Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 8

Politehnica University of Timioara

Department of Steel Structures and


Structural Mechanics CMMC

Basis of structural design

2007

VERIFICATION BY THE PARTIAL FACTOR METHOD

GENERAL
EN1990
DESIGN VALUES
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES ULS
General
Verifications of static equilibrium and resistance
Combination of actions (fatigue verifications excluded)
General
Combinations of actions for persistent or transient design situations (fundamental
combinations)
Combinations of actions for seismic design situations

Partial factors for actions and combinations of actions


Partial factors for materials and products
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES SLS
Verifications
Serviceability criteria
Combination of actions
Partial factors for materials
EXAMPLES

GENERAL

The design of structures is concerned with the generation of solutions and the
verification of safety
The safety of the selected design solution is mostly verified with use of design
rules
For engineering practice it is essential that these rules are generally accepted.
Codes and standards can be seen as such state-of-the-art guidelines.
In the old days, the experience of ancient builders guaranteed the safety of
structures
Since the introduction of new materials (i.e. cast iron), engineers have
developed new techniques to design by calculation
Further developments in design are initiated by the use of mild steel,
reinforced concrete, aluminium and fibre reinforced materials in the 20th
century.
Related to these new calculation methods, is the introduction of the safety
factors.
The safety factor used in design takes into account the uncertainties about
loads and strengths
First attempt - probabilistic concepts
An other more consistent safety concept developed simultaneously - the
partial safety factor approach

Partial safety factor approach

GENERAL

Within the partial safety factor approach, the safety of a structure or component has
to be validated by comparing the so-called characteristic values for the action Sk and
the resistance Rk:

S Sk

Rk

where: S and R are the partial safety factors for the action effects and the
resistances, respectively

For the selected design situations and the relevant limit states the individual actions
for the critical load cases should be combined. However actions that cannot occur
simultaneously, for example due to physical reasons, should not be considered
together in combination.

EN1990 - Basis of structural design

The use of the Application Rules given in EN 1990 is limited to ULS and SLS
verifications of structures subject to static loading, including cases where the
dynamic effects are assessed using equivalent quasi-static loads and dynamic
amplification factors, including wind or traffic loads.
When using the partial factor method, it shall be verified that, in all relevant design
situations, no relevant limit state is exceeded when design values for actions or
effects of actions and resistances are used in the design models.
Design values should be obtained by using :
the characteristic, or
other representative values,

in combination with partial and other factors (see EN 1991 to EN 1999).


Actions on buildings that do not depend on human decisions such as service loads,
wind, snow and earthquakes - have intensities that vary with time. Increasing the
lifetime of a structure therefore increases the probability that, in a given time frame,
the intensity of one of these actions will exceed the value assumed in the design.
The load-bearing capacity of a structural element - beam, column or foundation
depends on:
the dimensions of the transverse section - increasing the dimensions increases the loadbearing capacity;
the mechanical characteristics of the material(s).

DESIGN VALUES
Design values of actions
Design values of the effects of actions
Design values of material or product properties
Design values of geometrical data
Design resistance

Design values of actions

Fd = f Frep
with :

Frep = Fk
where :
Fk is the characteristic value of the action.
Frep is the relevant representative value of the action.
f is a partial factor for the action which takes account of the possibility of
unfavourable deviations of the action values from the representative values.
is either 1,00 or 0, 1, 2 or 3 .
For seismic actions the design value AEd should be determined taking account of
the structural behaviour and other relevant criteria detailed in EN 1998.

Design values of the effects of actions


For a specific load case the design values of the effects of actions (Ed) can be
expressed in most cases as :

with :

where :
ad is the design values of the geometrical data
Sd is a partial factor taking account of uncertainties in modelling the effects of
actions, or, in some cases, in modelling the actions.

Design values of material or product properties


The design value Xd of a material or product property can be expressed in general
terms as:

where :
Xk is the characteristic value of the material or product property
is the mean value of the conversion factor taking into account
volume and scale effects,
effects of moisture and temperature, and
any other relevant parameters ;
m is the partial factor for the material or product property to take account of :
the possibility of an unfavourable deviation of a material or product property
from its characteristic value ;
the random part of the conversion factor.

Design values of geometrical data


Design values of geometrical data such as dimensions of members that are used to
assess action effects and/or resistances may be represented by nominal values:

Design resistance
The design resistance Rd can be expressed in the following form:

where :

Rd is a partial factor covering uncertainty in the resistance model, plus geometric


deviations if these are not modeled explicitly
Xk,i is the characteristic value of material property i.
Alternatively to previous expression, the design resistance may be obtained
directly from the characteristic value of a material or product resistance, without
explicit determination of design values for individual basic variables, using :

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES


General
The following ultimate limit states shall be verified as relevant :
a) EQU: Loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of it considered as a
rigid body
b) STR : Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural
members, including footings, piles, basement walls, etc., where the strength of
construction materials of the structure governs ;
c) GEO : Failure or excessive deformation of the ground where the strengths of soil or
rock are significant in providing resistance ;
d) FAT : Fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.

Verifications of static equilibrium and resistance


When considering a limit state of static equilibrium of the structure (EQU), it shall be
verified that :
where :
Ed,dst is the design value of the effect of destabilizing actions;
Ed,stb is the design value of the effect of stabilizing actions.

When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member


or connection (STR and/or GEO), it shall be verified that :
where :
Ed is the design value of the effect of actions such as internal force, moment
Rd is the design value of the corresponding resistance.

Combination of actions
For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions (Ed) shall be
determined by combining the values of actions that are considered to occur
simultaneously.
For fundamental combinations, the combination of effects may be expressed as :

"+ "

implies "to be combined with"


implies "the combined effect of"

For seismic design situations, the combination of actions may be expressed as :

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES


It shall be verified that :
where :
Cd is the limiting design value of the relevant serviceability criterion.
Ed is the design value of the effects of actions specified in the serviceability criterion,
determined on the basis of the relevant combination.
The deformations to be taken into account in relation to serviceability requirements
should be as detailed according to the type of construction works, or agreed with the
client or the National authority.

Combination of actions
The combinations of actions for serviceability limit states are defined by the following
expression (for characteristic combination):

In case of seismic situation, the combinations of actions for serviceability limit states
is defined by the following expression:

Вам также может понравиться