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citizens in April 1919. Many were intercepted and not one harmedits intended
victim. This was followed by explosions
in seven cities in June, most notably the
bombing of the home of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer,who survived the
blast. Although never identified by the authorities, the bodyof the bomber blown
to bits in Palmers neighborhood was, according to Avrich, that of Carlo Valdinoci, a key member in the conspiracy.
The bombings of June 2 contributed
to a wave of fear and anger. In the fall the
government launched a series of raids
against alien radicals. Thousands were
arrested and hundredsdeported. The
Galleanists were routed, and most either
were deported, went into hiding or fled
the country. Two of the arrested in the
raids were Roberto Eliaand AndreaSalsedo, Galleanistsand close friendsof Vanzetti. Detained illegally for two months
by the Justice Department on the fourteenth floor of a Park Row building
in NewYork City, Salsedo eventually
plunged to his death, an apparent suicide.
Sacco and Vanzetti, planning to leave
the country, were thrown into a panic
at the news of Salsedos death. Immediately, they set outto dispose of their anarchist literature.It was on this errand that
they were arrested. At trial JudgeWebster
Thayer emphasized that their behavior
on the night of the arrest revealed a consciousness of guilt in connection with
the charges against them. Avrich concurs
that thetwo men had indeed displayed
a consciousness of guilt. but it seems
reasonable to conclude that theguilt of
which theywere conscious was that of anarchism, not robbery and murder.
In response to the arrest and indictment of Sacco and Vanzetti, the best
friends I had In America, Mario Buda
planted one last poof. On September 16, 1920, he set off an explosion at
the cornerof Wall and Broad streets, the
symbolic center of American capitalism.
The explosion, the worst of its kind in
American history, killed thirty-three and
seriously injured more than 200. Much of
the interlorof the House of Morgan was
wrecked. Authorities never identified the
bomber. Shortly thereafter, Buda left the
country under an assumed name.
I wish Avrich had morefully explored
the argumentsof the Galleanists against
the power of capital and the state; that
might help readers to understand why
these activists resorted to violence. Also,
he does not adequately discuss therelationship of the Galleanlsts to the larger
radical movement of the times, which in-

June 3, 1991

cluded different types of anarchists and

socialists. These criticisms, however, are
minor relative to the books accomplishments. Avrich brings great respect to the
varied anarchist figures and movements
of the past that he has addressed in his
writings. In Sacco and Vaanzeitl:The Anarchist Background, Avrich has provided
us with the information andanalysis necessary to understand more accurately
who Sacco and Vanzetti really were.
Although I believe that Sacco and Vanzetti were the victims of judicial murder,
their innocence of the charges brought
against them does not mean that they
were romantic innocents. The actions
of
the Galleanists call into question the efficacy and appropriateness of employing
violence in the cause of humanity. Anarchism, in particular, represents a commitment to individual freedom that is not
easily reconciled with bombings. The
Gallean~ststargets were carefully selected to symbolize oppression, but theWall
Street bombing,for example, harmed
many passers-by. Thisrelationship of
means to ends, which does not, in my
view, yield a simple resolution, remains
acritical issue for activists today.
0

MUSIC.
GENE SANTORO
James Brown

n September 24, 1988, in an

office complex he owns in Augusta, Georgia, his hometown,
James Brown brandished a
shotgun at participants in an insurance
seminar. He complained that somebody
there had used his privatebathroom
next door. The copswere called, Brown
jumped into his pickup truck and they
pursuedhim for ten miles alongthe
South Carolma stateline-with between
ten and fourteen vehicles at speeds up to
85 miles per hour. Surrounded during the
French Connectmn-style chase in an
abandoned lot, Brown slammed his truck
into reverse, and the cops shot out his
front tires. (Brown, whod been convicted
of assault and battery involving an officer that February, said hed been stopped
for ten minutes before the cops showed
up.) Though he had his shotgun with him
throughout the incident, thepolice said
he didnt threaten them with it or attempt
to use it. Browns truck hadtwenty-three
bullet holes in it when he finally ran it
into a ditch. As he told one interviewer,

The Nation.

June 3, 1991

749

I was scared to death, and another, use when they finally corralled him,and
I
Theyre tryingto make you antagonize although hed been busted earlier that
year for possession of PCP andagain on
em so they can kill you.
On December 15,1988, Brown was September 25, 1988, for driving under
convicted of failing to stopfor police-a
the influence of PCP and pot,he was not
A Vodou Priestess in Brook@
felony in South Carolina-and assault convicted of either offense. Jesse Jackof a high and aggravated nature (trying son, who visited Brown two months into
to run down his pursuers). His time: six his term, read a statement by the singer
years forthe socalledblue light offense that said he wasnt on drugs andhadnt
and two concurrent five-year terms for engaged in any violence toward the cops.)
A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn
The Hardest Working Man in Show
assault thatwere suspended tofive years
by KAREN McCARTHY BROWN
of probatlon not concurrentwith his six- Business went right back to it. (During
In this fascinating account of her
year sentence-which, for purposes of his stir time, a constant if ironic refrain
friendshlp wth Mama Lola. a Vodou
parole eligibility, was equivalent to an in interviews was, Im rested, well restpriestess, Brown shatters the steeleven-year term. His lawyer, Reginald ed.) On The Potomac Productions has reotypes by offenng an mtlmate porSimmons, said it was extremely harsh, produced and marketed a video docutrat of Vodou m everyday life.
not commensurate at
all with the crime. mentary called James Brown: The Man,
Abookofmaglcalpowerandbeauty.
As DaveMarsh points out in a new epi- the M u m & the Message thats been airChnstme Downing, author of
logue to James Brown: The Godfather of ing via syndication around the country.
Psyches Sster
Soul by James Brown with 3ruce Tucker On June 29, Brown kicksoff a tour thats A movmg account of the llfe of a
(Thunders Mouth Press), the fine auto-set through at least August. Between now
Vodou cornmumty and Its leader.
biography reissued last summer, the me- andthen,he
begins work on a new
Albert J Raboteau,
dia werent much kinder. They certainly album. And early May brought James
author of Slaue Relglon
werent addicted to thefacts. Marsh cites Brown Star T m e (Polydor), a four-CD
$24 95cloth at om or o&r t o l l - f m
compilation of digitalized seminal cuts
R o h g Stone, which muddledactual
1-800-822-6657 V l s a & W e r C a r d only
charges against Brown with allegations. from Browns long and varied career.
But Stone, as usual, wasnt alone. Tabloids like New York Newsday hoisted
ew artists canclaim the far-reaching
Brown with the headline Cell Brother
influence on the pop music of the
Berkeley hs Angeles New YorkOxford
past three decades that Brown can. Star
No. 155413. Times rathersneering
plece, titled Soul Brother No. 155413,
Tune boasts seventy-one cutsthat illusinaccurately suggested that he had long trate how this onetime motherless street
been sliding into musical irrelevance. Nor urchin, who lived in a shack, scoured
did the music world Brown has been cru- through garbage for food, danced for
cial to for three decadesseem interested World WarI1 troop trains for pennies and
in sorting things out: There were no or- served three years of an eight-to-sixteenganized demonstrations, and only an em- year term for breaking into four cars at
barrassing handful of individual protests, age 16, managed to become the Godon his behalf before his parole. (Marsh father of Soul, whose international disduly outlinesracist hypocrisy within the ciples include jazzers, rockers, duco-ites,
music industry-and by implication, the Afropoppers, reggae-ists and rappers.
country at large-by contrasting Browns (Brown has guessed that about 150 of his
Organize and protect your back copies In
fatewith thetreatment glven famous tunes have been sampled without royalNationcases or binders, covered In red
white rockers in trouble wlth the law.) ties by hip-hoppers. Estimates of how
leatherette with a gold Nationlogo. 1 case
And early this year People ran a mocking many hip-hop tracks ride J.B. samples
or 1 binder holds 6 months (1 volume) of
piece that focused largely on the 58-year- run as high as 3,000.) Sly Stone, George
The Nation
olds teethimplants,tattooed
eyebrows Clinton, theRollmg Stones, theElectric
Cases $795, 3 for $21 95,6 for $3995
and permanent lower-lid eyeliner; his use Flag, Chic, BobMarley, Tower of Power,
Binders $9.95, 3 for $2795, 6 for $52 95
of Lysol to clean his cell; and his work in the Talking Heads, Sunny Ade, Fela Kutl,
Mall lo:The Natlon, Jesse Jones Industnes, Dept N.
Michael Jackson, Prmce, Public Enemythe prison kitchen.
499 E Erle Ave , Phlladelphla, PA 19134
Despite the jabs and the silence, on all bear his mark. Like few other bandleaders-Basie, Ellington, Muddy WaFebruary 27 Brownwas paroledafter
I would llke -cases, -binders
putting intwo years and two months for ters, Miles Davis, Ornette ColemanEnclosedIS my check for$Add $1 per unR
trying to flee arrest. Hed served fifteen Brown has both maintained a core of
postagehandllng Outside U S $2 50 per unll
months of hls sentence at the State Cor- loyal players and molded changing lineMalor credit cards accepted for orders over $15 To
rectlonal Faclllty near Columbla, South ups Into his muslcal image. In the process
charge call toll free 1 (800)825-6690
Carollna. Thenhe was transferred to Ai- hes tralned some of the eras outstandmg
Name
ken, where he worked for the nonprofit muslclans while redlrectlngthe evolutionAiken and Barnwell Counties Communi- ary flow of pop culture worldwide.
Address
(NO PO BOXES PLEASE)
For a while along theway, he acquired I
t y Action Commission counseling youth
I
about drugabuse for eleven months (Al- visibility, wealth and holdings that
though South Carolina police said Brown swelled pride in theblack communitytested-voluntardy-positive
for PCP his twelve-room mansion in St. Albans,

From Haiti to New York

MAMA LOLA

University of
California Press

SAVE
THE
NATION

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The Nation.

750

June 3, 1991

But mostly, and most important,

numbers, with his I.R.S. overseers Brown
joins along line of successful blacks theres his music, which in its insistent
individualism arising from a wealth of
whove endured harassment, including
Joe Louis, Nat King Cole and Chuck
diverse influences 1s very much a culmiBerry. Still, he thinks of himself as an nation of at least one aspect of the AmerAfrican-American version of Horatio ican Dream. Star Tlme picks from the
Alger. He meant it when he told Time, panorama of Browns nearly forty-yearIve been the American Dream.
long evolutlon by emphasizing both hits
In many ways, his life reflects in in- and significant musical turning pointstensified form the contradictions many a solid strategy for dealing with his enorAfrican-Americans feel about this coun- mous, syncretic and idiosyncratic output.
trys promiseeven when they affirm the
In his early days (collectedon TheFedmyth theyre only partially included in. era1 Years Vols. I and IZ, Solid Smoke)
As J.B. hornman Fred Wesley told Cyn- J.B. extended the silken gospel-based
thia Rose in theinteresting if sometimes cries of RoyBrown wlth the frenetic
overreachingly interpretive L m n g m jump-blues of Louis Jordan. His ballad
America (Serpents Tail),Contradiction stylings-he told me, Ive never really
is the very thing which feeds h ~ s been an r&b singer, I was always a lot
nerve. . . . He is just as fragile as he is more of a ballad singer, and then I started
tough. So there arehis hard-hlttlng an- singing more up-tempo songs-owe a
thems like Say It Loud-Im Black and lot to his other heroes, Jackie Wilson and
Im Proud, his talk about payola as a Little Willie John. (Johns hit, Fever,
method of financial redistribution be- made moremoney for Peggy Lee than for
tween white stationownersand
their him; he died in prisonfor manslaughter
underpaid black deejays, the street-jive at theage of 30.) Fusing them and modrealism of his lyrics. Theres his endorse- els like fellow Georgian Little Richard,
ment of Nixon and hobnobbing with Brown fashioned the nonstopstage show
Reagan and Bush. Theres his ceaseless that climaxed with Please Please Please
entrepreneurial drive and patriotictunes and half an hour of the famed cape rou(which caused cries of Uncle Tom) like tine hed adapted from 50s wrestler GorAmerica Is My Home. And there are geous George. It all culminated in the
his longtime friendships with the Rever- universally acclamed albumLrve at the
ends Jesse Jackson and AI Sharpton.
Apollo (Solid Smoke), which Brown cut
despite record-label opposition. The disc
topped the pop charts over
for a year-a
WINDOWS AT THE METROPOLITAN
rare feat for an r&b artist.
The New Breed Thing-what became
After traveling the dark tunnels on a dime, at ten,
funk-kicked off with 1964s Out of
I wandered the flood-lit maze of Renaissance Masters
Sight anddeepened with the landmark
(deserted then, unfashionable) and felt the allure
Papas Got a Brand New Bag. Harof windows behind the azure cloaks and pale crooked necks
monic movement disappears in favor of
vamps and theprimacy of polyrhythms.
of the Madonnas who seemed more distant and alien
The coiling instrumental lines intersect,
than anything the nuns had taught. But there, beside them,
pair at different but cycllcally repeating
no more than a few inches square, in brushstrokes
points, then expand away from each other
fine as hairs, the artists had put infinity,
until the next touchdown, creatingan irresistible chug-a-lug effect. Riffing over,
and I peered, close as the guards would let me,
under, around and through this whole
and felt myself, in my ignorance, fall through
percolatingJuggernaut
is thebands
rhythmic key, that v o m : thebattleinto landscapes a child could almost imagine
scarred grunts and Good Gods, the
beyond a citys walls: near plains, far crags
torn screams, the jaggedphrases, the
and castles only the eye could climb,
calls for the bridge that pushed generafloating like islands quiet and exempt
tions of happily frenzied young whites
and blacks alike onto the dance floor
from thorns and hammer-blows, which I should have known
with hit after hit,like I Got You (I Feel
even then must attend the innocent ones in the foreground.
Good), Cold Sweat and I Got the
Though now I see a jest in those teasing vignettes
Feelin. The way J.B. explained I t to me,
with their tiny glimpses out of time, I cannot pity
Thehorns are really gospel with jazz
licks.
Thats where soul music comes
that exhilarated boy who turned at closing and rode
from,
yknow. It was totally different
the D train back to his lonely station in the Bronx.
from anything else that was out there. I
Richard Foerster
was too far aheadof the people, though.

Queens, his limos, his string of radio stations. But the corporate institutionalization of pop music and radio, which
promoted disco and realigned markets,
shriveled much of his music-based empire. In 1971 he moved to Polydor from
the small indieKing, which theoretically
should have sustained, if not extended,
his huge multiracial reach. But he claims
with at least some accuracy in
James
Brown that Polydor helped derail his
hitmaking viainsensitivity to his live-inthe-studio recording methods and lack of
insight into his audiences. (Not surprisingly, Star Times notes indirectly dispute
this.) Then in the mid-1970s one of his
managers was convicted of payola to get
airplay for the previously invulnerable
Godfathers discs. Soon after, his jet was
repossessed. He sold off the radio stations oneby one. He sunk a million dollars intoan abortive TV show. And since
1985, his sixty-two-acre farmoutside
Augusta has been under lien by the I.R.S.
The I.R.S. claims Brown owes $9 million in t a x e s 4 4 . 5 million for 1969 and
1970 alone. On thevideo he taped with
Dick Cavett, Brown asks, Why do all
black peoplewind up penniless? Why do
they come and take tax from me? That
case is twenty-five, almost thirty years
old, and was never about but $211,000
from the get-go. Whatever the actual

June 3,1991

The Nation.

So I recorded I Feel Good twice. I cut

it firstlike jazz, but thenI went back and
cut it again. (Both tracks are on Star
Time.) During this period, he literally
changed the face ofpopularmusic
around the world.

An indispensable guide
for those whoseek to understand our history
a n d for those who wish to change it.*

751

Trenchantand beautifully
written...it brilliantly synthesizes
the vast outpouringof scholarship in womens historythat we
have seen over thepast two
decades. William Tuttle

y the early 1970s Browns music had

modulated theviolently syncopated
popcornrhythmsinto
heavier funk
grooves. Tunes likeFunky Drummera favorite of hip-hop samplers-and
Brother Rapp illustrate just how far
ahead of his time Brown still was. Its a
disparity thatsbeen pointed up over the
last decade-plus by the differences between his burning stage shows and his
often mediocre recordings. He put it to
me this way: I would rather record live,
because I want to have that live feel in
there. If you hear my band, its so far
ahead of what Im doing on record its
scary, yknow. But they dont ever let me
put that on record anymore, and I can
understand that, yknow-its also so
people can grasp it little
a bit easier. I actually have to go back to more elementary things to put out a record as opposed
to the way I do it live, because when we
do our hard thing we speak very, very
fast, ysee. But I think the audience can
handle it. I dont think the record companies can. They dont want you to be
different, an Einstein in an ABC world.
That problem-the inability of his record companies and even his audiences
to keep up with his relentless musical
changes-plagued himfrom the mid1970s on. After a series of black-power
anthems like Say It Loud-Im Black
and Im Proud, Soul Power, I Dont
Want Nobody toGive MeNothing and
Funky Preudent, many whites began
to avoid his shows while many blacks
began to embrace the more pallid disco
beats hed helped spawn. A cadreof his
key musicians, including Maceo, mutinied and signed on with George Clintons
Parliament-Funkadelic, that fabulous scifi/funk cosmological groove academy.
His empirewas crumbling, despite solid
efforts like the desperately titled The Original D m 0 Man (Polydor). Movie roleshe had cameos in The Blues Brothersand
Rocky IV-didnt really lead anywhere.
In 1984 he hooked up with rapper Afrika Bambaataa for Unrry (Tommy Boy),
where phrasesfromoutstanding
J.B.
tunes swirl througha rap-meets-funk entreaty for peace and brotherhood and
against nuclear holocaust. Materialhed
cut with reggae rhythm masters Sly and
Robble and a gospel album with Sharp-

Llvely writing, shrewd analysis,

and a keen eye for anecdote
make T h e Paradox of Change
marvelously readableand powerfully instructive.
Linda K. Kerber
Illuminating

Gerda Lerner

THE PARADOX OF CHANGE

American Women in the 20th Century
WILLIAM H. CHAFE

At bookstores everywhere
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 200 Mad~sonAvenue New York, NY 10016

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The Nation.

752

June 3. I991

CLASSIFIED.

ton didn't manage to find label homes

before his imprisonment.
Four years in the making, Star Time While we reserve the rrght lo edrt, rejecl or reclassrfy any
BOOK SEARCH SERVICES
tracesthisremarkableandunsettling
adverrrsernenl, The Natlon wrshes rts readers to know
achievement with sensitivity and intelli- we don? have the facrlrtres to check the promrses made CAXmN BOOKSEAARCH, Box 709, Slster Bay, WI 54234 Send
gence. The inclusion of unedited cuts, for by our advertrsers, and we have a strong presurnptron phone/address wlth wants (414) 854-2955
against censorrng any advertrsernent, especially rf we
instance, allows us to hear Brown and his drsagree wtth Its polrlrcs
crackerjack bands shaping tracks in the
COMPUTERS
studio live as the tape rolls. The digital
ANNOUNCEMENTS
LONGTIME NAT/ON EMPLOYEE, now computer consultant, IS
remix nicely clarifiesindividual lines
sellmg IBM-compatlble computers and provldmg computer
tramng and support to Nalron readers In the New Vork Clty
without sterilizing the overall result. The
area Speclal rates for nonprofit organlzatlons and those
accompanying booklet supplles a good
on low Incomes Call Mark Rausher at Present Day Products
for Palestinian Victimsof War (718)
intro toBrown's life and music. The set's
934-2861
The
result of continued Israel1 Im sed curiccws on
only real drawback is Its six-by-twelve- Paleshnlan refugee camps and vd&s have devasLaked the local Infrastructure. Donallons lor medical
inch case. This new industry standard,
COUNSELING
and f w d areurgentlyneededduring
thus
the result of retailer pressure, makes supplier
crlsls. Please make your tax-deducllble contrlbutlons
WOMAN PSYCHOTHERAPIST, 20+ years expenence. Ph D In
boxed sets unsuitable for either CD- or payable to 'MECEF-Emergency Fund."
cllnlcal psychology Inslght-onenled and analytlc Cnsls Interjoin fkPalestine Widarify Cornmiltee andhelp m d
short-term.long-term lntenslve psychoanalyhc apLP-sized shelves.
the w
est mililrty occupationof f h c 2Ofh century! ventlon,
Free consultatlon Slldlng scale Carnegle Hall vlclnlty
But swell packages aslde, the ultimate ? L a ~ X , r r ~ ~ L l r ~ a m . , 1 i 1 1 7 1 ~ Q 1 9 ) ~ 7 . 1 4proach
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atlve doctors Indlvldual. couple, group Please call 9 to 11 am
APARTMENTS DESIRED
it lifts you with the easy inevitability of
(212) 724-8767
Freud's oceanic feeling. It's like a brief UNDERPAID, qulet and responslble lnterns seek low-rent
return to Paradise. As J.B. told me in apartment share, sublet or house-slttlng arrangements any- MINORITY MALEPSYCHOTHERAPIST (MSW), Professor at
NYU-expenenced. senstwe, Ilberal,adjustable fees, rnldtown
In New York Clty startmg rlght away Call Peter Rothberg
his purring, gospel-preacher singsong, where
atThe Nalion. (212) 242-8400
Manhattan (KIPS Bay)(212) 685-4918
"Y'know, one thing about music: It's the
AFFORDABLE PSYCHOTHERAPY.Carfng. mature. expenenced
key to everything, the universal language
AUDIOCASSETTES
psychotheraplst Shorl-term treatment where possible
of man's commitment to be together. EDWARD SAIDIMERON BENVENISTI Two Views olthe Israeh cllnlcal
Slldlng scale NVC (212) 466-6775, Nassau(516) 484-1249
Yeah, a baby can
feel before it can see, so Palesliman Conf/lcl Tapes of thus NatronlNew School event are
the feelrng is far beyond sight, sound is nowavallableEach 2-tape set IS $20 Send check or money
EDUCATION
far beyond sight, umm-hmm.So that we order payable to The Natlon lnslltute to "Two VIM," The
ought to have music everywhere: in the Natlon Institute. 72 Fltlh Avenue, New Vork. NY10011
churches, in thepolitical meetings, in
BED & BREAKFAST
hospitals, in dentlsts' offices. 'Causesee
what the music 1s doing? It's so vast, so U S ANGELES near Hollywood Garden setbng Close to tennls.
golf Chlldren welcome P~pey& Shank's Reasonable(213)
beyond our thinking, becauseit reaches 664-4425
your soul and you can feel before you can
see, that it's mind over matter. You say
BOOKLETS
ouch and don'teven know wherethe paln INCONTROVERTIBLEPROOFJESUSFlCTlONAU
12 months so darity w rk at
Josephus
is coming from, but thefeering is real." created flctlonal Jesus, Gospels Scholarly booldet4-5. Abelard.
And more than anyone, James Brown's Box 5652-A. Kent, WA 98064 (Detalls SASE)
preparation and follow-up
got
feeling.
0
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PLANT TREES IN
AFRICA

777

TRIAL GOAT
for Lee and Karen Savage
A beautiful woman disfigured by disappointment anger cocaine
a quick-witted man made stupidby debt
these things I have lived to see
says the wlse old goat
ruminant sign of the zodiac too
from me alone the morte saison
when wolves get wind to live on

crazy old goat on a heap of trash

in his nostril a fly
crazy old goat on a heap of trash
a chamois ram on hls alp
in his ears the crack of heads butting
slipping he says I'm not falling
falling he says I leap
Ben Sonnenberg

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