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2007
GENERAL
EN1990
DESIGN VALUES
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES ULS
General
Verifications of static equilibrium and resistance
Combination of actions (fatigue verifications excluded)
General
Combinations of actions for persistent or transient design situations (fundamental
combinations)
Combinations of actions for seismic design situations
GENERAL
The design of structures is concerned with the generation of solutions and the
verification of safety
The safety of the selected design solution is mostly verified with use of design
rules
For engineering practice it is essential that these rules are generally accepted.
Codes and standards can be seen as such state-of-the-art guidelines.
In the old days, the experience of ancient builders guaranteed the safety of
structures
Since the introduction of new materials (i.e. cast iron), engineers have
developed new techniques to design by calculation
Further developments in design are initiated by the use of mild steel,
reinforced concrete, aluminium and fibre reinforced materials in the 20th
century.
Related to these new calculation methods, is the introduction of the safety
factors.
The safety factor used in design takes into account the uncertainties about
loads and strengths
First attempt - probabilistic concepts
An other more consistent safety concept developed simultaneously - the
partial safety factor approach
GENERAL
Within the partial safety factor approach, the safety of a structure or component has
to be validated by comparing the so-called characteristic values for the action Sk and
the resistance Rk:
S Sk
Rk
where: S and R are the partial safety factors for the action effects and the
resistances, respectively
For the selected design situations and the relevant limit states the individual actions
for the critical load cases should be combined. However actions that cannot occur
simultaneously, for example due to physical reasons, should not be considered
together in combination.
The use of the Application Rules given in EN 1990 is limited to ULS and SLS
verifications of structures subject to static loading, including cases where the
dynamic effects are assessed using equivalent quasi-static loads and dynamic
amplification factors, including wind or traffic loads.
When using the partial factor method, it shall be verified that, in all relevant design
situations, no relevant limit state is exceeded when design values for actions or
effects of actions and resistances are used in the design models.
Design values should be obtained by using :
the characteristic, or
other representative values,
DESIGN VALUES
Design values of actions
Design values of the effects of actions
Design values of material or product properties
Design values of geometrical data
Design resistance
Fd = f Frep
with :
Frep = Fk
where :
Fk is the characteristic value of the action.
Frep is the relevant representative value of the action.
f is a partial factor for the action which takes account of the possibility of
unfavourable deviations of the action values from the representative values.
is either 1,00 or 0, 1, 2 or 3 .
For seismic actions the design value AEd should be determined taking account of
the structural behaviour and other relevant criteria detailed in EN 1998.
with :
where :
ad is the design values of the geometrical data
Sd is a partial factor taking account of uncertainties in modelling the effects of
actions, or, in some cases, in modelling the actions.
where :
Xk is the characteristic value of the material or product property
is the mean value of the conversion factor taking into account
volume and scale effects,
effects of moisture and temperature, and
any other relevant parameters ;
m is the partial factor for the material or product property to take account of :
the possibility of an unfavourable deviation of a material or product property
from its characteristic value ;
the random part of the conversion factor.
Design resistance
The design resistance Rd can be expressed in the following form:
where :
Combination of actions
For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions (Ed) shall be
determined by combining the values of actions that are considered to occur
simultaneously.
For fundamental combinations, the combination of effects may be expressed as :
"+ "
Combination of actions
The combinations of actions for serviceability limit states are defined by the following
expression (for characteristic combination):
In case of seismic situation, the combinations of actions for serviceability limit states
is defined by the following expression: