CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Data and Schema

Modifications
Chapters 4,5

Fall 2014

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System
Concepts (5/6) (Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ),
Database Systems: Complete Book (Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases

Rice University Data Center

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

INSERT statement

DELETE statement

UPDATE statement

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

INSERT Command
INSERT is used to add tuples to a relation
Need to specify the relation name and a list of values for the tuple(s).

There are different forms of the INSERT statement

1. INSERT Without Column list
Provide values for all attributes of the relation then the list of attributes can
be omitted
Values are listed in the same order in which the corresponding attributes are
specified in the CREATE TABLE command

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

INSERT Command

There are different forms of the INSERT statement

2.

INSERT With Column list (explicit list)

Specify explicit attribute names that correspond to the values provided in the
INSERT command
Useful if a relation has many attributes but only a few of those attributes are
assigned values in the new tuple
Attributes with NULL allowed or DEFAULT values are the ones that can be left
out

Attributes not specified in U1A are set to their DEFAULT or to NULL,

and the values are listed in the same order as the attributes are listed in
the INSERT command itself
4

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

INSERT Command

There are different forms of the INSERT statement

3.

INSERT with SELECT statement

Insert one or more tuples as a result of a SELECT statement

INSERT and Integrity Constraints

A DBMS that fully implements SQL should support and
enforce all the integrity constraints that can be specified in
the DDL
Example: If we issue the command in U2, the DBMS should reject the
operation because no DEPARTMENT tuple exists in the database
with Dnumber = 2

Example: U2A should be rejected because no Ssn value is provided

and it is the primary key (cannot be NULL)

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

DELETE Command
DELETE is used to remove tuple(s) from a relation
Needs relation name and (optionally) a WHERE clause to select
tuple(s) to be deleted

WHERE clause can be arbitrarily complex (like for SELECT), including the
use of nested SELECT statements
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SQL Data Manipulation Statements

DELETE Command

Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE search_condition]

Rows are explicitly deleted from only one table at a time.

Deletion may propagate to rows in other tables if referential
triggered actions are specified in the referential integrity constraints
of the DDL
WHERE clause is optional
if omitted, all rows are deleted from table
if specified, only those rows that satisfy the search_condition are
deleted

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

UPDATE Command

UPDATE is used to modify column value(s) in one or more selected tuples

Needs relation name, column(s) to be modified and new values, and
(optionally) WHERE clause to select tuple(s) to be modified
Required SET clause in the UPDATE command
Specifies attributes to be modified and new values

May use old value(s) and relations to determine new value(s)

UPDATE Employee
SET
Salary = Salary*1.03
WHERE Dno IN ( SELECT Dnumber
FROM Department
WHERE Dname LIKE '%Research%');
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SQL Data Manipulation Statements

UPDATE Command
Example 1:
Update salaries for all employees by a 10% increase
UPDATE Employee
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10;

UPDATE is applied ALL

rows in the EMPLOYEE
table

Example 2:
Update salaries for all employees by a 10% increase in a specific
department
UPDATE Employee
SET Salary = Salary * 1.10
WHERE Dno = 5;

WHERE clause finds all

the rows containing Dno
= 5. UPDATE is applied
ONLY to these particular
rows

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

UPDATE Command Might Fail

Recall: constraints specified in schema declaration

1. Inserted tuples might violate

domain constraints,
uniqueness constraints,
referential constraints, or
check constraints

Recall: CHECK(Dept_create_date <= Mgr_start_date)

2. Deleted tuples might violate referential constraints

Instead of failing, might cause cascaded deletes (recall: ON DELETE

CASCADE)

3. Modifications might fail (or cascade) like deletions or

insertions
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SQL Data Manipulation Statements

Example 1
Write SQL update statements to do the following
on the database schema shown in Figure 1.2

Insert a new student

<Johnson, 25, 1, Math>, in the database

INSERT INTO STUDENT

VALUES ('Johnson', 25, 1, 'MATH')

12

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

Example 2

Write SQL update statements to do the following

on the database schema shown in Figure 1.2

Change the class of student Smith to 2

UPDATE STUDENT
SET CLASS = 2
WHERE Name='Smith'

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SQL Data Manipulation Statements

Example 3

Write SQL update statements to do the following

on the database schema shown in Figure 1.2

Insert a new course <Knowledge

Engineering, CS4390, 3, CS>

INSERT INTO COURSE

VALUES ('Knowledge
Engineering','CS4390', 3,'CS')

14

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

SQL Data Manipulation Statements

Example 4

Write SQL update statements to do the following

on the database schema shown in Figure 1.2
Delete the record for the student whose
name is Smith and whose student
number is 17

DELETE FROM STUDENT

WHERE Name='Smith' AND
StudentNumber=17

15

Assertions & Triggers

Recall: an assertion is a Boolean-valued SQL expression that must be

true at all times
Recall: a trigger is a series of actions that are associated with certain
events

Assertions are easier for the programmer to use since they

merely require the programmer to state what must be true
Triggers, on the other hand, tell exactly when the DBMS
needs to deal with them

16

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Assertions & Triggers

CREATE ASSERTION
Specify additional types of constraints outside scope of
built-in relational model constraints
An assertion is declared with a CREATE statement
Syntax:

CREATE ASSERTION <assertion-name> CHECK (<condition>)

Each assertion is given a constraint name

The condition in an assertion must be true when the
assertion is created and must remain true
Any database modification that causes it to become false will be
rejected

Use only in cases where it is not possible to use CHECK on

attributes and domains
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Assertions & Triggers

CREATE ASSERTION

Example

What does the above assertion mean?

Specifies a constraint that the salary of an employee must not be greater than
the salary of the manager of the department that the employee works for

Whenever some tuples in the database cause the condition of an ASSERTION

statement to evaluate to FALSE, the constraint is violated
Only to be used for cases not otherwise covered
To delete an assertion:
DROP ASSERTION <assertion-name>
18

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

Assertions & Triggers

CREATE TRIGGER
Specify automatic actions that database system will perform when
certain events and conditions occur
Used to monitor the database and enforce business rules
Might update derived data in (possibly some other) table
Might enforce constraint (e.g., by first updating related data)
Might raise an alarm

Typical trigger has three components:

Event(s): Which updates are being monitored? Before/after/instead?
Condition: What specific data values are of concern?
Action: What should the system do when the conditions are met?

Example: Nobodys salary should be increased by more than 10%.

CREATE TRIGGER Limit_sal
AFTER UPDATE OF Salary ON EMPLOYEE
REFERENCING OLD ROW AS O, NEW ROW AS N
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (N.Salary > 1.1*O.Salary)
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET Salary = 1.1*O.Salary;

(event)
(condition)
(action)
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Schema Evolution Commands

Schema evolution commands
Can be done while the database is operational
Does not require recompilation of the database schema

Revise schema declaration as business needs evolve

Change set of tables
Change attributes within tables
Change set of constraints

Part of DDL rather than DML

Contrast to database update commands

Can be done while the database is operational

20

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

10

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

The DROP Command

Drops named schema elements (e.g., tables, domains,
constraints)
Drop behavior options:
CASCADE and RESTRICT
Latter means no ripple-on effects allowed

Example:
DROP SCHEMA Company CASCADE;
CASCADE Causes tables, domains, and constraints in schema to be
dropped as well
With RESTRICT, command would succeed only if schema is empty
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The ALTER Command

Can add a column to a table
ALTER TABLE Company.Employee
ADD COLUMN Job VARCHAR(12);
Can drop a column
Choose either CASCADE or RESTRICT
CASCADE permits constraints on columns to be dropped automatically

Can alter a column definition

Change type, NULL-ability, or default value

Can add or drop a named table constraint

ALTER TABLE Company.Employee
DROP CONSTRAINT EmpSuperFK;

22

1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

11

CS 338: Computer Applications in Business: Databases (Fall 2014)

The ALTER Command

How to drop column Address from table Employee?
ALTER TABLE COMPANY.EMPLOYEE
DROP COLUMN Address CASCADE;
How to remove the default value set in the CREATE TABLE command for
column Mgr_ssn in Department table?
ALTER TABLE COMPANY.Department
ALTER COLUMN Mgr_ssn
DROP DEFAULT;
How to modify the default value set in the CREATE TABLE command for
a column Mgr_ssn in Department table?
ALTER TABLE COMPANY.Department
ALTER COLUMN Mgr_ssn
SET DEFAULT 123456789;
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1992-2014 by Addison Wesley & Pearson Education, Inc., McGraw Hill, Cengage Learning

Slides adapted and modified from Fundamentals of Database Systems (5/6) (Elmasri et al.), Database System Concepts (5/6)
(Silberschatz et al.), Database Systems (Coronel et al.), Database Systems (4/5) (Connolly et al. ), Database Systems: Complete Book
(Garcia-Molina et al.)

12