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Physical Properties
Describes the materials natural state
Mechanical Properties
Describes the materials properties and strength.
Tensile
Strength
Compressive
Strength
Flexural
Strength
Torsional
Strength
Shear
Strength
Timber
Handout Pages 45-53
Timber Origins
Timber Origins
Most commonly used
Types of Wood
Mahogany
Oak
Ash
Fir
Cedar
Pine
Type 1) Hardwoods
Type 2) Softwoods
Definition
Hardwood
Hardwoods come from deciduous trees.
i.e. trees that are broad-leaved and that shed in the autumn months.
Softwood
Softwoods come from coniferous trees.
i.e. evergreen, needle-leaved, cone-bearing trees.
Timber Origins
Earlywood
Latewood
Heartwood
Rays
Pith
Growth Ring
Sapwood
Vascular
Cambium
Latewood
Inner
Bark
Rays
Secondary Phloem
Cork Cambium
Outer
Bark
Timber Origins
Key points
Heartwood essentially supports the weight of the tree. It is composed of dead cells and is
usually older, darker, drier and harder that the living Sapwood.
Sapwood is inferior in terms of durability due to its moisture content and presence of starch
which attracts insects and provides food for fungi. Sapwood is very porous which allows the
tree to naturally transport sap internally.
The cellular structure of the Earlywood and Latewood illustrates why timber is a popular
choice within construction, due to the cementing key that the structure creates when
combined with glue and adhesive.
Earlywood
Latewood
Earlywood
Latewood
Heartwood
Rays
Sapwood
Vascular
Cambium
Timber Manufacture
Timber Conversion
Through by Through
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Timber Manufacture
Timber Conversion
The alternative
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Timber Treatment
Preservative
Wood preservation- pressure or thermal impregnation of chemicals into wood to provide
effective long-term resistance to attack by fungi, bacteria, insects, and marine borers. There
are two forms of preservative, oil based or water based.
Seasoning
Seasoning- is the process of reducing the moisture content (MC) of timber to ensure it
is fit for the intended purpose
Why do we season timber
Seasoned timber is stronger.
Seasoned timber is easier to work with.
Every time the MC reduces, timber can shrink.
Reduces the tendencies to warp, split or shake.
Seasoned timber lighter will be stronger and more reliable.
Timber must be below 20% MC to reduce the chances of Dry Rot.
Removal of sap makes it less likely to attract fungi and wood parasites.
Lower the MC, the easier to provide finish i.e. paint, varnish, etc.
*After seasoning both Heartwood & Sapwood have very little difference between them in terms of density and strength.
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Timber Treatment
Seasoning
There are two methods of seasoning; Air (Natural) and Kiln (Artificial).
Air Seasoning
Kiln Seasoning
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Timber Testing
Compressive
Strength
Video
Compression Test
Flexural
Strength
Video
Bend Test
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Timber Testing
Tensile
Strength
Tensile Test
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Clay bricks are constructed from a mixture of silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), limestone/chalk
(CaCO3), iron oxide (Fe2O3), and magnesia (MgO).
Bricks date back several thousands of years, first established in hot climates- where the
above mixture was moulded and dried in the sun.
Later on during Roman times, it was established that if this clay mixture was heated to a
high temperature, then the bricks could be produced much stronger.
This basic principle as not fundamentally changed over the years. However, obviously more
autonomous methods of manufacturing are utilised.
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Types of Bricks
Concrete Blocks
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Video
Brick Manufacturing
Manufacture & Properties of Materials Handout- Page 39-40
illustrates this process in a written formal.
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Efflorescence
Efflorescence is when the the face of the
brickwork is subjected to salt deposits, caused
by natural impurities within the brick. Due to its
effect on the brick work finish, it should be
avoided at all costs. However, it will remove
itself naturally over time- it is also worth
mentioning that this does not damage the
brick work nor lead to remedial works.
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Strength Test
Video
Compression testing of bricks is commonly used as it involved testing the bricks in the
manner in which they will be used within the structure.
Due to the likely differences in moisture content with each brick, each of the testing bricks
will be saturated with water for 24 hours prior to testing. (10 bricks should be tested)
To remove any possible effects due to brick imperfections, 3mm plywood sheets are placed
above and below the brick during the testing phase.
Water Absorption
Various methods of testing, however the testing mainly consists of boiling or subjecting oven
dried bricks for a period of time to assess how much water the brick will absorb. Bricks will
be weighed before and after the test to calculate the absorption.
Soluble Salts
A test sample (usually 10 or so bricks) are removed from each batch. These bricks are then
crushed into a powder and assessed for chemical analysis to establish how much solvable
salt content is present.
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Any Questions
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