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The MEI Students Handbook is designed for use during the course and contains a large
number of results, and other useful information. Not all of this is available in the booklet
provided for the examinations, currently designated MF2 and published by OCR.
Consequently there are some results which students need for examinations that they will have
to recall or derive. This file contains such results. They are listed by units, rather than by topic
as in the Students Handbook. In a few cases the list would be identical to a page in the
Students Handbook and in that case the page reference is given instead.
Before you go on to look at the lists, there are a number of points we would like to bring to
your attention.
Learning formulae and results is not always the best thing to do. In some cases it is
better practice to know how to derive them and to be prepared to do so should the
need arise.
By their nature such lists cannot be completely inclusive. There is almost no limit
to the elementary results that a candidate needs. The results listed are those that
are given in the Students Handbook but are not in the examination booklet, MF2.
The results to be known for any unit include all those that need to be known for
earlier units in the same strand. Thus a candidate for C3 needs to recall or derive
the results required for C1 and C2.
The results to be known for an applied unit include some of those needed for
equivalent pure units (see the Assumed Knowledge section on the units title
page).
There is an underlying assumption that students know all the results needed for
Intermediate Tier GCSE.
There is a typesetting error on page 12 of the current printing of the handbook (Fifth edition,
July 2004). The integral of sin 2 x is given at the bottom of the right hand column; the answer
should be 12 ( x 12 sin 2 x ) and not 12 ( x 12 sin 2 x ) . This will of course be corrected at the next
printing.
Modulus
x means the positive value of x. For x 0, x = x ; for x < 0, x = x .
x < a a < x < a (a > 0)
Binomial coefficients
n
The notations nCr and are equivalent.
r
n
n
C0 = Cn = 1
Binomial coefficients may be found using Pascals triangle:
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
10
10
and so on.
1
4
1
5
Indices
a m a n = a m+ n
1
am = m
a
a m a n = a mn
1
an = n a
a0 = 1
(a )
m n
= a mn
y2 y1
x2 x1
Gradient
m=
Equation
y y1 y2 y1
=
x x1 x2 x1
( x2 x1 ) + ( y2 y1 )
2
Length
Mid-point
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
y = mx + c
y y1 = m ( x x1 )
Through
( a, 0 ) and ( 0, b ) :
x y
+ =1
a b
Circles
x
log a = log a x log a y
y
1
log a n x = log a x
n
( )
log a ( x n ) = n log a x
1
log a = log a x
x
log a a = 1
log a 1 = 0
y = a x x = log a y
0o
30o
45o
60o
90o
180o
sin
1
2
1
2
3
2
cos
3
2
1
2
1
2
-1
tan
1
3
Trigonometric identities
sin
= tan
cos
sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
Triangles
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
Arc length s = r
Area of sector A = 12 r 2
Trigonometrical relationships
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
sin ( + 90 ) = cos
cos ( + 90 ) = sin
tan ( ) = tan
tan ( + 180 ) = tan
dy
= nx n 1
dx
For y = f ( x) + g( x),
dy
= f ( x) + g( x)
dx
Integration
x n +1
+ c, n 1
n +1
( f ( x) + g( x) ) dx = f ( x) + g( x) + c
n
x dx =
Definite integrals
f ( x)dx gives the area of the region bounded by y = f ( x) , the x-axis and the lines x = a
and x = b .
a
a
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
a
Exponentials
y = e x x = log e x = ln x
ln ( e x ) = x
eln x = x
Differentiation
Standard derivatives
f ( x)
f ( x)
e kx
kekx
ln x
1
x
sin kx
k cos kx
cos kx
k sin kx
Product rule
y = uv,
dy
dv
du
=u +v
dx
dx
dx
Chain rule
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
f ( x)
f ( x)dx (+ a constant)
e kx
1 kx
e
k
1
x
ln x
sin kx
1
cos kx
k
cos kx
1
sin kx
k
Integration by substitution
y = f (u ), u = g( x),
Trigonometry
sec2 1 + tan 2
cosec 2 1 + cot 2
sin 2 = 2sin cos
cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2sin 2
2 tan
tan 2 =
1 tan 2
Vectors
u1 v1
u2 . v2 = u1v1 + u2 v2 + u3v3
u v
3 3
Finite series
n
r = n ( n + 1)
r =1
1
2
Complex numbers
Real-imaginary form
For z = x + jy , Re( z ) = x and Im( z ) = y
mod( z ) = z = x 2 + y 2
x
y
and sin =
and <
z
z
( arg(0) is undefined)
1 1
= ( cos jsin )
z r
(u + v ) t
s = ut + 12 at 2
s=
v = u + at
v 2 u 2 = 2as
1
2
s = ut + 12 at 2
s = 12 ( u + v ) t
v = u + at
(There is no simple vector equivalent of v 2 u 2 = 2as .)
Written in vectors
s = vt 12 at 2
s = vt 12 at 2
Attention should also be given to the equations for general motion where the
acceleration need not be constant.
Written in scalars
ds
= s
dt
dv
d2s
a=
= v = 2 = s
dt
dt
v=
s = vdt
v = adt
These results can also be written using vectors; in that case the symbol r is often used
instead of s for displacement.
Centre of mass
( m ) x = ( mx )
( m ) r = ( mr )
dW
= Fv cos
dt
The total work done by the forces acting on a body is equal to the increase in the kinetic
energy of the body.
Mechanics 2 results that are not given in the examination booklet (page 2)
Impulse
Impacts
Newtons Experimental Law
v2 v1 = e ( u2 u1 )
velocity of separation v2 v1
=
velocity of approach u1 u2
Statistics 1 results that are not given in the examination booklet (page 1)
Samples
There are two notations, according to whether the data are grouped or not.
Ungrouped data A sample has n observations of x, x1 , x2 , ... xn .
x=
Sample mean:
Grouped data
2
i
( x )
= xi2 nx 2
Sample mean:
x=
=n
x f
i i
n
2
Sum of squares of deviations: S xx = ( xi x ) f i
=x f
2
i i
( x f )
i i
= xi2 f i nx 2
S xx
n
msd =
rmsd = msd
Sample variance:
s2 =
s = s2
S xx
n 1
Some calculators give both rmsd and s; make sure you understand the output from your
calculator.
Coding
If y = a + bx
Statistics 1 results that are not given in the examination booklet (page 2)
Selections and arrangements
Number of ways of
*
selecting r objects from n unlike objects when the order does not
n
n!
matter
= n Cr = =
r r !( n r ) !
selecting r objects from n unlike objects when order does matter
n!
= n Pr =
( n r )!
Conditional probability
P( B A) =
P ( A B)
P ( A)
Statistics 1 results that are not given in the examination booklet (page 3)
The binomial hypothesis test
(A description of the process of hypothesis testing is given on page 18 of the Students
Handbook.)
Null hypothesis
Critical values
( fo fe )
fe
For a contingency table with r rows and c columns there are ( r 1)( c 1) degrees of
freedom.
S xy
S xx S yy
S xy
S xx
Payoff node
EMV
Propositional connectives
or
and
equivalence
implies
not
Distributive laws
a (b c ) = ( a b ) ( a c )
a (b c ) = ( a b ) ( a c )
de Morgans Laws
~ ( p q ) ~ p ~ q
~ ( p q ) ~ p ~ q
Decision Computation results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive Decision Mathematics 1 results that are not
given in the examination booklet.
Recurrence relations
First order
( a 1) ,
if f (n) = 0, un = a n u0
otherwise, un = Aa n + particular solution
For un +1 = un + f (n) (i.e. a = 1 in the above relation),
n
un +1 = u0 + f (i )
i =0
Second order
( 1 2 )
un = ( An + B ) n ( 1 = 2 = )
Numerical Methods results that are not given in the examination booklet
You are also expected to recall or derive C1 and C2 results that are not given in the
examination booklet.
You will be given all the results except those below for numerical differentiation.
Numerical differentiation
f ( x)
f ( x + h) f ( x)
,
h
f ( x)
f ( x + h) f ( x h)
2h