Kompresor

Tujuan
Menjelaskan dua macam kompresor dasar dan
aplikasi mereka
Menjelaskan bagaimana persamaan untuk
perancangan bagi kompresor diturunkan dari MEB
dan kesetimbangan dari keseluruhan energi(total
energy balance -TEB) (mengerti akan asumsiasumsi yang ada)

Menggunakan persamaan perancangan untuk

menganalisa permasalahan yang timbul pada
kompresor

Jenis-Jenis Kompresor
Gas dapat dikompresi melalui beberapa cara berikut ini:
Reciprocating piston compressors

Tingkat aliran rendah (Low flow rates)

Rasio Kompresi tingkat tinggi (High compression

ratios)

Rotating centrifugal compressors

Tingkat aliran tinggi (High flow rates)

Rasio kompresi kompresor rendah (Low compression

ratios)

Untuk memperoleh rasio kompresi yang lebih tinggi

digunakan beberapa tingkat (stage) kompresor

Jenis-Jenis Kompresor

Tipe dari Kompresor

Reciprocating Compressor

Cara kerja
Reciprocating
Compressor

Tipe dari Kompresor

Tipe dari Kompresor

Centrifugal Compressors

Tipe dari Kompresor

Radial Flow Compressors (bertingkat)

Tipe dari Kompresor

Axial Compressor

FAN MOVIE

COMPRESSOR MOVIE

Example of Centrifugal Flow

Airflow being
forced around
body of engine

Centrifugal
Compressor

Intake airflow is being forced around the

outside perimeter of the engine.

Example of Axial Flow

Multistage
Axial
Compressor

Center
Shaft

Intake airflow is forced down the center shaft

of the engine.

Example of Combination Flow

Centrifugal
Compressor

Intake Air
Flow

Axial Compressor

Intake air flow is forced down the center shaft

initially by axially compressor stages, and then
forced against engine perimeter by the
centrifugal compressor.

Centrifugal Compressor Operation

Centrifugal compressors rotate ambient air about an

impeller. The impeller blades guide the airflow toward
the outer perimeter of the compressor assembly. The air
velocity is then increased as the rotational speed of the
impeller increases.

Axial Turbine Operation

Hot combustion gases
expand, airflow
pressure and
temperature drops. This
drop over the turbine
blades creates shaft
work which rotates the
compressor assembly.

Airflow through stator

Axial Turbine with airflow

Airflow around rotor

Radial Turbine Operation

Same operation
characteristics as axial flow
turbine.
Radial turbines are simpler
in design and less
expensive to manufacture.

They are designed much

like centrifugal
compressors.
Airflow is essentially
expanded outward from the
center of the turbine.

Radial Flow Turbine

Persamaan Disain dari Kompresor

Kesetimbangan Energi Mekanik

u
dp
W
gZ h f
2
p1
2

p2

Faktor apakah yang menjadi asumsi yang tidak terduga?

Perubahan viskositas (Viscous) diabaikan!

hf akan diperhitungkan melalui
effisiensi kompresor

Kesetimbangan Energi Mekanik

dp

p1
p2

adalah kerja yang dilakukan fluida oleh kompresor

harus tetap berada didalam fungsi integral karena berubah dengan p.

Kesetimbangan Total Energi

u2
Q

gZ H Wc
2
m
Kompresi adiabatik

Wc H C p T2 T1
Perlu dicatat bahwa c pada TEB termasuk
didalamnya effisiensi sementara pada MEB tidak
termasuk effisiensi

Kerja Isentropik pada waktu kompresi

Pada pendekatan pertama, sebuah kompresor tanpa
pendinginan internal dapat diasumsikan sebagai adiabatik.
Jika proses diasumsikan sebagai proses reversible, maka
akan menjadi isentropik.

p1

const.

Penyelesaian untuk , substitusikan ke MEB, dan integrasikan

Kerja Isentropik pada waktu Kompresi

Pada waktu integrasi

W S 0

p1 p2
1

1 1 p1

Ini merupakan kerja isentropik pada waktu kompresi.

Besaran/kuantitas dari p2/p1 merupakan perbandingan
kompresi.

Kerja dari Kompresor

Kompresi tidak dapat dikembalikan (reversible), akan
tetapi deviasi dari kelakukan ideal harus diperhitungkan
untuk untuk memperkenalkan effisiensi kompresor
isentropik seperti kerja kompresi yang dilakukan oleh
kompresor diberikan sebagai berikut:

Wc

W S 0

ad

Bagaimana ad diperoleh?

Wc C p T2 T1

Kompresi Isotermal
Jika pendinginan bagus diberikan untuk membuat kompresi
dari proses isotermal, kerja kompresi sebagai berikut:

RT1 p2

WT 0
ln
M
p1
Untuk rasio kompresi dan kondisi hisap yang telah
ditentukan, kerja yang diperlukan pada kompresi isotermal
kurang dari kompresi adiabatik. Ini merupakan salah satu
alasan mengapa pendinginan berguna bagi kompresor.

Kompresi Polytropic
Secara aktual jalur dari S = 0 diasumsikan secara tertulis
dalam p/ const. akan tetapi ini bukan merupakan jalur
termodinamika yang benar dari gas pada kompresor
berukuran besar dan kompresi tidak dalam bentuk adiabatik
maupun isotermal. Jalur polytropic direpresentasikan:

p1

n
1

const.

Dimana n bergantung kepada sifat dasar dari gas dan

keadaan dari proses kompresi.

Kompresi Polytropic
n 1

n
p1n p2

1
Wp

1 n 1 p1

dimana p adalah kerja untuk kompresi polytropic

Sekali lagi kerja aktual dari kompresi lebih besar dari
perhitungan dan:

Wc

W p

Kompresi Polytropic
Effiesiensi polytropic p sering dipergunakan oleh
manufaktur. Dari effisiensi ini hubungan yang berguna
dapat dinyatan untuk mengkonversikan polytropic ke
adiabatik:
Untuk mendapatkan n dari eksponen polytropic :

p
n
1 p

p
n 1 1

or

Untuk mendapatkan hubungan antara T atau dan rasio

n 1
kompresi menggantikan dengan n.

e.g.

T2 p2

T1 p1

Kompresi bertingkat
(Multistage Compression)
Pertimbangkan proses kompresi tingkat dua p1p2p3
dengan intercooling sempurna (temperatur diturunkan ke
T1 setelah tiap proses kompresi)

WS 0

1
1

RT1 p2
RT1 p3

1
1

1 p2

1 p1

Sekarang carilah p2 yang akan meminimalkan kerja, yang

merupakan diferensi dari wrt p2

p2opt

p1 p3

Kompresi Bertingkat
(Multistage Compression)
1
p2 p3 p3

p1 p2 p1

Rasio kompresi untuk meminimumkan kerja total pada setiap tingkat

memiliki rasio yang identik.
Dapat digeneralisasikan untuk tingkat ke n stages adalah:

pn 1 pn 1
p2 p3

p1 p2
pn pn
Ketika T tidak didinginkan ke T1:

pi 1

Ti
pi

const. Ti

pi 1

pi

Kompresi Bertingkat
(Multistage Compression)
Contoh metode grafik (P-H )

P = 300 psia
Natural Gas (methane)
P = 100 psia

P = 900 psia

Axial Compressor Design

Assumption of Needs
Determination of Rotational Speed
Estimation of number of stages
General Stage Design
Variation of air angles

Assumption of Needs
The first step in compressor design in the
determination of the needs of the system
Assumptions:

Standard Atmospheric Conditions

Engine Thrust Required
Pressure Ratio Required
Air Mass Flow
Turbine inlet temperature

Rotational Speed Determination

First Step in Axial Compressor Design
Process for this determination is based on
assumptions of the system as a whole
Assumed: Blade tip speed, axial velocity, and hub-tip
ratio at inlet to first stage.

Rotational
Speed Equation

Derivation of Rotational Speed

First Make Assumptions:

Standard atmospheric conditions

m
Axial Velocity: C a 150 200 s
m
Tip Speed: U t 350 s
No Intake Losses
Hub-tip ratio 0.4 to 0.6

Compressor Rotational Speed

Somewhat of an iterative process in
conjunction with the turbine design.
Derivation Process:
First Define the mass flow into the system

mdot AU

where U =

C a1

C a1is the axial velocity range from the root

of the compressor blades to the tips of the

blades.

Axial Velocity Relationship

r
C a1 1 r
rt

rt

* Ca

rr

rr

Radius to root of blade

rt

Radius to tip of blade

Tip Radius Determination

By rearranging the mass flow rate equation we can
obtain an iterative equation to determine the blade tip
radius required for the design.

rt

mdot

rr
1Ca1 1
r

Now Looking at the energy equation, we can determine the

entry temperature of the flow.
2
0

2
1

U
U
c pT0
c pT1
2
2

2
a1

C
T1 T0
2c p

Isentropic Relationships
Now employing the isentropic relation between
the temperatures and pressures, then the
pressure at the inlet may be obtained.

T1 1
P1 P0

T
0

Now employ the ideal gas law to obtain the

density of the inlet air.
P1
1
RT1

Finally Obtaining Rotational Speed

Using the equation for tip speed.

U t 2rt N

Rearranging to obtain rotational speed.

Ut
N
2rt
Finally an iterative process is utilized to
obtain the table seen here.

Determining Number of Stages

Make keen assumptions
Polytropic efficiency of approximately 90%.
Mean Radius of annulus is constant through all
stages.

Use polytropic relation to determine the exit

temperature of compressor.

P02
T02 T01
P01

n 1
n

n = 1.4, Ratio of Specific Heats,

Cp/Cv

P02 is the pressure that the

compressor outputs

To1 is ambient temperature

Determine Temperature Change

Assuming that Ca1=Ca

is the work done factor
Work done factor is estimate of stage efficiency
Determine the mean blade speed.

U m 2rmean N
Geometry allows for determining the rotor blade
angle at the inlet of the compressor.
Um
tan1
Ca

Temperature Rise in a Stage

Determine the speed of the flow over the blade profile.

Ca
V1
cos 1

Velocity
flow over
blade V1.
This will give an estimate of the maximum possible rotor
deflection.
C

cos 2

V2

2 1 Blade _ Deflection

Finally obtain the temperature rise through the stage.

T0 s

U m C a tan1 tan 2
cp

Number of Stages Required

The number of stages required is dependent
upon the ratio of temperature changes throughout
the compressor.

T
Stages
T0 s

T T2 Tamb

T is the temperature change within a stage

T0 s is the average temperature change over all the stages

Designing a Stage
Make assumptions
Assume initial temperature change through first
stage.
Assume the work-done factors through each stage.
Ideal Gas at standard conditions

Determine the air angles in each stage.

Stages 1 to 2
Determine the change in the whirl velocity.
Whirl Velocity is the tangential component of the flow
velocity around the rotor.

Stage 1 to 2
Change in whirl velocity through stage.

Cw Cw2 Cw1
c p T
C w
U m
Cw1 Ca tan1
U m Cw2
tan 2
Ca
Cw2
tan 2
Ca

Alpha 1 is zero at the first

stage.

Compressor Velocity Triangles

Pressure ratio of the Stage

The pressure ratio in the stage can be determined through
the isentropic temperature relationship and the polytropic
efficiency assumed at 90%.

P03 s T0 s 1
Rs
1

P01
Tamb

s 0.9

Stage Attributes
The analysis shows that the stage can be outlined by
the following attributes:
1.) Pressure at the onset of
the stage.

2.) Temperature at the onset

of the stage.
3.) The pressure ratio of the
stage.
4.) Pressure at the end of the
stage.
5.) Temperature at the end of
the stage.
6.) Change in pressure
through the stage.

Example of a single stage

Variation in Air Angles of Blade

Assume the free vortex condition.
Cw2 r const
Determine stator exit angle.

Um
tan 3
tan1
Ca
Then determine the flow velocity.
Um
C3
cos 3

Air Angle Triangle

Note: This is
the whirl
velocity
component
and not a
blade
spacing!

Alpha 1 is 0 at
the inlet stage
because there
are no IGVs.
Thus,
Ca1=C1,
and Cw1
is 0

Velocity Triangle
Red is Ca
Ca

Green is

Blue is

Ca

Variation in Air Angles of Blade

Determine the exit temp., pressure, and density of
stage 1

2
P3
T3 1
Ca
3
T3 T0
P3 P03
RT3
2c p
T
03
Determine the blade height at exit.

mdot
A3
3Ca

A3
h
2rmean

Finally determine the radii of the blade at stator exit.

h
rts rmean
2

h
rrs rmean
2

Variation in Air Angles of Blade

Determine the radii at the rotor exit.

rtri rts
rtr
2

rrri rrs
rrr
2

Note: That rtri is the radius of the blade at the tip at rotor inlet.

Note: That rrri is the radius of the blade at the root at rotor inlet.

Determine the whirl velocities at the blade root and

tip.
rmean
rmean
Cw 2 r Cw 2 m
Cw 2t Cw 2 m
rrr
rtr
Note:

Cw 2 m Cw 2

because there is no other whirl velocity component in the first stage.

Finally determine the Air Angles

Cw2 r
tan 2 r
Ca

Stator air angle at root of

blade

Cw2 m
tan 2 m
Ca

Stator air angle at middle of

blade

Cw 2t
tan 2t
Ca

Stator air angle at tip of blade

U rr C w 2 r
tan 2 r
Ca
U m Cw2m
tan 2 m
Ca
U tr C w 2t
tan 2t
Ca

Deflection air angle at root of

blade
Deflection air angle at middle
of blade
Deflection air angle at tip of
blade

Compressor Design Example

Design of a 5 stage axial compressor:
Givens:

rt 0.2262m

Ta 288 K
T2 452.5 K

Use this and chart

to get Rotational
speed of engine.

Ca 150 ms

0.98

Once rotational speed is found, determine mean blade tip

speed.

Example
rt rr
0.1697 m
2
m
U m 2rmean N 262.6
s
rmean

Determine the total temperature rise through the first stage.

T T2 Tamb 164.5K

We are designing for more than just one stage,

so we need to define an average temperature
rise per stage:T

T0 s

# Stages

32.9 K

Example (Air Angle Determination)

Um
1 tan
60.26
Ca
1

Cw Cw 2 Cw1
Cw1 0
Cw

m
s
c p T0 s

U m

m
128.51 Cw 2
s

Example (Air Angle Determination)

2 tan 1

U m Cw 2
41.78
Ca

Ca
m
V2
201.158
cos 2
s

Cw 2
2 tan
40.59
Ca
1