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The
pressure leaving the compressor is 1.05MPa. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 1135
degrees C. Determine the pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle, the
compressor work, turbine work and cycle efficiency.Check the efficiency using the basic
formula.
T1 = 287.2 K; T2 = 521.98 K; T3 = 1408.2 K; T4 = 775.0 K; th = 44.95%
Q1B A gas turbine is 46% efficient. Heat lost is 840kJ/kg. Work done by the turbine is
685kJ/kg. Calculate the work done by the compressor.
Wc = 300.4 kJ/kg
Q1C A gas turbines efficiency is 43%. The ambient air pressure is 0.101 MPa. Calculate the
max compressor pressure.
(P2) = 0.72 MPa
Q1d Show the derivation of the basic equation shown below for calculating the efficiency
of an air standard gas turbine engine
Q1e Using diagrams show the component and process diagrams for a Brayton Cycle gas
turbine engine.
Q2A Steam enters a turbine at a temperature of 440 degrees C at a pressure of 5.0MPa.
The condenser pressure is 25kPa. Show the Rankin Cycle on a steam T-s chart and derive all
the values required to calculate the thermal efficiency of the Rankin cycle and the dryness of
steam at entry to the condenser and indicate the heat flows and region of work done.
h1 = 260 kJ/kg
S1 = 0.83 kJ/kg
h2 = ?kJ/kg
S3/4 = 6.8 kJ/kg-k
h3 = 3300 kJ/kg
h4 = 2270 kJ/kg
Sfg = 7.82 kJ/kg-k
X = 0.86
Q2B Calculate, using the values determined from the chart, the Rankin cycle efficiency and
the nett work determined by calculating the heat rejected in the condenser.
Q2C Check by calculation from values obtained from the chart, the accuracy of your
dryness fraction value obtained from the chart.
85.41% dry
Q2d Critically discuss the effect of lowering the exhaust (condenser) pressure on the
Rankin cycle and describe the Ideal Reheat Cycle cycle.
Q3a Explain how a heatpump works using diagrams where necessary and discuss the
problems inherent with using refrigerant gasses.
Q3b Discuss the pattern of use and applications of heatpumps currently used in the UK.
Q3c For domestic space heating for a hospital for the criminally insane, a ground source
heat pump is being used. The pump uses refrigerant R134a and operates with a vapour
pressure of 1.6 MPa. The condenser saturation temperature is 35 degrees C. The volumetric
capacity of the compressor is equivalent to 0.008m^3/s. Considering compression to be
isentropic, and the fluid exiting the evaporator/entering the compressor to be saturated
vapour, use a P-h chart to show the cycle and indicate key enthalpy values and determine
the ideal heating CoP and ideal heating capacity of the system.
h1 = 390 kJ/kg
h2is = 430 kJ/kg h3 = 247 kJ/kg h4 = 247 kJ/kg = 8.1 kg/m^3 V = 0.008m^3/s
2 - In practice, with the evaporator exit pipe exposed to warm ambient conditions, the
vapour entering the compressor is found to superheated by 15 C, and the compressor has
an actual isentropic efficiency of 75%. Sketch this more realistic cycle on the chart provided.
Determine the enthalpy of the vapour at exit from the compressor.
h1 = 402 kJ/kg h2is = 4448 kJ/kg h3 = 270 kJ/kg h4 = 270 kJ/kg = 9.2 kg/m^3 V = 0.005m^3/s is = 0.75
4- Considering your answers to questions a), b) and c) above, critically discuss the potential
performance benefits and draw backs of the vapour being superheated before entering the
compressor.
5- Determine and discuss the viability of using the high temperature gas exiting the
compressor for domestic hot water heating in addition to space heating.
Potential hot water heating capacity = 1.296kW
Heating required for 160L tank heated to 50degreesC = 6.53 kWh
Q4a A bio-mass fuel contains by mass 89% C, 7%H2, 1%S and 3% ash (silica). Calculate the
Stoichiometric air.
Stoichiometric ratio = 12.58:1
Q4c
For Ethane and Octane, calculate the amount of CO2 produced per kg of fuel burned.
Q4d If the LCV of Ethane is 47.8MJ/kg and LCV for Octane is 44.4MJ/kg calculate kg of CO2
per MJ.
Ethane= 0.061 kgCO2/MJ
Octane = 0.070 kgCO2/MJ
Q4e
Q5 Part A
Using the equivalences and data shown below, calculate the RPM at which
the pump must run to deliver the required flow of water and the diameter of pipe required
to permit this flow using the data given in the following table.
Data obtained from analysis of manufacturers pump curves
NA
1200 RPM
0.032m^3/s
HA = Head (Optimal)
64m
HB = Total head
32m
QB = Flow required
0.0160m^3/s
DA = Rotor diameter
115 mm
Equivalences
Q5b
A fan is pushing air along a 0.25m diameter pipe at a uniform velocity of 0.12m/s.
The air temperature is 25 degrees C and the pressure is 170kPa. Taking the value for R to be
0.287, determine the mass flow rate of the air and QA.
The mass flow rate of the air is 0.0116kg/s
Q5c Briefly define the causes of Cavitation in pumps and discuss how evidence of
cavitation might show itself and how this may affect the pumps performance.
Q5d A centrifugal pump has the following characteristics
QA (m^3/h)
23
46
69
92
HA
(m)
17
16
13.5
10.5
6.6
(%)
49.5
61
63.5
53
115
2
10
The pump has to pump water from a low reservoir to a high reservoir through a total length
of 800m of pipe which is 15 cm in diameter. The difference between the water levels in the
reservoirs is 8m. Neglecting all losses except friction and assuming f = 0.004, find the rate of
flow between the reservoirs. Also determine the power input to the pump
h = 11.9mQ res = 60m^3/h and Q res also = 0.017m^3/s
= 65% = 0.65
Q5e
phase mains supply. The pump has the following operating characteristics. Calculate the
pump efficiency.
Q5f Using diagrams where necessary, briefly discuss methods and considerations for pump
selection.