
in comp resso r cavi ties
nt,
ficie
coef
sfer
tran
and is a func tion of the heat
The
e and time .
surfa ce area , temp eratu re diffe renc
inthe
of
tion
func
a
is
heat tran sfer coef ficie nt
e is
renc
diffe
re
eratu
temp
the
and
rs
mete
jecti on para
as pres sure
a func tion of oper ating cond ition s such
ts. Genpoin
n
ctio
inje
the
of
tion
loca
the
ratio and
chan ges
gn
desi
for
ude
latit
eral ly, there is not much
incre ased by
be
can
area
ce
surfa
The
s.
area
e
in thes
oil in very fine
seve ral orde rs by brea king up the oppo
sed to oil- jet
as
drop lets (oil- mist inje ctio n )
(1) and show n
tried
been
has
oach
appr
inje ctio n. This
ienc y. The
effic
in
ts
poin
ge
to yiel d a few perc enta
on the comnds
depe
ty
cavi
the
in
time
ence
oil resid
r of 1-2 msec .
pres sor rpm but is gene rally of the orde
ce area exsurfa
For oil- jet inje ctio n, time of jet is even sma ller.
e
renc
diffe
re
posu re to the temp eratu
136

Thus it is essen tial to gain a bette r under

stand ing
of the heat trans fer proce ss, parti cular ly with
oilmist injec tion.
In this paper a mathe matic al model
of this proce ss has been devel oped under certa
in specifie d assum ption s.
This model is then used in a
screw comp resso r perfo rmanc e progr am (2) to calcu
the range of perfo rmanc e impro vemen t for diffe late
rent
types of oil injec tion.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Assum ptions
The model
below .

is based on certa in assum ption s as

liste d

( i)
Oil is injec ted in the form of spher ical droplets of a given size.

( ii)
The oil
evapo rating .

dropl ets

are

non-d eform able

and

non-

(iii)
Oil dropl et distr ibuti on is assum ed to be
spars e i.e., inter actio n betwe en dropl ets
is ignor ed.
(iv) Heat tranf er is calcu lated only when the
droplets are in fligh t.
This is based on obser vatio ns
that dropl ets tend to agglo merat e once
hit a
solid bound ary, losin g their shape and they
large effecti ve heat trans fer surfa ce area.
(v)
The dropl ets enter a gas flow field
respo nds to rigid body motio n of cavit ies. that corIn other
words , the gas in the cavit y is carri ed along
with
the rotor and the effec t of oil dropl ets on
the gas
flow field is assum ed negli gibil e.

The above assum ption s, while being quite restr

ictiv e
in certa in aspec ts, make i t possi ble to handl
e an
other wise intra ctabl e probl em and provi
guide -line s for max1m1zing heat trans fer deand usefu l
thus
impro ving perfo rmanc e.
Model Desc riptio n
Figur e l shows the oil injec tion schem e used
in the
mathe matic al mode l. The model equat ions are
based
the polar coord inate system (r,-9- , z) with origi on
n at
the femal e rotor 's cente r.
Oil is spray ed in the
femal e cavit y throu gh the housi ng at point
initi al veloc ity Cur, ~. Uz,) in the form of A with
137

The angu lar

dP..
sphe rical part icle s of diam eter
city disvelo
the
and
L..)
is
r
roto
le
spee d of the fema
is give n
ty
cavi
the
in
tribu tion of the gas field with
ed to lie
assum
is
n
ctio
dire
z
The
Uz)
as (0, t..)r,
to the disc harg e
alon g the roto r axis from inle t port
port .
are calc ulate d
The indi vidu al drop let traje ctor ies g for gas drag
untin
acco
and
anics
mech
using New tonia n
The drop let
es.
forc es, cent rifug al and cori olis forc
with the
ides
coll
let
drop
the
when
traje ctor y ends
is then
let
drop
The
r.
roto
solid boun darie s of the
and furth er
wall
ty
cavi
the
along
stay
to
assum ed
d from ther e on.
gas- drop let inte ract ion is term inate
rela tive loca tion
Sinc e the cavi ty is rota ting , the
to the drop let
ect
resp
of the cavi ty boun dary with
in Figu re 2
d
trate
illus
is
This
.
keep s shif ting
depe nds on
y
ctor
traje
let
whic h show s that the drop
of inje ctio n relt
poin
the
at
tion
loca
let
drop
the
To acco unt for this ,
ativ e to the cavi ty posi tion .
cted at 10 poin ts
inje
be
the drop lets are assum ed to
e the init ial
whil
ence
mfer
circu
the
g
alon
unifo rmly
n in Figu re
show
as
same
the
cavi ty posi tion rema ins
ition s are
cond
dary
Add ition ally, the cavi ty boun
2.
let due
drop
the
of
nate
ordi
z-co
the
on
also depe nden t
prop is
This
ty.
cavi
the
to the heli cal natu re of
l.
mode
the
in
for
d
erly acco unte
y inte grat ion time
Heat tran sfer is calc ulate d at ever
used in the calthen
and
y
step alon g the traje ctor
on firs t law of
d
base
sure
pres
ty
cavi
of
cula tion
coef ficie nt used
sfer
tran
heat
The
therm odyn amic s.
rical part icle
sphe
a
for
in the equa tions is that
as temp eratu re
oil-g
The
.
field
gas
free
a
in
movi ng
posi tion in the
diffe renc e depe nds on the drop let
cavi ty.
mode l is not resIt may be poin ted out that the
male roto r cavor
le
fema
in
n
ctio
inje
trict ed to
or inje ctio n
ts,
poin
ns
ctio
itie s, loca tion of inje
The matlf.
itse
throu gh the hous ing or the roto r
of thes e
any
to
table
adap
ly
hem atica l mode l is easi
on is
mpti
assu
ve
The only rest ricti
conf igur ation s.
actin g
inter
nonof
form
the
in
n
ctio
that of oil inje
In a sens e, this assu mpti on is
sphe rical drop lets.
ides an uppe r boun d on the
prov
it
that
in
help ful
.
rate
achi evab le heat tran sfer

138

Theory
The droplet traject ories are calcula ted by solving
the equatio ns of motion of a particl e in a fluid flow
field in cylindr ical coordin ates.
These equatio ns,
based on Newton ian mechan ics, account for the components of the acceler ation and drag forces.
The
gravity force is neglect ed since it is genera lly much
smaller than the other forces.
The equatio ns are
based on a fixed cylindr ical coordin ate system (r,.e-,
z) as shown in Figure 1 and a gas velocit y field of
(0, wr, Uz), and are written as

d'Z..r
d

-=

r(e\-&) _

ck

rd-z..- 9-:-2
d t~

crt i!

dt~

=-

VJhert!! ..:

dr

(1)

ol "t.

dt

dr d-e--_c"(r'* _u'\
dt
~

C'\o;..

d"'t.

-&-}

(d-e
- ui!o)
d""t

c \: :

= \8 tis
24

Re:::

( 3)

Re C 0

-Pp

( 2)

(4)

dp2.

P,Jplu-ul

( 5)

;/g
/-lnd:

"::.

24

(6)

---

Re

R o.c..

= o.tt4

139

Re?; \t)tlO

CB)

sphe rical part icle

Cn .is the drag coef ficie nt for ative
Reyn olds number
rela
a
at
field
gas
a
mov1ng in

forc e/un it velRe whil e CK repr esen ts the dragt hand

side of eqrigh
the
on
term
t
firs
The
y.
ocit
and
al
rifug
cent
t
esen
repr
(2)
and
(1)
uatio ns
ely.
ectiv
cori olis acce lerat ions resp
The gas velo city field U is defin ed by,
(9)

Ur= O
\J.e--= ....,..:l r

(10)
( 11)

~ wL

U
iE

eX.

ws:
The init ial cond ition s are give n as follo
r(o" ) = R > -E}(o )-= 0 1 z (o)-=-

(())-::
dr lo\-:: ur . d-6-t
d t 'J

~'d

d~fo\-..\.) .

tj.Q-.
R

(12)

cit\ ")

(13)

i!\

comvelo city
drop let
the
are
Uzi
U~,
Uri
o.
~
~t
.
i.e
n,
ctio
inje
of
t
pone nts at the poin
s
ition
cond
ial
init
Equa tions (1) to (11) alon g with time at equa l time
in
rated
integ
are
(lZ) and (13)
The inod.
step s of size At ~sing Eule r's methicle hits the
part
the
when
d
inate
tegr atio n is term
cavi ty boun dary .
is give n by,
The heat tran sfer rate Hpfo r one drop let
(14)

wher e

(15)

a sphe rical parThe heat tran sfer coef ficie nt h for

expe rime ntall y
been
has
field
gas
free
ticle in a
deter mine d (3) as:

= 2.0 +-0 G

140

o.s-

0.33

Re. Pr

(16)

The total heat transf er rate for all dropl ets is calculate d by summing indivi dual heat transf er rates
for
ten distri buted dropl ets and then averag ing i t over
all dropl ets per unit time N,
10

\- \ . L:

(17)

i:J

where

N-:::

W'lo\\

.pp (1Y

d: I G)

( 18)

This value of H is used during the dropl et fligh

time to calcu late cavity pressu re Pc and compr essort
perfor mance accord ing to the follow ing relati onshi
p
as given in refere nce 2:

d~"""
dt

YL P. m .

Y-l H-Y Pe dVc. -YPc. vYl -\- --V c:.

V -ol"'t
e""v:c. L 0'4-'rv
'c..

\Wl

L\r"l

;:;-:-

''3\Vl
(19)

Dropl et Size
Small dropl ets can be produ ced by atomi zation of
cil inject ion stream . When oil is inject ed in a the
stream , it is broke n up by aerody namic forces due gas
to
relati ve motion betwee n the phase s.
The most effectiv e way to break liquid into dropl ets is
to
create a thin sheet of liquid and then break it with
single or multi ple gas jets. The appen dix descr
ibes
a method of calcu lating final dropl et size when
large drop is introd uced into a gas stream at higha
values of the Weber numbe r W,

141

a func tion of th~ inThe rela tive velo city IU-u l is

her depe nds on the
furt
itia l inje ctio n velo city whic ht scre w com pres sor apmos
In
.
inje ctio n pres sure
ess 1s driv en by
plic atio ns, the oil inje ctio n proc
sure and cav ity pres the diff eren ce in disc harg e pres This
lim its the drop n.
ctio
sure at the time of inje
to brea k up
used
are
let size unle ss exte rnal mean s itiv e-di spla cem ent oil
Pos
n.
ctio
the jet befo re inje
boo st the oil inje ctio n
pumps are freq uen tly used to sma
ller dro plet s but the
in
lt
resu
can
h
pres sure whic
t tran sfer mus t be
hea
nal
itio
pow er savi ngs from add
pow er. Figu re 3 show s
bala nced aga inst the oi 1 pumpthro
ugh a .032 " orif ice
city
velo
plot s of inje ctio n
n 20) as a func tion
and dro plet size (bas ed on equ atio
ce.
eren
of pres sure diff
RESULTS
resu lts pres ente d here
As men tion ed ear lier , in the
to be inje cted radmed
the dro plet s have been assu
tion s on the cirloca
ed
spac
ly
orm
unif
iall y at ten
oil is inje cted
the
re
whe
For case s
cum fere nce.
d over a certere
scat
thro ugh a seri es of sma ll hole sapp lied by calc ulat ing
be
can
tain area , the mod el
ral diff eren t axia l
traj ecto ries star ting at seve
loca tion s.
asthe dro plet s are also ate
In the resu lts desc ribe d,diam
isol
to
r
orde
in
eter
sumed to be of the same
para met ric stud ies to
the effe cts of size and enab le ever
, the dro plet s are
how
e,
ctic
be perf orm ed. In pra
acco unte d for in
ily
eas
of vary ing size . This can be isti cal dist ribu tion of
stat
a
ming
assu
the mod el by
diam eter and stan dro plet size s with a cert aintermean
diam eter ).
mean
dard dev iati on (e.g . the Sau
traj ecto ries in the
Figu res 4 to 6 show the dro plet
diam eter dro plet s,
0;/m
100
and
100,
10,
x-y plan e for
case are inje cted
each
in
resp ecti vely . The dro plet s
arou nd the cirs
tion
loca
ten
at
/sec
ZOrn
rad iall y at
n poin ts are
ctio
inje
the
of
cum fere nce. The pos itio n
ted on the
loca
n 1
num bere d 1 thro ugh 10, with posditio
plo ts is
e
thes
for
spee
The roto r tip
ord inat e.
r posroto
the
e is
30m /sec . The dott ed pro file shap
ion
ulat
calc
ry
ecto
traj
the
itio n at zero time when
star ts.
r that whi le the
From thes e figu res, it is clea a tend ency of cenhave
s
plet
dro
sma ller 10 or lOO tfm
by the drag forc es,
trifu gin g out afte r bein g slow ed
142

the larger 1000 ;/m droplets travel virtually in a

straight line.
This is because the inertial forces
vastly outweigh the drag forces for the large droplets.
In all these figures, various droplets have
different trajectori es depending on the droplet's
initial position relative to the profile.
Droplets
from position nos. 5 to 10 generally have short trajectories because they hit the profile before reaching
the maximum lobe depth.
In fact, only a few droplets
have the freedom to complete their trajectori es unaffected by the rotor.
Figure 7 shows 1000 1/m droplet trajectori es in the
x-y plane for initial injection velocities of 20, 40
and 60 m/sec.
In each case, the droplets are rapidly
decelerate d by the gas drag and then centrifuge d out
(unless they hit the rotor boundary) .
The only difference is that at higher injection velocitie s, droplets travel farther inwards before centrifug al forces
become dominant.
But the total time of free flight
during which the most effective heat transfer takes
place is actually less for the higher velocity droplets although the heat transfer coefficien t is larger
due to increased relative velocity.
The method used
here accounts for all these factors in determinin g
the effective heat transfer and its effect on performance.
Figure 8 shows the radial, tangentia l and
axial velocity component s for 1000 ,.J m droplets injected at an initial radial velocity of 20 m/sec from
position No. 3.
The radial velocity sharply decreases with time due to the drag forces while the
axial and tangentia l velocities increase as the droplet is dragged along by the rotating gas field.
The
total time of free flight is only 1.33 msec which for
this particula r case translates into 29 degrees of
rotation.
Table 1 shows the normalized specific power, volumetric efficiency (VE), bulk discharge gas temperature and oil temperatu re for three cases.
Case 1
is the standard orifice injection technique while in
cases 2 and 3, oil is injected in the form of droplets of 100 and 1000 tfm diameter respectiv ely.
The
BHP is normalized to the standard case (Case 1) BHP.
For all cases, oil is injected into a closed cavity
at~= 540" (or a pressure ratio of about 3) and the
inlet gas and oil temperatu re are 80 and 130F, respectively .
The results
indicate performan ce
improvement of 7. 0% for 1000 ;/m particles and 8. 3% for
100 r/m particles .
The VE and the capacity are
essential ly unchanged . The bulk discharge gas
143

drop let intemp eratu re decre ases subs tanti ally withfer while the
trans
heat
ved
impro
jecti on due to much
ariso n to the
disch arge oil temp eratu re rises , in comp
.
case
tion
injec
jet
stand ard
the injec tion
Figu re 9 show s the effec t of varyi ng spec ific powe r
on
590
to
400
poin t loca tion from
100 ym parand bulk disch arge gas temp eratu re for at 372 and
s
close
port
inlet
the
that
Note
ticle s.
An optim um inthe disch arge port opens at 604 .
tifie d coriden
rly
clea
is
)
(540
t
poin
jecti on
um commaxim
and
r
powe
ific
spec
respo nding to minim um
rman ce curve
pE'rfo
ped
U-sha
The
y.
ienc
effic
or
press
At 400 oil injec tion,
can be expla ined as follo ws:
The gas and
begu n.
just
has
ss
proce
on
ressi
comp
the
heat tranthe
and
t
apar
far
not
are
res
oil temp eratu
y pres cavit
the
tion,
injec
sfer is low. At 490 oil
the heat traand
er
high
are
re
eratu
temp
gas
and
sure
The amou nt of heat trans fer innsfer is incre ased .
unti l 540 .
creas es with incre asing injec tion angle
se most of
becau
es
reduc
fer
trans
heat
Beyon d this the
of the
part
and
rred
occu
the comp resio n has alrea dy
ing of
open
wing
follo
place
takes
ally
injec tion actu
ess
proc
fer
trans
heat
the
,
Thus
the disch arge port .
less usefu l
and
air
the
ng
cooli
in
tive
effec
is most
in impro ving comp ressi on effic ienc y.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
nts an idThe metho d outli ned in this pape r prese latin g
the
calcu
for
l
mode
ealiz ed albe it usefu l
the peron
ct
effe
its
and
fer
trans
heat
of
amou nt
The
comp resso rs.
screw
oil-f lood ed
of
forma nce
inoil
the
izing
optim
metho d can also be used in
injec tion
of
tion
direc
and
tion
loca
tity,
quan
jecti on
It is
size.
port s, injec tion velo city, and drop let
by
area
ce
surfa
lable
clea r that incre asing the avai
sign ifia
has
lets
drop
l
smal
into
oil
the
atom izing
For exam ple, the resu lts
cant effec t on perfo rman ce.
into 1000 ~m (.04 in)
oil
izing
atom
that
indic ate
Even
gs of abou t 7%.
savin
HP
in
drop lets can resu lt
be reali zed in
if only half of these savin gs could
pred ictio ns
prac tice, it is still sign ifica nt. These
test data
ed
limit
some
are in gene ral agree ment with
rs.
autho
the
to
avai lable
lOOti m drop lets
The resu lts also indic ate that while
1s not subgain
the
er,
furth
ce
impro ve perfo rman
er injec tion
high
ire
Smal ler drop lets requ
stan tial.
ure difpress
high
ire
requ
er
furth
velo citie s which
the
If
s.
hole
fere ntial s acros s the injec tion
144

droplet s could be held to a reasona ble size, supplemen tary means of boostin g oil pressur e such as an
oil pump may not be necessa ry. In additio n, the results show that locatio n of the oil injecti on point is
just as importa nt as the oil droplet size. Injecti on
into the cavity during early stages of compre ssion is
not useful since the tempera ture differe nce during
the heat transfe r is very low.
It is not produc tive
to inject very late either because most of the compressio n power has already been consume d by then.
The model offered here can be used to find optimum
injecti on locatio n as well as injecti on pattern .
It must not be overloo ked that oil injecti on serves
another very importa nt functio n of partial ly sealing
rotor tip leakage .
The needs for effecti ve sealing
and good heat transfe r can be effecti vely combine d to
yield the best perform ing compre ssor design.
For
example , a small quantit y of oil could be uniform ly
distrib uted over most of the compre ssion cavity for
effecti ve sealing while the rest of the oil could be
injecte d at selecte d locatio ns for optimum heat
transfe r.
CONCLUSIONS
A method to compute oil-gas heat transfe r in oilflooded screw compre ssors and its effect on compressor perform ance has been present ed. Accordi ng to
this method, oil is injecte d in the form of spheric al
droplet s of small size at specifi ed locatio ns.
The
results show that this type of injecti on can lead to
signifi cant gains in perform ance. The level of performanc e improve ment is depende nt on several design
parame ters such as locatio n and size of injecti on
holes, oil tempera ture, etc.
Some guideli nes for
selecti on of these parame ters have been present ed.
The optimum combin ation of these parame ters can be
determi ned by using the method present ed here.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankfu l to Ingerso ll-Rand managem ent
for permiss ion to publish this paper.

145

SYMBOLS
A

en
Cp

d
h
H

k
L

moil
mL
N

Pr
r,/}>,z
R

Re
t

d/dt

oc.
y

;J
v..?
.p
o-

Area
Drag coef ficie nt
Spec ific heat at cons tant press ure
Diam eter
'" Heat trans fer coef ficie nt
Heat trans fer rate
'" Gas therm al cond uctiv ity
Roto r lengt h
Oil mass injec ted/u nit time
~
Lea~age mass flow rate
No. of drop lets/ unit time
Gas Pran dtl no. '" VVCp/k)
radi al, circu mfer entia l and axia l
coor dinat es
= Roto r radiu s
Reyn olds numb er
Time
Temp eratu re
Cavi ty volum e
Weber numb er
==
= Time deriv ative
Wrap angle in radiu s
= Spec ific heat ratio
= Mole cular visco sity
= Angu lar velo city
"' Dens ity
Surfa ce tensi on

SUBSCRIPTS
c
g
i
in
L
out
p

Cavi ty
Gas
Initi al cond ition
Inle t leaka ge flow
Leak age flow
Out of cavit y leaka ge flow
drop let

146

REFERENCES

s.

1.

U.

2.

Singh, P. J., and Patel, G. C., "A Generalized

Performance Computer Program for Oil Flooded
Twin-SCrew Compressors", 1984 Internation
Compressure Engineering Conference Proceedings,
Purdue

3.

Ranz w., and Marshall, w., Jr., "Evaporation

from Drops," Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol.
48, 1952

4.

Masugi Isshiki, N: Rept. 35, Transportation

Technical Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan,
July, 1959

Patent No. 3820923, 1974

APPENDIX
When a liquid jet stream is injected in a gas stream
at high velocities, a large number of small liquid
drops are formed by shattering of the continuous
jet. The most important dimensionless group for determining the stability and breakup of a droplet as
mentioned in the text of the paper is the Weber
Number w.
For a drop introduced into a gas stream at high
values of W, an expression for the final drop size
following successive breakups is given by (Isshiki
( 4)) ,

~
d
\N
( _4_)o.:so

0.'2."5"

+.

'3\s-(X)'~o w:nJ_~ ~dd ~

tf)

TP

Where subscript o refers to the initial conditions

which can be assumed to be those at the orifice, i.e.
do = orifice diameter. Cu 0 is the drag coefficient
which can be taken as 1.

14 7

OIL INJECT ION

tJ...,., ,lt.&, 1 U.l:,:,

Figure 1 - Rotor and Oil Injecti on Schem atic.

The
Figure 2 - LOcati on of 10 Injecti on Points Locate d Along
ns
Positio
Rotor
Circum ferenc e. Dotted Lines Show
Trasent
Repre
d,
c,
b,
Points
at Three Instan ts.
jectory of Partic le 7 at Three Instan ts Before Hitting
Rotor at d.

148

Or if ice Dia.
032"
Oil Viscosity = 80 SSU
lrp"' 35 dynes/em
2000
w

1500

"'""'0
,..

1000

.,.,

150
00

500
0+---~----~---+----+---~~
70
100
130
160
190
220

Initial Injection Pressure (psi)

Figure 3 - Injection Velocity and Oil Droplet Size As a Function

of Injection Pressure.
2

!
:>-<

10fM

VJ7

64

,....

V\}s

72

(/

(/

56

..?
48
40
32

10

20

30

so

40

70

80

X (mm}

Figure 4 - Droplet Trajectories for IOf"M Droplets.

Injection Velocity = 20 m/sec.
Rotor Profile Is Shown At Initial Position.

149

32-4--~--~--+--+--+--+---T

20

10

30 40 so 60

70

X (111111)

Figure 5 - Drople t Trajec tories for 100 ;/M Drople ts.

Injecti on Veloci ty = 20 m/sec .

80
72

///;;/

66

56

''
3
10

'

.... .......

20

__ .,
30

.,"' ,

40
X (111111)

so

---~

'\

60

70 80

ts.
Figure 6 - Drople t Trajec tories for looof"M: Drople
.
Injecti on Veloci ty = 20 m/sec

150

20 m/sec
40 m/sec
150 m/sec

"" lOOOJ.IM

40

10

20

30 40
X (mm)

50

80

70

60

Figure 7 - Droplet Trajectories for 1000 jlM Droplets With

Varying Injection Velocities.

20

<0 Impact point

d

1000f'M

19

"""'
'-'
(I)

18

......"'

'-'

2.0 ~

......
s

--=-

...

::J

17

Uo

1. 0 '-"

uz

::1

"'

ctJ

16

::1

U2

0.4 0. 6 ,fJ.8 l.O 1.2 1.4 1. 6

Time (msec)

Figure 8 - Radial, Ax:ial, and Tangential Velocities for 1000

Droplet. Initial Radial Injection Velocity "" 20 m/sec.

151

950

1.06

20
......
""'
;;.
0)

1. 04

900

"' 1. 02

850

"'-"
'-'
.-i

"'"

.-i

'-'

<l.l
0.

'C)

<l.l

.-i
r-1
(!j

e
0

800

1.0

400

45

Cavity Angle (Deg)

Figure 9 - Normalized Specific Power and Bulk Discharge Gas
Temperature As A Function of Injection Location.
TABLE 1

case
No.

Droplet
Dia. ( t.!M)

Normalized
Specific
Power

V.E. _("/..)

Bulk Discharg:e Temp. Oy

Gas *(F) Oil **(F)

Standard
(Jet Injection)

1.0

87.6

507.6

146.5

1000

o. 930

87.9

406.1

154.6

100

0.917

88.0

393.6

155.1

*
**

- Inlet Gas Temperature = 80F

- Inlet Oil Temperature "'130F

152

THE INTERCOOLER WITH SPRAYING WATER FOR AIR COMPRESSORS

Kang Yang
Divi&io n of Air Conditi oning, Departm ent of Textile
Engine ering, North-w est Institu te of Textile Science
and Technol ogy, Xi'an, China

ABSTRACT
A sprayin g water device to cool gas can be used in
the interco oler of air compres sors instead of the heat
exchang er. It is more effecti ve for heat transfe r because the gas is in direct contact with the cooling water sprayed on to the gas. This paper gives the cooling
form, the separat ing water method from gas, and the calculatin g formula for heat transfe r. Through experim ents
under the normal pressur e, the calcula ted result of the
formula is satisfa ctory and the separat ing process , using a' group of streaml ine baffles ~o block water, has
a low pressur e dr0p and a better separat ing effect, water content is 0.1 % after separat ion. The content does
not influnc e the next compre ssion.

SYI>'IBOLS
F

c
R
L

v
t
a
m
Re

z
v
B

resista nce
resista nce coeffic ient
density
average diamete r of drops
velocit y
time
acceler ation
drop mass
Reynold s number
length
viscous -force
distanc e between the baffler;
153