ML Structural Mechanics Simulation June 2011

Structural Mechanics
Simulation (CSM using

finite element analysis)
Mark Leddin
ANSYS UK
2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Agenda
Structural Mechanics Simulation (CSM using finite
element analysis)
- Structural integrity performance for
complex structures and sub-structures
- Seismic assessment
- Geotechnical engineering
- Thermal bridging
Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI)
- Blast loading and structural response
- I-beam structural integrity under thermal loading
Structural integrity performance

for complex structures and substructures
33
ANSYS Mechanical FEA Suite

Founded in 1970, ANSYS have been
developing generic Mechanical FEA software
for 40 years
Originally developed for the nuclear industry,
quality was paramount in its design, now
in accordance with ISO quality controls
ANSYS FEA has the broadest range of
capabilities in the market-place, with
technologies for:
Linear & Nonlinear (geometric/material)
analyses
Static, frequency-domain & time-domain
0-D to 3-D elements
Isotropic, anistropic, layered materials
....
Product/Technology Description
Solver Technology
ANSYS
DesignSpace
ANSYS
Professional NLT
Linear Structural
Linear Structural
Steady State Thermal Steady State Thermal
Transient Thermal
Linear Dynamics
ANSYS
Structural
Linear Structural
Non-Linear Structural
Linear Dynamics
Nonlinear Dynamics
ANSYS
Professional NLS
ANSYS
Mechanical
Linear Structural
Non-Linear Structural
Linear Dynamics
Nonlinear Dynamics
Steady State Thermal
Transient Thermal
Acoustics
Direct Coupled
Linear Structural
Steady State Thermal
Nonlinear Structural
Linear Dynamics
Analysis Methods & Solvers

Technology Components
Geometry
& Mesh
PostProcessing
Materials
Boundaries
& Loads
Solution
ANSYS Structural Mechanics
Geometry
Direct CAD Links
Connect to real CAD models
and create true parametric
analysis
Create analysis geometry

Geometry clean-up
Simplification
Create Shell & Beam
geometry
Work with imported files


Elements Technology

Materials Modeling

Solvers
Structural / Thermal /
Acoustics / ... / Coupled
Linear / Nonlinear
Implicit / Explicit
Evolving to keep pace
with hardware
developments
Multi-core
32 & 64 bit
Clusters
GPU
10
Postprocessing
Stress, Strain,
Deformation, Creep,
Contact, Reactions.....
Images
Tabular data Excel
Movie files
Automated report
generation
11
Submodelling
Submodeling is a finite element
technique that you can use to
obtain more accurate results in
a particular region of a model.
A finite element mesh may be
too coarse to produce
satisfactory results in a given
region of interest. The results
away from this region,
however, may be satisfactory
Jackup Rig
12
Base model Beam Elements
Typical structure that is modelled using

beam elements.
Locally high load at deck to leg
interface.
Load applied in example:
Wind load as nodal forces.
Deck interface as point constraint.
Gravity.
13
Shell model for detailed study
14
Integral Method
15
Seismic assessment
16
16
Spectrum analysis
Deterministic:
Response Spectrum
Single-Point Response Spectrum
Multi-Point Response Spectrum
Dynamic Design Analysis Method
Probabilistic:
Random vibration
Power Spectral Density (PSD)
17
Description & Purpose

It is common to have a large models excited by transient loading.
e.g., building subjected to an earthquake
e.g., electronic component subjected to shock loading
The most accurate solution is to run a long transient analysis.

Large means many DOF. Long means many time points.
In many cases, this would take too much time and compute resources.
Instead of solving the (1) large model and (2) long transient together, it
can be desirable to approximate the maximum response quickly.
18
Description & Purpose

Idea: solve the (1) large model and (2) long transient separately and
combine the results.
Transient Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Large model
Long transient
Large model
Long transient
Large model
Mode extraction
Mode shapes
Combined solution
Fast, approximate
Full solution
Slow, accurate
Small model
Long transient
Response spectrum
19
Generating the Response Spectrum
= 30 Hz
S = 95 m/s2
= 50 Hz
S = 138 m/s2
20
= 70 Hz
S = 86 m/s2
Spectral Regions
Two frequencies can often be identified on a response spectrum
This divides the spectrum into three regions
low
frequency
mid
frequency
high
frequency
1. Low frequency (below fSP)

periodic region
modes generally uncorrelated
(periodic) unless closely spaced
ZPA
2. Mid frequency (between fSP and fZPA)

transition from periodic to rigid
modes have periodic component and
rigid component
3. High Frequency (above fZPA)
rigid region
modes correlated with input frequency
and, therefore, also with themselves
21
fSP
fZPA
frequency at peak response

(spectral peak)
frequency at rigid response

(zero period acceleration)
Mode Combination
Whereas the SRSS method takes the following form,
N
2
R Ri
i 1
1
2
The CQC and ROSE methods introduce a double sum and a correlation
coefficient.
CQC
N N
R k ij Ri Rj
i 1 j i
ROSE
1
2
N N
R ij Ri Rj
i 1 j 1
1
2
Each method has a formula for the correlation coefficient, , which

is based on the frequency and damping of modes i and j
is designed to vary between 1 (fully correlated) and 0 (uncorrelated)
22
Spectrum analysis
23
Spectrum analysis Static pre-stress
24
Spectrum analysis
Modal analysis
25
Spectrum analysis
RS loading
26
Spectrum analysis
Results
27
Geotechnical
28
28
Drucker-Prager Plasticity
Drucker-Prager (DP) plasticity is applicable to granular
(frictional) materials such as soils, rock, and concrete.
Unlike metal plasticity, the yield surface is a pressuredependent von Mises surface for DP:
s eqv
F 3bs m
s y
s2
3
s1 s2 s3
where sy is a material yield

parameter, sm is the
hydrostatic pressure,
seqv is von Mises stress,
and b is a material constant.
Plotted in principal stress
space, the yield surface is
a cone.
s1
s3
29
Cap Drucker-Prager Model
Cap Drucker-Prager plasticity model applicable to

Simulation granular materials such as soils
Powder compaction simulation
The model has also been utilized for modeling pressure-dependent
plasticity of polymers
The model is a new addition to the existing Extended DruckerPrager model
Introduce cap for both tension and compression
Include cap hardening
Include shear envelope hardening
30
Cap Drucker-Prager Model
Soil excavation analysis using EDP model with

Cap
Displacement Plot
Plastic Strain Plot
31
Concrete Model
The concrete material model in ANSYS can
be used to model brittle materials, such as
concrete, rock and ceramics.
Both cracking and crushing failure modes
are included.
Prior to failure, behavior is assumed to be
linear elastic. However, plasticity and/or
creep may be combined with concrete to
provide nonlinear behavior prior to failure.
This constitutive model is meant for low
tensile strength but high compressive load
carrying capability.
A smeared reinforcement can be
specified via real constants along three
element coordinate directions, or discrete
reinforcements can be separately added
via LINK or COMBIN elements.
32
Drucker-Prager Plasticity and Concrete
... Concrete Model

The concrete material can be combined with other nonlinearities:
Plasticity and creep may be included with concrete. Usually, multilinear elastic or
Drucker-Prager plasticity is used for concrete. Note that the plasticity yield
surface must lie inside the concrete failure surface, otherwise no yielding will
occur.
The concrete failure surface as plotted in principal stress space is shown on right.
Hence, the
yield surface associated
with any other nonlinear
material behavior (i.e.,
plasticity) must lie inside
of the concrete failure
surface. Otherwise, the
material will completely
fail and never yield.
Adjustments to stresses
due to plasticity are
performed prior to the
cracking/crushing checks.
33
ANSYS Procedure for Concrete

After solution, cracks can be plotted:
Other items such as the
status (unfailed, crush,
open crack, closed
crack), crack orientation
angles, and rebar
solution, can also be
obtained.
In the plot on right, note
that crack orientation
and plane are plotted
per integration point.
34
Recent Innovation
New Coupled Pore-Pressure
Mechanical Solids
Fluid flow through porous media
Single phase, based on extended Biotconsolidation theory
Benefits
Allows for modeling of fluid pore
pressure in soils and biomedical
materials
Model Courtesy of
Applications
Bone and prosthetic implants
Foundation and excavation analysis
Geological, Oil & Gas industry
Image Courtesy of Archus Orthopedics
35
Thermal Bridging
36
36
Study to compare to EN ISO 10211-1:1995

Thermal bridges in building construction -- Heat
flows and surface temperatures -- Part 1: General
calculation methods
3D Geometry
37
3D Case
Mesh
20 noded hexahedral
Options:
Low order elements
Tetrahedrals
38
3D Case
Boundary conditions
Alpha
Beta
Delta
20C with 5 W/m. C

15C with 5 W/m. C
0C with 20 W/m. C
39
3D Case
Results
40
3D Case results comparison
BS
ANSYS
Difference
Difference rounded
12.9
12.909
0.009
0.0
11.3
11.279
-0.021
0.0
16.4
16.363
-0.037
0.0
12.6
12.554
-0.046
0.0
11.1
11.074
-0.026
0.0
15.3
15.241
-0.059
-0.1
Alpha
46.3
46.109
0.191
0.4
Beta
14
13.904
0.096
0.7
Gamma
60.3
60.013
0.287
0.5
41
Difference %
FSI
Blast Loading on
Structures Explicit
Dynamics
42
42
Why Explicit?
Because
equilibrium iteration needed
no
convergence problems in highly nonlinear problems
material
ceramic impact
failure and erosion easy to realize
blast in urban environment
high
frequencies are naturally resolved because of

small time steps
solving of system of equations highly scalable in
parallel mode
fast
implicit-explicit
Images courtesy Cranfield University (DCMT,UK)
no
hypervelocity impact
switching capability for efficienty

sheet metal forming
drop test
ship collision
43
ANSYS AUTODYN
Ground Shock
Urban Blast
Pipe bomb
Faade Response
Contact Charge
44
Blast Effects on Structures

Example Application
Euler-Lagrange coupling
Explosion inside masonry structure
Euler Blast Solver

Deforming structures (solids, shells, beams)
Fluid (air) vents through openings generated by blast
46
AUTODYN Simulations of a
Brick Store House
3 charge sizes
24 kg
8 kg
~ 1 kg
Two Configurations
With a reinforced
concrete roof
Open at the top
2mx2mx2m
Jon Glanville, Rich Thayer

Century Dynamics Limited
Craig Hoing, Ian Barnes

DOSG
47
24 kg Trial (with concrete roof)
48
Structural Response
49

Example Application
Euler-Lagrange Coupling
Lagrange solvers used for vehicle and soil

Euler solver for the air blast
Combined blast and fragment (soil) loading
50
Mine blast

Example Application
Test in Large Blast Simulator
Blast on windows/glazing
In Kabul suicide car bomber rammed bus killing
4 and wounding 29.
Almost all injuries attributed to flying shards of
glass.
To reduce the hazards of flying glass shards,
the German Defense Ministry is assessing
various safety concepts for bus windows using:
Full-scale bus experiments

AUTODYN simulations
Standard glazing
52
Polycarbonate Glazing

Example Application
Blast and fragmentation loading of composite wing
Air Blast modeled using the Euler Blast solver

RPG casing (fragments) and wing box components modeled using Lagrange solvers
Euler-Lagrange coupling used for the blast loading
Lagrange contact and erosion used for the fragment loading
Courtesy FhG-EMI, Germany
53
Implicit to Explicit
Procedure (Stage 1)
Static structural implicit
used to apply gravity
loading
Example Application
Bomb blast on bridge
Stresses
10
5
1000 kg TNT
FE Model of the Bridge

Vertical Displacements
Courtesy EMT-R, Russia
54
Example Application
Bomb blast on bridge
Procedure (Stage 2)
Transfer model and results
to AUTODYN
Add Euler-FCT, used to
represent air and explosive
Blast-Structure Interaction
(FSI) solve in AUTODYN
Determine bridge damage
Blast Wave Propagation
Damage
55

56
FSI
I-beam structural integrity

under thermal loading
57
57
Description
Illustrates the setup and simulation of a

simplified fire in a room, and its effect on the
roof structure as time progresses up to 1 hour.
The simulation uses ANSYS Fluid-Structure
Interaction (FSI) capability to solve for:
Air and heat flow within the room
Thermal radiation
Heat conduction within the structures
Structural deformation of the support beams
under thermal and mechanical loading
Elasto-plastic material behaviour
58
Geometry
The room is L-shaped, and open only at one end.

It is about 8m long, and 2.5m high.
The ceiling is supported by the walls, and 3 steel I-beams.
The fire is positioned on the floor towards the closed end
of the room (idealized simply as a source of hot air).
4m
4m
4m
Fire position
Open End
60
Project Schematic
Project is setup in Workbench

FSI (2-way coupled) simulation is created by:
Adding a Transient Structural analysis
Right-clicking on Setup and selecting:
Transfer Data to New -> Fluid Flow (CFX)
Geometry is shared between physics

Setup and solution information is transferred
too
61
Geometry
Multibody parts created, with solid bodies for the
fluid (air) and solid geometry.
The appropriate bodies can be active or suppressed depending
on which physics you are working with.
62
Material Properties
Structural Properties defined in Engineering Materials
Property tables entered as functions of temperature
64
Structural Setup
Frictional Contact added under Connections
Surface-to-Surface contact between
beams and ceiling.
Contact offset of 1cm to allow air flow
between surfaces if they separate
Edge(node)-to-Surface between
beams and fixed support emulating
wall beneath.
Augmented Lagrange formulation.
Normal stiffness factor together with
appropriate pinball radius applied
to give efficient contact convergence.
66
Structural Setup
Loads and Constraints are added to model
Gravity added
Zero vertical displacement at ceiling edges and at beam supports
(wall support)
Rigid body dof constraints (for stability)
Large pressure load added to top surface to simulate effect of
upper storey presence.
67
Structural Setup
Analysis Settings added for coupled simulation
Single step end time = 30s

Timestep defined by single substep
Large Deflection = on, for non-linear solution
Direct solver chosen (should be sparse)
Fluid-Solid Interfaces added for external surfaces of

beams, and lower surface of ceiling.
Numbered 1 to 4 (beams are 1-3, and ceiling is no.4)
These will match to corresponding CFD boundaries for fluid-solid
data transfer
Nominal Solution fields added to results

Total Deformation, Equivalent Stress,
and Contact Tool
68
CFD Setup in CFX

Domain Physics, Boundary Conditions, and FluidStructure Control setup in CFX-Pre
Transient Simulation of 1hr, with 30s timesteps.
Fluid-Structure coupling will occur every timestep
Single air fluid material used, with Ideal Gas equation for density
and full buoyancy effects.
71
CFX Setup
Domain Physics
Mesh Deformation initialised to allow for structural movements

Shear Stress Transport model used to include turbulent effects
Thermal Energy model added to allow heat transport
Monte Carlo thermal radiation model included
Grey spectral model
Boundary-specific emisivity
Fluid-Solid Interface Boundaries

No-slip walls set up at all beams surfaces, and ceiling
Total Force Density passed to ANSYS, and Displacement received
Wall Heat Flux passed to ANSYS, and Temperature received
72
Simultaneous Coupled Solution

CFX Solver Manager used to start CFX and ANSYS
Mechanical solvers
MFX framework used to communicate data between solvers
using sockets
Solver Manager allows simultaneous solution monitoring from
both solvers
Simulation takes about 2 days to solve
74
Simultaneous Coupled Solution
Temperature
Probes
CFD Residuals
FEA Residuals
Coupling
Residuals
CFD Output
FEA Output
Displacement
Probes
75
Processing with CFD-Post

Simultaneous processing of Fluid and Structural results
Structural Stress
Structural Displacement
Temperature of both air
and solid structures
Air velocity distribution
76

Examine Beam displacement with time
Beams and ceiling slowly droop into domain. This is due to thermal expansion, and a
reduction in the stiffness due to temperature and plasticity effects.
77

Examine Beam temperature
Examine distribution across beam, and relative contributions of convective and
radiative heat flux, at a point in time.
78
Post-Processing with ANSYS

Examine potential for structural failure
Beams and ceiling can be examined for stress and plastic strain, to see when and
where failure may occur.
79
Conclusions
ANSYS can solve the complete fluid-structurethermal interaction scenario of a fire in an enclosed
room.
It has the tools to include complex geometric and
physical details.
The coupled software has not been tested for the
collapse process itself, and difficulties are
specifically anticipated in sustaining two-way
coupling during impact between structures during
the collapse (if that occurs).
However, the coupled software is able to analyze
events up to collapse, and the structural software can
analyze the collapse.
80
Overall Conclusions
Wide range of proven technology

Elements
Materials
Solvers
Choice of FSI methodlogy
Fully coupled
Iterative
One common platform taking advantage of
Robust meshing
Bi-directional CAD
81

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Structural Mechanics

Simulation (CSM using

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Structural integrity performance

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Mechanical FEA Suite

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Analysis Methods & Solvers

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Structural Mechanics

Create analysis geometry

Work with imported files

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Analysis Methods & Solvers

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Analysis Methods & Solvers

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Structural Mechanics

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS Structural Mechanics

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Base model Beam Elements

Typical structure that is modelled using

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Shell model for detailed study

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Description & Purpose

The most accurate solution is to run a long transient analysis.

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Description & Purpose

Response Spectrum Analysis

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Generating the Response Spectrum

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

1. Low frequency (below fSP)

2. Mid frequency (between fSP and fZPA)

frequency at peak response

frequency at rigid response

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Each method has a formula for the correlation coefficient, , which

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

2011 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Spectrum analysis Static pre-stress