Joint Type

Shape

Angle

Lap joint

0 to 5

T-joint

5 to 90

Edge joint

0 to 30

Corner joint

Greater 30 less than 135

Butt joint

135 to 180

Cruciform joint

90

Angle of bevel: the angle at which the edge of a component is prepared for
making a weld.
V preparation for a MMA weld on carbon steel plates, this angle is 30.
U preparation for a MMA weld on carbon steel plates, this angle is between 812.
single bevel preparation for a MMA weld on carbon steel plates, this angle is 50.
J preparation for a MMA weld on carbon steel plates, this angle is between 1020.
Root face: the portion of a fusion face at the root that is not bevelled or grooved.
1-2 mm
Gap: minimum distance at any cross section between edges, ends or surfaces to be
joined. 1-4 mm.
Root radius: the radius of the curved portion of the fusion face in a component
prepared for a single J,
single U, double J or double U weld.
in case of single and double U preparations 6mm
in case of single and double J preparations 8 mm
backing strip :- thickness of this backing strip is minimum 6 mm

Section 15
X-rays used in the industrial radiography of welds generally have photon energies in
the range 30keV up to 20MeV. Up to 400keV they are generated by conventional Xray tubes
Above 400keV X-rays are produced using devices such as betatrons and linear
accelerators.
All sources of X-rays produce a continuous spectrum of radiation.
Conventional X-ray units are capable of performing high quality radiography on
steel of up to 60 mm thick.
betatrons and linear accelerators are capable of penetrating in excess of 300 mm of
steel.

-rays
The early sources of -rays used in industrial radiography were in general composed
of naturally occurring radium

Thulium 90, Ytterbium 169, Iridium 192 and Cobalt 60

In terms of steel
Thulium 90
thickness of 7mm
90keV X-rays
physical dimensions of less
than 0.5 mm.
Ytterbium 169
12mm
120keV X-rays
physical dimensions of 2-3
mm
Iridium 192
10-75 mm
500 keV X-rays
23 mm
Cobalt 60
40-150 mm
1.2 MeV X-rays
Dye penetration method:bellow temperature of 5c penetrant become viscous and above 60c it dry out.

The principal factors affecting the type and degree of distortion are:

Parent material properties

Amount of restraint

Joint design

Part fit-up

Welding procedure

joints made in a single pass using deep penetration have little angular distortion
depositing an 8mm-leg length will result in the deposition of
57%
additional
weld
metal.
In the case of the flanged plate, the load should
act on the flange to prevent local damage to the
web
at
the
load
points
Distortion is corrected by spot heating on the convex
side
TMCP = Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Processing
normalised
after working the steel (rolling or
forging) to size, it is heated to ~900C and then
allowed to cool in air to ambient temperature.
solution annealed
after hot or cold working to size,
steel heated to ~1100C
solution heat treated

and rapidly cooled by quenching into water to

prevent any carbides or other phases from forming
applied to austenitic stainless steels such as 304 &
316 grades

Pwht is To enable welded joints to be machined to accurate dimensional tolerances

SOAK TEMPERATURE
700C to ~760C. soak times are 1h per 25mm
thickness

Oxy fuel cutting.

oxygen purity below 95% cutting becomes a melt-and-wash action that is usually unacceptable.
fuel gases used are acetylene, natural gas (methane), propane, propylene and MAPP gas
(methylacetylene propadiene mixture).

oxy-fuel cuts are characterised by:

large kerf (<2mm)

low roughness values (Ra<50m)
poor edge squareness (>0.7mm)
wide HAZ (>1mm)

arc-air gouging => it is approximately 5 times faster than chipping

in MMA welding stable weld pool must be maintained.
Section 20
Shock:Primary voltage shock - 230 or 460 volts
Secondary voltage shock - 60 to 100 volts
Most welding equipment is unlikely to exceed open circuit voltages of 100V
Duty cycles are based on a total time of 10 minutes

Type of light

Wavelengt
h
(nanometr
es)

Infrared (heat)

>700

Visible light

400-700

Ultraviolet
radiation

<400

zinc fumes can cause metal fume fever

The fume plume contains solid particles from the consumables
Cadmium, however, is a different story. This toxic metal can be found on steel as a
coating or in silver solder. Cadmium fumes can be fatal even under brief exposure,
with symptoms much like those of metal fume fever.
Twenty minutes of welding in the presence of cadmium can be enough to cause
fatalities, with symptoms appearing within an hour and death five days later.
Most of the shielding gases (argon, helium and carbon dioxide) are non-toxic. ,
these gases displace oxygen in the breathing air, causing dizziness,
unconsciousness and death the longer the brain is denied oxygen.
delayed cracking - cracks may occur some time after welding has finished (possibly
~48h )

up to

The principal source of hydrogen is moisture (H2O) and the principal source of
moisture is welding flux. Some fluxes contain cellulose and this can be a very active
source of hydrogen.
To reduce hydrogen ,check the amount of moisture present in the shielding gas
by checking the dew point(must be bellow -60 C)
For C & C-Mn steels this hardness value is ~ 350HV and susceptibility to H
cracking increases as hardness increases above this value.
While a weld is relatively warm (> ~300C) H will diffuse quite rapidly and
escape into the atmosphere rather than be trapped and cause embrittlement.
To reduce cold cracking ,applying a suitable pre-heat temperature (typically 50
to ~250C)
maintaining the pre-heat temperature (or raising it to ~250C) when welding
has finished and holding the joint at this temperature for a number of hours
(minimum 2 hours) to facilitate the escape of H (called post-heat)
iron sulphides that remain liquid when the bead has cooled down as low as ~980C, whereas bead
solidification started at above 1400C.

Adjustable fillet gauge

Measures fillet welds from 3-25 mm (1/8-1") with 0.8 mm (1/32") accuracy. It uses an offset arm, which
slides, at a 45 angle to make fillet weld length measurements. This gauge also measures weld throat
thickness to 1.5 mm (1/16").

Fillet weld gauge

Measures
weld
sizes
from
3mm
(1/8")
up
to
25mm
(1")
In general, thicker materials will require higher preheat temperatures, but for a
given Ceq% and arc energy/heat input, preheat temperatures are likely to remain
similar for wall thickness up to approximately 20mm.

Preheat temperature

is the temperature of the work piece in the weld zone immediately before any
welding operation (including tack welding!)
normally expressed as a minimum, but can also be specified as a range.

Interpass temperature

is the temperature of the weld during welding and between passes in a

multirun weld and adjacent parent metal immediately prior to the application
of the next run

normally expressed as a maximum, but should not drop below the minimum
preheat temperature

Preheat maintenance temperature

is the minimum temperature in the weld zone which shall be maintained if

welding is interrupted
shall be monitored during interruption

section 24
INSTRUMENTS FOR CALIBRATION be at least twice, and preferably five times,
more accurate than the accuracy required for the Grade of equipment