Measurement report of the determination of the concentration quinine in tonic

Title of experiment: Determination of the concentration quinine in tonic (exp 7)

Student names: XY (partner: ZT)
Date of execution: 03/10/2014
1. Aim of the experiment:
Determination of the concentration of quinine in tonic by means of spectrophotometer scanning.
2. Hypothesis:
Concentration of quinine in tonic water should be less than 83 ppm .
3. Formulas and reaction equations:
Volume of stock solution to be pipetted:
C1*V1=C2*V2
C1- concentration before diluting
V1- volume of pipette
C2- concentration after diluting
V2- volume of flask

Concentration of calibration series(standard solutions):

C1*V1=C2*V2
C1- concentration before diluting
V1- volume of pipette
C2- concentration after diluting
V2- volume of flask

Real concentration:
C1*V1=C2*V2
C1-concentration before diluting
V1-25 ml pipette
C2-concentration after diluting
V2-50 ml flask

Standard deviation for real concentrations:

s=

( x Xi )2
n1

x -average of real concentration

Xi-concentration of a sample before dilution(real concentration)
n-number of samples
4. Description of the experiment
4.1. Materials used(table 1)

chemical
quinineHCl2H2O
acid micture
(HCl+H3PO4)
sample tonic water

brand name
Acros Organics
N.A.

lot number
163720250
N.A.

concentration
99%
1 M (1:1)

date
N.A.
N.A.

Royal Club

0042L26805

N.A.

04.2014.

Equipment(table 2)

equipment
spectrophotometer
scale

brand name
Shimadzu
Sartorius

type
UV-1800
M-Power

registration number
Han-05125548
Han-05125542/00391

Glass ware and additional materials:

1. Volumetric flask 250 ml
2. Volumetric flasks 50 ml
3. Plastic cuvettes

4.2. Procedure:
1. Preparing the quinine stock solution:
1.1 Weigh carefully about 155 mg of quinineHCl2H2O and dissolve in 50 ml acid mixture.
1.2 Transfer the solution to a 250 ml volumetric flask, top up with demineralised water to the line
and homogenize.
2. Calibration series:
3.1.Using the stock solution quinineHCl2H2O make the quinine standard solution with a final
concentration of 10-20-30-40-50 mg quinine/l in volumetric flasks of 50 ml.
3.2.To each volumetric flask add 12.5 ml acid mixture.
3.3.Top up the volumetric flasks to the mark and homogenize.
4. Preparing the sample solution:
4.1.Pipette (in triplo) 25 ml of analysis material in a 50 ml volumetric flask. Add 12.5 ml of the acid
mixture and top up to the line and homogenize.
5. Measurements:
5.1.Using a solution with the concentration of 40 mg quinine/l take a spectrum of 300 up to 400 nm
to determine the maximum wavelength.
5.2.Adjust the spectrophotometer to this fixed wavelength.
5.3.Measure the absorbance of all standards and samples.
5.4. Using the standard solutions, calculate a calibration line and determine the concentration of
quinine in tonic with the use of this line. Do not forget the dilution of the sample. Calculate
using the actual concentration of the quinine standard solution.

5. Results
The quinine calibration standards data are presented in table 3 and 4. A plot of Concentration against Absorbance of
tonic water samples is presented in Graph 1. This plot has a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.999.
Measurement Data-table 3

VquinineHCl2H2O pipetted

(l)

Concentration of the standard

solution (mg/l)

10.1342

20.2684

30.4026

40.5368

50.671
2

Absorbance

0.157

0.319

0.481

0.650

0.820

max = 345.25 nm
Absorbance(max)=0.7
52

Measurement Data-table 4

Tonic water sample

1
28.21
0.442
56.63

Concentration after dilution(mg/ml)

Absorbance
Real concentration (mg/ml)

2
28.06
0.438
56.125

3
28.44
0.444
56.875

Graph 1: Absorbance against Concentration

Absorbance against Concentration

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

f(x) = 0.02x - 0.01

R = 1
Absorbance

0.5

Linear (Absorbance)

Absorbance 0.4

Linear (Absorbance)

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Concentration (mg/l)

Calculation examples:
example 1

mquinineHCl2H2O= 0.155 g= 155 mg

mquinineHCl2 H 2 O
155 mg
i =
= 0.25 l = 620 mg/l
V flask

i/MquinineHCl2H O=
2

620 mg/l
396.91 g/mol

= 1.562 mol/l

1.562mol/l * 324.417 g/mol = 506.71 g/l= 506.71 mg/ml of quinine

example 2
Volume of stock solution to be pipetted:
C1*V1=C2*V2
500* V1=10*50
V1= 1 ml
example 3
Concentration of calibration series(standard solutions):
C1*V1=C2*V2
506.71*1= C2*50

C2= 506.71/50 = 10.1342 mg/ml

example 4
y=0.016*x-0.011
0.016*x=y(absorbance)+0.011
0.016*x=0.442+0.011
x=0.453/0.016
x=28.3128 mg/ml
example 5
Real concentration before diluting samples
C1*V1=C2*V2
C1*25=28.3128*50
C1=28.3128*2
C1=56.6256 mg/ml
example 6

x=

s=

s=

s=

s=

s=

56.6256+ 56.125+ 56.875

=56.54186
3

( x Xi )2

0.00701+0.1737+ 0.1109
2

n1
2

( x Xi ) + ( x Xi ) + ( x Xi )
31

( 56.5418656.6256
) + ( 56.5418656.125 )2 + ( 56.5418656.875
)

0.29161
2

s=0.3818

6.

Discussion/Conclusion
From the completion of 5 standard solutions of quinine hydrochlorid dihydrate and 3 sample solutions of tonic water, the
amount of quinine was determined to be about 56 ppm. This value was calculated via Concentration against Abrosbance
graph which was plotted in Excel. It seems reasonable because it falls under the range given by US Food and Drug
Administration, which limits it to 83 ppm. As seen in the spectrophotometry results, the maximum absorbance
wavelength was 345.25 nm. This matches hypotheses, made prior to the experiment, that quinine absorbance peaks
around 350 nm. Overall, this data met the objectives for this experiment and it is of good quality. The regression
coefficient of 0.999 is very high and shows that the best-fit line is of good quality and represents the data well. This is
important because we used that slope in later analysis, so this proves the quality of the calculations as a whole. There
were some possible sources of error in this experiment due to impurities of glassware and cuvettes, random errors or
imprecise measurements which may have altered the results. The calculated standard deviation confirms that the random
error was very small.

7. Answers to the questions for preparation:

1. Other names for quinine: qualaquin, quinate, quinbisul
IUPAC name for quinine: (R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol

2. Molecular formula of quinine: C20H24N2O2

Molar mass of quinine= 324.417 g/mol
Structural formula of quinine:
3. The concentration of quinine in tonic is 83 mg/l .
4. The UV absorbance of quinine peaks around 350 nm. For the quinine
analysis plastic cuvettes are used because the plastic will not absorb
wavelengths over 320 nm.
5. Moleules containing electrons or non-bonding electrons can absorb the energy in the form of ultra-violet or
visible light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals. The more easily excited the electrons,
the longer the wavelength of light it can absorb.
6. mquinineHCl2H2O= 0.1549 g= 154.9 mg

i =

mquinineHCl2 H 2 O
154.9 mg
=
= 619.6 mg/l
V flask
0.25 l

i/MquinineHCl2H O=
2

619.6 mg/l
396.91 g/mol

= 1.561 mol/l= 1561 mmol/l

1.562mol/l * 324.417 g/mol = 506.71 g/l= 506.43 mg/ml of quinine

7. MSDS for quinine: http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924790
8. References
-K.J.M.Lagendijk-Driessen, practical guide Chemistry and Nutrition, version june 2014., code 2972, pg 19 & 20
-Tonic water, Retrieved on: 2nd of October 2014: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_water
-Quinine, Retrieved on: 2nd of October 2014: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine
-Absorbance, Retrieved on: 2nd of October 2014: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbance