TRAINING PRESTRESSING BASIC

ANALYZER PART 2: AASHTO [IMP. UNITS]

RM Bridge V8i
March 2011

RM Bridge Professional Engineering Software for Bridges of all Types

RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

Content
1

General ................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1

Design Code ................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2

Design Loadings: ........................................................................................... 1-1

1.2.1

Permanent actions and Creep & Shrinkage ............................................... 1-1

1.2.2

Live Load ................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2.3

Braking Loads ............................................................................................ 1-3

1.2.4

Wind Loads ................................................................................................ 1-3

1.2.5

Thermal Forces .......................................................................................... 1-4

1.2.6

Creep and Shrinkage .................................................................................. 1-5

1.2.7

Pier settlement............................................................................................ 1-5

1.3

Load combinations ......................................................................................... 1-6

1.4

Design checks ................................................................................................ 1-7

1.4.1

Servicebility limit state .............................................................................. 1-7

1.4.2

Ultimate limit state..................................................................................... 1-7

Lesson 13: Definition of Additional Loads ........................................................... 2-1

2.1

Definition of Settlement Load Cases ............................................................. 2-1

2.2

Definition of Temperature Load Case ........................................................... 2-2

2.3

Definition of Wind Load Case ....................................................................... 2-4

2.4

Definition of Braking Forces ......................................................................... 2-6

Lesson 14: Calculation and Superposition of Additional Loads ........................... 3-1

3.1

Calculation and superposition of Settlement loads ........................................ 3-1

3.2

Calculation and superposition of temperature loads ...................................... 3-3

3.3

Calculation and superposition of wind loads ................................................. 3-4

3.4

Calculation and superposition of braking loads ............................................. 3-5

Lesson 15: Traffic Loads ....................................................................................... 4-7

4.1

Traffic Definition ........................................................................................... 4-7

4.2

Definition of Traffic Lanes ............................................................................ 4-9

4.3

Traffic Loads................................................................................................ 4-11

4.4

Traffic Calculation ....................................................................................... 4-12

4.4.1
Bentley Systems

Calculation of influence lines .................................................................. 4-12

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
4.4.2
4.5
5

II

Combining Influence Lines with Load Trains ......................................... 4-13

Traffic Superposition ................................................................................... 4-15

Lesson 16: Load Combinations ............................................................................. 5-1

5.1

Definition of the Load Combination .............................................................. 5-1

5.2

Calculation of the load combinations ............................................................ 5-3

Lesson 17: Fiber Stress Check ............................................................................... 6-1

Reinforced concrete checks General................................................................... 7-3

Lesson 18: Ultimate Load Capacity Check ........................................................... 8-1

Lesson 19: Shear Capacity Check ......................................................................... 9-1

10 Lesson 20: Fatigue Check .................................................................................... 10-2

11 Lesson 21: Lists and Plots ................................................................................... 11-4

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

1-1

1 General
1.1 Design Code
This example is designed in accordance with AASHTO LRFD 2007.

1.2 Design Loadings:

1.2.1 Permanent actions and Creep & Shrinkage
See Prestressing Basic Training Analyzer Part 1; Chapter 1.7.

1.2.2 Live Load

Traffic loads will be in accordance with AASHTO 3.6.1 and 3.6.2. Centrifugal force is
not considered in this example. Three lanes will be considered, and multiple presence
factors will be applied as required.
A simplification is made which assumes that the axial load trains stay at a fixed location
transversely within the notional lane. Varying the load positions in the transverse direction would have no effect on the longitudinal bending moment and shear force for calculations on the global one-beam system*. In order to produce the worst case torsional
moments, all of the load trains could be shifted to one side of their respective notional
lanes.
During the live load superposition, the dynamic impact factor 1.33 will be applied
where necessary according to AASHTO 3.6.2. Also for the negative bending region, a
factor of 90% will be applied to the double truck load train.
The optional live load deflection evaluation is not checked in this example.
The following figures show the necessary load trains for HL-93 loading. A more detailed description of how they will be superimposed is presented in Section 4.1.
*This is not true of a grillage model where position of the load train transversely within the
notional lane must be considered for longitudinal bending.

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

1-2

1.2.2.1 Load train 1 Lane

1.2.2.2 Load train 2 Truck

1.2.2.3 Load train 3 Tandem

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

1-3

1.2.2.4 Load train 4 Double Truck

1.2.2.5 Load train 5 Fatigue Truck

1.2.3 Braking Loads

Braking load will be calculated in accordance with AASHTO 3.6.4, and is taken as the
greater of:
-

25% of the axle weights of the design truck or tandem

5% of the design truck/tandem plus the lane load

In this example, 25% of the design truck is the governing condition:

(32 kip + 32 kip + 8 kip)x0.25 = 18 kip
It is assumed that all three lanes are loaded and multiple presence factors are applied.
Because the lanes are symmetric about the centerline of the bridge, the braking load will
be applied as a single uniform line load located 1.8m above the surface of the deck. The
load will have the following magnitude:
18kip x 3(lanes) x 0.85 (mult. presence) / 455ft (length of bridge) = 0.1 kip/ft

1.2.4 Wind Loads

AASHTO 3.8.1.2 will be used to determine the wind pressure to be applied on the structure. In the absence of information about the wind velocity for a bridge taller than 30 ft,
design wind velocity is assumed to be 100mph. Therefore, the wind pressure is as follows:
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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

1-4

= 0.05 kip/ft2
Wind pressure will be applied to the concrete box, and it is also assumed to act on a
barrier that is 3 ft tall.
Wind load on the live load according to AASHTO 3.8.1.3 is also applied.
Wind on Live Load:

0.1 kip/ft (6 ft above the deck)

1.2.5 Thermal Forces

Uniform temperature and temperature gradient loads will be applied to the structure.
The initial temperature is assumed to be 68oF.
According to AASHTO 3.12.2.1 the temperature range for uniform temperature difference will be 0.0oF to 80oF (table 3.12.2.1-1). For an initial temperature of 68oF this
gives:
-

Uniform temperature postitive = 12oF

Uniform temperature negative = -68oF

Thermal Coefficient:

6 x 10e-6 per F

The non-linear temperature gradient is done according to AASHTO 3.12.3. The structure is assumed to be in temperature zone 3, thus the values for T1 and T2 are given in
table 3.12.3-1. T3 is assumed to be zero, and the multiplier for negative temperature
gradient is 0.3. The table and sketch below show the temperature points and their locations.
Temperature Points:

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

1-5

Temperature Gradient
Point

Positive (oF)

Negative (oF)

T1

41

-12.3

T2

11

3.3

T3

This information was input in the modeler in the form of reference sets TempPlus and
TempMinus which will be called up in the stage actions for calculating the temperature gradient. To review this curve, go to the modeler and double click on the cross
section for the main girder. Open the Reference Sets dialogue box, highlight either
TempPlus or TempMinus and click the Curve button.
1.2.6 Creep and Shrinkage
Time dependent effects calculated in accordance with LRFD.
1.2.7 Pier settlement
0.5 inches at each abutment and pier axis

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

1-6

1.3 Load combinations

Service Limit
States
Load
Case/Envelope
Self Weight
Superimposed
Dead Loads
Prestressing
Creep and
Shrinkage
T= Creep and
Shrinkage
Live Load
Braking
Wind on the
Structure
Wind on the Live
Load
Uniform Temperature
Temperature Gradient
Settlement
Earthquake

DC

Perm.
Load
t=0
1.00

Perm.
Load
t=
1.00

Service
1a
1.00

Service
1b
1.00

Service
1c
1.00

Service
1d
1.00

Service
3
1.00

DC
PS

1.00
1.00

1.00
1.00

1.00
1.00

1.00
1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00
1.00
1.00 /
1.20

1.00
1.00

CR+SH

1.00
1.00
1.00 /
1.20

CR+SH
LL
BR

1.00
-

1.00
1.00
1.00

1.00
-

1.20
1.00
1.00

1.20
-

1.00
0.80
0.80

WS

0.30

0.30

WL

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

TU

1.00

1.00

1.20

1.20

1.00

TG
SE
EQ

0.50
1.00
-

1.00
1.00
-

0.50
1.00
-

1.00
1.00
-

0.50
1.00
-

1.00

Strength Limit States

Load Case/Envelope
Self Weight
Superimposed Dead
Loads
Prestressing
Creep and Shrinkage
T= Creep and Shrinkage
Live Load
Braking
Wind on the Structure
Wind on the Live Load
Uniform Temperature
Temperature Gradient
Settlement
Earthquake

Bentley Systems

DC

Strength 1
0.90 / 1.25

Strength 4
0.90 / 1.25

DC
PS
CR+SH

0.65 / 1.50
1.00
1.00

0.65 / 1.50
1.00
1.00

CR+SH
LL
BR
WS
WL
TU
TG
SE
EQ

0.50
1.75
1.75
0.50
1.00
-

0.50
0.50
-

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

1-7

1.4 Design checks

According to AASHTO LRFD 2007 Section 5
1.4.1 Servicebility limit state
1.4.1.1

Stresses

According to AASHTO 5.9.4

Concrete stresses before losses
Concrete compressive stresses are limited to:
|c| 0.6 |fc|

= 0.6 x 6ksi = 3.6ksi

Concrete tensile stresses are limited to:

|t| 0.0948 |fc|

0.2ksi

= 0.0948

= 0.232ksi

0.2ksi

Concrete stresses after losses

Concrete compressive stresses for prestressing and permanent loads are limited to:
|c| 0.45 |fc|

= 0.45 x 6ksi = 2.7ksi

Concrete tensile stresses are limited to:

|t| 0.19 |fc|

= 0.19

= 0.465ksi

According to AASHTO 5.9.3

Initial stress in the tendons
p 0.90 fpy

= 0.90 x 245 ksi = 220ksi.

Stress in tendons at service limit state after losses

p 0.80 fpy

= 0.80 x 245ksi = 196ksi

1.4.2 Ultimate limit state

Accordingly to AASHTO LRFD 2007 Section 5.
Design checks to be made:
Bending and axial force
Shear
Torsion

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

2-1

2 Lesson 13: Definition of Additional Loads

2.1 Definition of Settlement Load Cases
The settlement of foundations will be done for each axis. 4 separate load cases will be
created. Later the superposition of those load cases will be done to get the most unfavorable case.
Schedule
Definition of
Load Cases

Load Definition

Name
Type
Load
Manager
Descriptio
n

Settle-A1
Permanent

Settle-A2
Permanent

Settle-A3
Permanent

Settle-A4
Permanent

Settlement
of abutment 1

Settlement
of pier 1

Settlement
of pier 2

Settlement
of abutment 2

Settle-A1

Settle-A2

Settle-A3

Settle-A4

Load Case
Top Table
Schedule
Definition of
Settlement
Load Cases

Loading

Load Definition

Load Case
Bottom Table

Bentley Systems

Number

Type
From
To
Step
Vx [ft]
Vy [ft]
Vz [ft]
Direction
Rx
[Rad]
Ry [ft]
Rz [ft]
Where

Actions Actions Actions Actions

on the
on the
on the
on the
elements
elements
elements
elements
ends
ends
ends
ends
Element
Element
Element
Element
end disend disend disend displacements placements placements placements
1100
1200
1300
1400
1100
1200
1300
1400
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0.0417
0.0417
0.0417
0.0417
0
0
0
0
Global

Global

Global

Global

0
0
Begin

0
0
Begin

0
0
Begin

0
0
Begin

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2-2

2.2 Definition of Temperature Load Case

All temperature loads, the positive and negative uniform and gradients, will be defined
in separated load cases. To get the most unfavorable case the load cases will be superposed. Temperature gradients only need to have a load set created. Uniform temperature loads do not require a load set, but do require more input in the load case.

CONSTR.SCHED.

Definition of Load
Sets

LOAD
DEFINIT.

Loading
Name

Add to load
case
TG-P

Add to load
case
TG-N

LCnr.

TG-P

TG-N

Temperature
Temperature
gradient - Posi- gradient - negtive
ative
LSET
Top table
Schedule

Name
Type

Definition of
Load Cases
Load Definition

Load
Manager

TU-P
NonPermanent

TU-N
NonPermanent

Uniform
Uniform
DeTempera- Temperascriptio
ture Load - ture Load n
Positive
Negative
Load Case
Top Table

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
CONSTR.SCHED.

Define Load Sets

for Uniform Temperature Loads

Name
Loading

LOAD
DEFINIT.
LCASE
Bottom table

Type
From
To
Step
Alfa
DT-G
[F]
DT- Y
[F]
H-Y [ft]
DT- Z
[F]
H-Z [ft]
Name
Loading
Type
From
To
Step
Alfa
DT-G
[F]
DT- Y
[F]
H-Y [ft]
DT- Z
[F]
H-Z [ft]

2-3

TU-P
Initial
Initial
Initial
stress/strain stress/strain stress/strain
TemperaTemperaTemperature load
ture load
ture load
101
1201
1301
135
1204
1304
1
1
1
6e-6
6e-6
6e-6
12

12

12

TU-N
Initial
Initial
Initial
stress/strain stress/strain stress/strain
TemperaTemperaTemperature load
ture load
ture load
101
1201
1301
135
1204
1304
1
1
1
6e-6
6e-6
6e-6
-68

-68

-68

* If the input for Alpha is defined as 0, the value for the

temperature expansion coefficient is taken from the material definitions.

The load sets for the temperature gradient Plus and Minus will automatically be calculated by using the Module TEMPVAR.

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2-4

2.3 Definition of Wind Load Case

CONSTR.SCHED.

Insert Load Set

LOAD
DEFINIT.

Name
Duration Type

WL
Non-permanent

WS
Non-permanent

Const. Factor

Description

Wind on live
load

Wind on structure

LCASE
Top table
CONSTR.SCHED.

Define Load Sets

for Winds on the
Structure

LOAD
DEFINIT.
LCASE
Bottom table

Name
Loading
Type
From
To
Step
Qx [k/ft]
Qy [k/ft]
Qz [k/ft]
Direction
Eccentricity
Ey [ft]
Ez [ft]
Load application
Definition

WS
Uniform load Uniform load
Uniform eccen- Uniform eccentric element
tric element
load
load
101
101
135
135
1
1
0
0
0
0
0.05
0.15
Local
Local
Local+Y
Local
Elem-Ecc
0
1.5
0
0
Real length

Real length

Load mult.
by CS depth

Load/Unit
length

The load case for wind on the structure consists of two load definitions. The first one
defines the wind load directly on superstructure box, and the second one defines the
wind load on the barrier.
The variation of the wind load on the superstructure due to the variable height can be
defined with the option Load multiply with cross-section depth where the wind pressure (kN/m2) is defined. The program then internally calculates the uniform wind load
and applies it on the elements (the load is applied to the centre of gravity, and the actual
application point of the load is neglected).
For the wind load acting on the barrier, the wind pressure has to be first multiplied with
the barrier height (assumed 0.9m) and then defined as uniform load. Load application is
0.45 meters above the road surface and has to be defined accordingly. This can be done
with local Y element eccentricity (this represents the distance from the element centre
of gravity to the node) and an additional eccentricity 1 m above the road way relative to
the node.

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

Name
Loading
Type
From
To
Step
Qx [k/ft2]
Qy [k/ft2]
Qz [k/ft2]
Direction
Eccentricity
Ey [ft]
Ez [ft]
Load application

2-5

WS
Uniform load Uniform load
Uniform eccen- Uniform eccentric element
tric element
load
load
1201
1301
1204
1304
1
1
0
0
0
0
0.05
0.05
Local
Local
Local
Local
0
0
0
0
Real length

Real length

Load mult.
by CS depth

Load mult.
by CS depth

Definition

Wind load is also applied to the substructure.

Wind on the live load is applied as a uniform load at 6 ft above the surface of the deck.
CONSTR.SCHED.

Define Load Sets

for Winds on Live
Loads

LOAD
DEFINIT.
LCASE
Bottom table

Name
Loading
Type
From
To
Step
Qx [k/ft]
Qy [k/ft]
Qz [k/ft]
Direction
Eccentricity
Ey [ft]
Ez [ft]
Load application
Definition

WL
Uniform load
Uniform eccentric element
load
101
135
1
0
0
0.1
Local
Local+Y
Elem-Ecc
6
0
Real length
Load/Unit
length

To consider wind from both sides it possible to define the same load case with a different sign. Another possibility is to define the loads with load sets and to use these load
sets for both direction (once with positive and once with negative factor).

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2-6

Within this example the third option will be used where this will be achieved with the
superposition of the above created load cases. This is done with the corresponding superposition rule (AndX, AddX or OrX) which superposes the effects once with a positive sign and once with a negative sign.

2.4 Definition of Braking Forces

The braking load will be applied as a uniform load in the longitudinal (x) direction
along the whole bridge length. Both application directions will be considered using the
same principle as the wind load by superposing the load case with corresponding superposition rule.
Schedule
Definition of
Load Cases
Load Definition

Name

BR
NonType
permanent
Load Manager
Description Braking forces

Load Case
Top Table
Schedule
Definition of
Load Cases for
Braking Forces

Name
Loading

Load Definition

Load Case
Bottom Table

Type
From
To
Step
Qx [k/ft]
Qy [k/ft]
Qz [k/ft]
Direction
Eccentricity
Ey [ft]
Ez [ft]
Load application
Definition

Bentley Systems

Braking
Uniform
Load
Uniform eccentric element
load
101
135
1
0.1
0
0
Local
Local+Y
Elem-Ecc
6
0
Real length
Load/Unit
length

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

3-1

3 Lesson 14: Calculation and Superposition of

Additional Loads
The arrangement of the subsequent Construction stages can be made freely. They are
actually not real construction stages because there will be no elements activated or time
dependent calculations made. They will be only recalculation stages. However, it is
recommended to group them with some logical principle.
Each type of additional load will be grouped together this means that for each a calculation stage will be generated where the loads will be calculated and superposed into
one envelope. In this envelope the minimum and maximum results will be saved. The
same envelope will be used for the load combinations.

3.1 Calculation and superposition of Settlement loads

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

Settlement

Description

Calculation and superposition of support

settlement

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

Insertion of the
Calculation Actions to the Construction Stage
Settlement

Schedule

Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

Calculations
(Static)
Calc
Settle-A1
*

Calculations
(Static)
Calc
Settle-A2
*

Calculations
(Static)
Calc
Settle-A3
*

Calculations
(Static)
Calc
Settle-A4
*

First all settlement load cases are calculated with the Calc action. Only now can these
load cases be superposed this will be done with following actions.
If in the output field a star is defined (*) the created list file will have the default name
LC Name.lst (e.g.: Settle-A1.lst). The name of the list file can be changed by defining
the name of it in the corresponding output window.

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Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

3-2

LC/Enve LC/Enve LC/Enve LC/Enve LC/Enve

lope action lope action lope action lope action lope action
SupInit
SupAndLc SupAndLc SupAndLc SupAndLc
Settle-A1
Settle-A2
Settle-A3
Settle-A4
Settle.sup
0
0
0
0
0

With the LC/Envelope action SupInit (Superposition file Initialization) an envelope file
with name defined in Output-1 will be generated. All envelope files have, unlike load
cases, an extension *.sup.
In each envelope the maximum and minimum values/results for six internal forces (Nx,
Qy, Qz, Mx, My, and Mz) and six deformations (Vx, Vy, Vz, Rx, Ry, and Rz) are saved
for each element (e.g.: MinNx, MaxNx, MinRz, MaxRz). As it can be
seen this is a 12*12 result matrix. There is always a leading result component
(e.g.: Max and Min for Mz MinMz and MaxMz) and other values that are corresponding values (MinMz:Qy).
Therefore, in addition to the result component (e.g.: Qy or Mz), the leading (superposition) component (e.g.: MinQy or MaxMz) has to be defined when presenting envelope
results. If we want to see the maximum or minimum bending moments around the z axis
of an envelope the definition is as follows: MinMz:Mz for minimum bending moments
and MaxMz:Mz for maximum bending moments. To see the corresponding shear forces
the definition is: MinMz:Qy and MaxMz:Qy.
There are different ways of superposing certain load cases/envelopes superposition
rules. Depending on the chosen rule the end results can be different. Therefore the engineer has to chose with which rule the superposition has to be done. All superposition
rules are explained in the table below.
Rule

Description

Application Example

LcAdd

Unconditional adding/superposing here the values/results are added/superposed without checking if the
new result is favorable or unfavorable compared to the
existing result.

Permanent loads (self weight,

pre-stressing, etc.)

Conditional adding/superposing here the values are

added/superposed only if the new result is unfavorable
compared to the existing value.

To get the most unfavorable

situation.

SupOr

Substitution if unfavorable using this rule the values

are compared to each other, and if the value to be added
is unfavorable it will replace the existing one. In other
cases the existing value will remain.

Exclusive loads (different temperature loads, etc.)

SupAndX

Both have the same functionality as their basic rules

Wind loads and Braking loads

SupAdd

SupAnd

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SupOrX

(SupAnd and SurOr). The difference is that the values to

be added are superposed once with positive factor (+1)
and once time with negative factor (-1).

3-3

which are defined only from one

side.

Depending on the file to be added, load case or envelope, there are different actions
SupAndLc or SupAndSup.
For further and more detailed information about the superposition rules see the RM
Bridge Analysis User Guide, Section 7.2.5.
In this particular example (Settlement of each axis) the values are conditionally superposed with the actions SupAndLc (to the Settle envelope a load case will be added with
the rule And conditional adding). This means that individual result components (Nx,
Qy, Mz) are added only if the respective maximum or minimum result value becomes unfavorable.
Note:

By the definition of the envelope file (Output 1) using the SupInit action the extension
doesnt have to be defined because it will be automatically added. This doesnt apply for all
other superposition actions it is necessary to write the extension (or selection from the
drop down menu).
Selecting the envelope from the drop down menu is possible only if the envelope already
exists (that it was created/initialized). To avoid a complete recalculation, the action for
creating the envelope can be started separately by clicking the Run Action button on the
right side between the top and bottom table. By clicking on it a new window opens where
the Run Action button has to be clicked and the currently selected action will be performed.
Using this principle the created envelope can be selected from the drop down menu.
For easier and faster definition the action can be copied and modified. The input can also
be defined by the copy-paste function.

3.2 Calculation and superposition of temperature loads

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

Temperature

Description

Temperature loads
(Calculation and Superposition)

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

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RM Bridge
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Insertion of the
Calculation Actions to the Construction Stage
Temperature

Schedule

Type

Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

3-4

Calculations
(Static)
Calc
TU-P
*

Calculations
(Static)
Calc
TU-N
*

Calculations
(Static)
TempVar
TempPlus
TG-P
*

Calculations
(Static)
Calc
TG-P
*

First the temperature load cases are calculated. This must be done before they can be
superposed.

Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

Calculations
(Static)
TempVar
TempMin
us
TG-N
*
0

Calcu- LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env

lations
elope
elope
elope
elope
elope
elope
(Static)
action
action
action
action
action
action
Calc
SupInit SupORLc SupORLc SupInit SupORLc SupORLc
TG-N

*
0

TU.sup
0

TU.sup

TU.sup

TU-P.sup TU-N.sup

TG.sup
0

TG.sup

TG.sup

TG-P.sup TG-N.sup

Both positive and negative load cases for the uniform and gradient temperature load are
superposed with the Or rule into separated envelopes.
Using that principle we get two envelopes one for the uniform temperature loads and
another one for the gradient temperature loads where the maximum and minimum values from each temperature load type are saved.

3.3 Calculation and superposition of wind loads

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

Wind

Description

Wind loads (Calculation and Superposition)

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
Insertion of the
Calculation Actions to the Construction Stage
Wind

Schedule

Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

3-5

Calcula- Calculations (Static) tions (Static)

Action
Calc
Calc
Type

Inp1

WS

WL

Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

The load cases for wind on the structure and wind on the live load are calculated first.
Afterwards both wind loads will be superposed into separate envelopes with the AndX
rule the load case is once added with the positive factor and then with negative factor
(-1.0) when it produces unfavorable results.
Type

LC/Envelope
action

Action

SupInit

Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

WS.sup
0

LC/Envelope
action

SupAndX
Lc
WS.sup
WS
0

LC/Envelope
action

LC/Envelope
action

SupAndX
Lc
WL.sup
WL

WL.sup
0

SupInit

3.4 Calculation and superposition of braking loads

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

Braking

Description

Braking loads (Calculation and Superposition)

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

Insertion of the
Calculation Actions to the Construction Stage
Wind

Schedule

Acion
Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

Bentley Systems

Type

Calculations LC/Envelop
(Static)
e action
Calc
SupInit

LC/Envelop
e action
SupAndXLc

Inp1

BR

brake.sup

Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

brake.sup
-

BR
-

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
3-6
The same principle that was used for the wind load applies also for braking load first
the load case is calculated and then superposed to an envelope with the AndX rule.
Note:

Bentley Systems

It would be possible to define the braking load as live load. For that a traffic lane and load
train (e.g.: concentrated load) have to be defined and calculated. The principle of calculation of live load is defined in next section.

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

4-7

4 Lesson 15: Traffic Loads

4.1 Traffic Definition
The traffic load definition for this simple example is in accordance with AASHTO.
HL-93 loading will be applied with three lanes. A dynamic impact factor of 1.33 will
be applied where it is applicable, and multiple lanes loaded will be checked with the
appropriate dynamic impact factors.
According to Article 3.6.1.1.1 the number of design lanes should be the integer part of
w/12, where w is the clear roadway width:
w = 42ft 2(1.5ft barriers) = 39ft
number of design lanes = 39ft/12 = 3.25 or 3 design lanes.
As mentioned in Section 1.2.2 of this document, some simplifications and assumptions
are made in order to present the fundamentals of defining and calculating live loads in
RM. The principles presented here can be applied in the same manner on a more precise live load scenario. The following assumptions and simplifications have been made:
The three design lanes will be placed symmetrically about the centerline of the roadway.
In each design lane the centerline of the truck, tandem, and lane load remain at a fixed
position transversely. In this example it is assumed that each of the load trains remains
in the middle of the 12-wide design lane. The following picture shows how the lanes
and load trains will be set up:

The first step in setting up the live loading is to define influence lines. In the program
they are called "lanes" (which is how they will be referred to from here on out), but it is
more appropriate to think of them as the centerline of a load train. Any number of lanes
can be defined on a bridge.
The next step is to define the load trains. There are 4 load trains for the HL-93 loading
used in this example: Truck, Tandem, Double Truck, and Design Lane. They can be
seen in Section 1.1.2.
Finally, the load trains need to be combined with the lanes. In RM, the influence lines
are calculated first without any consideration of a particular load train. Using this approach, any load train can be combined with an influence line to create an envelope of

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RM Bridge
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4-8
results. Then another load train can be combined with that same influence line to create
another envelope of results.
The approach taken here is to first determine the worst case loading for each lane individually from the different load trains. According to HL-93, the loading can be either
the Truck or the Tandem or the Double Truck (in negative flexure), and the Design
Lane. Worst case loading envelopes for each individual lane are determined. Then envelopes are created for different combinations of multiple lanes loaded. Finally, the
worst case overall traffic load is determined by checking envelopes of different numbers
of lanes loaded with multiple presence factors applied. The figure below shows this
process.

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4-9

Three lanes loaded:

L1L2L3.sup

Two lanes loaded:

L1L2.sup

L1L3.sup

L2L3.sup

L2.sup

L3.sup

One lane loaded:

L1.sup

4.2 Definition of Traffic Lanes

Z
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RM Bridge
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4-10
Traffic lanes are defined under Menu Schedule Load definition Traffic Lanes.
Lanes to be defined were explained in section 1.2.2.
Schedule
Definition of
Lanes
Load Definition

Number
OutputFile
Info-File
Description

ez = +12 ft

ez = 0.0 ft ez = -12 ft

Traffic Lanes
Top Table

A traffic lane is defined through an element series (normally all elements of the superstructure). Information about the load direction and position (eccentricity) is required
for each element at least at one point. Normally it is done at two points on the element begin and element end. These points can be generated very easily using different
macros.
In this example Macro 2 will be used for generation of all traffic lanes (vertical load
with eccentricity).
Note:

The basic direction (x,y,z longitudinal, vertical, transversal) of the live load is defined
via the lane definition different macros. The load intensity and orientation (positive or
negative) is defined via the definition of the load train.
In case of grillage models the transversal elements can be loaded directly (Macro3) or the
load is distributed from the transversal to the longitudinal girders (Macro4).
For more detailed information about traffic lanes please see RM Analysis user guide section 7.2.9.
The procedure of creation of the Traffic Lanes can be different than shown here the lane
can be created (upper table) and immediately defined (bottom table)

Definition of the
Lanes by Macros

Schedule
Load Definitions
Traffic Lanes
Bottom Table

Lane
Macro
Eccentricity
El-from
El-fo
El-step
ey [ft]
ez [ft]
Phi
Ndiv

1
Macro2

2
Macro2

3
Macro2

Ygl

Ygl

Ygl

101
135
1
0
+12
1.00
1

101
135
1
0
+0.0
1.00
1

101
135
1
0
-12
1.00
1

The lane eccentricities are defined in the local coordinate system of the element (EYel
and EZel). Lane eccentricities (ey and ez) can be referenced to the node by using the
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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
4-11
local vertical and transversal eccentricities. For a vertical load, only the transversal load
eccentricity has an effect.
The input sequence is as follows:
Select the lane to be defined in the upper table and click on the insert after button in the
bottom table. A window with macros opens and Macro2 has to be chosen. In the newly
opened window click again on the insert after button and make the input as is shown in
the table above. With this the definition of one influence line is finished. The same has
to be repeated for all other lanes also.
The macro creates the information in the bottom table where for each element there are
4 definitions two at the element begin (x/l = 0.00001) and two at the element end (x/l
= 0.99999). One defines the position of the lane relative to the element (eccentricities),
and the other defines the load position (which is the same as the lane position) and direction. This information allows the program to calculate influence lines.

4.3 Traffic Loads

Load Trains are defined under menu Schedule Load definition Load Trains. Load
trains to be defined were explained in Section 1.1.2.
CONSTR.SCHED.

Input the Load

Trains

LOAD
DEFINIT.
LTRAIN

Name
Fact-min

1
1

2
1

3
1

4
1

5
1

Fact-max

Location
Description

Design
Lane

Truck

Tandem

Double
Truck

Fatigue
Truck

Top table
Definition of
Load Train
Properties

Schedule
Load Definitions

Load Trains
Bottom Table

Bentley Systems

LTrain
Q [k/ft]
Free Length
F [k]
AASHTO
l-from [ft]
l-to [ft]
l-step [ft]

1
-0.64
Free
-

-32
14
30
1.6

2
-32
14
0
0

-8
0
0
0

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
LTrain
Q [k/ft]
Free
Length
F [k]
AASHTO
l-from [ft]
l-to [ft]
l-step[ft]

4-12

5
-

-25
4
0
0

-25
-

-32
14
0
0

-32
14
0
0

-8
50
0
0

-32
14
0
0

-32

-8

14
0
0

0
0
0

-32
30
0
0

-32
14
0
0

-8
0
0
0

A certain load train is defined by a load and length to the next load. Therefore the first
input for load train 2 is defined by a concentrated load F = -32 kip (negative
y-direction) and a variable length between 14ft and 30ft to the next force. The next input
for the first load train consist only of a concentrated load F = -32 kip.
Using the same principle, load train numbers 2 through 5 have to be defined.
The load trains for uniformly distributed loads (load train number 1) are defined as is
shown in the table above. The length of the uniformly distributed load is set to free the
program will automatically calculate the unfavorable position and length and load the
structure with it.
The input fields on the right side of the window for the definition of the load trains are
for two dimensional definitions of the load trains and are irrelevant for the one-beam
model. This input is generally used for FEM models (it can also be used for grillage
models).
Pre-defined load train definitions according to AASHTO can be imported via Extras
Traffic Load Macros Live Load Macro for AASHTO (ASD and LRFD).

4.4 Traffic Calculation

4.4.1 Calculation of influence lines
Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

TrafficCalc

Description

Traffic Calculations

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
Insertion of the
Calculation Actions to the Construction Stage
InflCalc

Schedule

Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

Calculation
(Static)
Infl
1
*
0

Calculation
(Static)
Infl
2
*
0

4-13

Calculation
(Static)
Infl
3
*
0

First the influence lines for the defined Traffic Lanes are calculated with the Infl action.
The results of the calculations are saved to list files and also to binary files which can be
graphically presented under Results Influence Lines Corresponding influence
line.
Note:

The graphical presentation is possible only if the influence lines were actually calculated.

4.4.2 Combining Influence Lines with Load Trains

Insert the following definitions in the bottom table after the influence line calculation
actions:

Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
-

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
-

Out1

L1-Truck.sup

L1Tandem.sup

Out2
Delta-T

Type

Bentley Systems

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
L1Dbl_Truck.su
p
0

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
-

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
-

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
-

L1-Lane.sup

L2-Truck.sup

L2Tandem.sup

*
0

*
0

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
L2Dbl_Truck.su
p
0

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
-

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
-

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
-

L2-Lane.sup

L3-Truck.sup

L3Tandem.sup

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
L3Dbl_Truck.su
p
*
0

4-14
LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
L3-Lane.sup
*
0

Here the envelopes are created/initialized, which is necessary for the evaluation of load
trains and traffic lanes. It is highly recommended to use a systematic numbering/naming. In this example the envelopes are named with the numbers of the lanes and
trains that will be combined with each other.
When the influence lines are calculated and the envelopes initialized the load trains can
be combined with the traffic lanes.
Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation
(Static)
(Static)
(Static)
(Static)
(Static)
(Static)
Action
LiveL
LiveL
LiveL
LiveL
LiveL
LiveL
Inp1
1
1
1
1
2
2
Inp2
2
3
4
1
2
3
Inp3
L1L1L2Out1
L1-Truck.sup
Dbl_Truck.su L1-Lane.sup L2-Truck.sup
Tandem.sup
Tandem.sup
p
Out2
*
*
*
*
*
*
Delta-T
0
0
0
0
0
0
Type

Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation Calculation

(Static)
(Static)
(Static)
(Static)
(Static)
(Static)
Action
LiveL
LiveL
LiveL
LiveL
LiveL
LiveL
Inp1
2
2
3
3
3
3
Inp2
4
1
2
3
4
1
Inp3
L2L3L3Out1
Dbl_Truck.su L2-Lane.sup L3-Truck.sup
Dbl_Truck.su L3-Lane.sup
Tandem.sup
p
p
Out2
*
*
*
*
*
*
Delta-T
0
0
0
0
0
0
Type

The action LiveL combines the chosen load train (Input2) with the selected traffic lane
(Iput1). The results of the calculation are saved not only into the previously generated
envelope (Output1) file but also to a list file.

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

4-15

4.5 Traffic Superposition

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

TrafficSup

Description

Superposition of
Traffic Loads

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

The definitions in the bottom table are as follows:

Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

Bentley Systems

LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop

e action
e action
e action
e action
e action
SupInit
SupORSup
SupORSup
SupORSup
SupANDSup
L1.sup
L1.sup
L1.sup
L1.sup
L1L1L1-Truck.sup
Dbl_Truck.su L1-Lane.sup
Tandem.sup
p
1.33
1.33
1.197
1.0
L1.sup
0
0
0
0
0
LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop
e action
e action
e action
e action
e action
SupInit
SupORSup
SupORSup
SupORSup
SupANDSup
L2.sup
L2.sup
L2.sup
L2.sup
L2L2L2-Truck.sup
Dbl_Truck.su L2-Lane.sup
Tandem.sup
p
1.33
1.33
1.197
1.0
L2.sup
0
0
0
0
0

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]
Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

4-16

LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop

e action
e action
e action
e action
e action
SupInit
SupORSup
SupORSup
SupORSup
SupANDSup
L3.sup
L3.sup
L3.sup
L3.sup
L3L3L3-Truck.sup
Dbl_Truck.su L3-Lane.sup
Tandem.sup
p
1.33
1.33
1.197
1.0
L3.sup
0
0
0
0
0

Now there are envelopes file for the worst case load train in each one of the lanes. First,
the Truck, Tandem or Double Truck was used (whichever produced worst case results
for each element), and then the Design Lane load was added to that. Dynamic impact
factors were applied here, and the 90% reduction factor for the Double Truck was taken
into consideration. The resulting envelopes are L1.sup, L2.sup, and L3.sup.
The next step is to create envelope files for the condition when more than one lane is
loaded. There are 3 unique conditions when 2 lanes are loaded and one condition when
3 lanes are loaded. These conditions along with their envelope file names in RM can be
seen in Section 4.1.
Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
L1.sup
L1L2.sup
0

Ac- LC/Envelop
tion
e action
Type
SupInit
Inp1
L1.sup
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
L1L2L3.sup
Out2
Delta0
T

Bentley Systems

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupANDSup
L1L2.sup
L2.sup
0

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
L1.sup
L1L3.sup
0

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupANDSup
L1L3.sup
L3.sup
0

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupInit
L2.sup
L2L3.sup
0

LC/Envelo
pe action
SupANDSup
L2L3.sup
L3.sup
0

LC/Envelop LC/Envelop
e action
e action
SupANDSup SupANDSup
L1L2L3.sup
L1L2L3.sup
L2.sup
L3.sup
0

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RM Bridge
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4-17
All intermediate envelopes have now been created for different lanes loaded. The last
step is to check and see which condition of lanes loaded produces the worst case results
when multiple presence factors are applied. The final envelope for live load results will
be called live.sup.

Type
Action
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env LC/Env

elope
elope
elope
elope
elope
elope
elope
elope
action
action
action
action
action
action
action
action
SupORSu SupORSu SupORSu SupORSu SupORSu SupORSu SupORSu
SupInit
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
live.sup
live.sup
live.sup
live.sup
live.sup
live.sup
live.sup
L1L2L3.s
L1.sup
L2.sup
L3.sup
L1L2.sup L1L3.sup L2L3.sup
up
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.85
live.sup
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

This completes the definition of the live load.

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RM Bridge
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5-1

5 Lesson 16: Load Combinations

5.1 Definition of the Load Combination
The results of the calculated loads are saved into load cases or envelopes. They can now
be used for the definition of the Load Combinations. The definition of load combinations is done under menu Schedule Load definition Combination table.
It is possible to define up to 48 different combinations. Using the buttons on the top left
side allows you to change between different pages 6 load combination definitions per
page.
The first column represents the load cases and/or envelopes to be combined into a certain combination. In the second column the rule of the superposition for each load case
and/or envelope is defined. Afterwards there are 2 columns for each combination that
represent the favorable and unfavorable factors.
The input of the combinations is not combination oriented but instead is load case oriented. This means simply that the input is done for each load case separately where
favorable and unfavorable factors have to be defined for all combinations.
The load combinations to be defined are explained in section 1.3 and are again displayed in the table below.
COMBINATION

1.00

8
0.90/
1.25
0.65/
1.50
1.00

9
.90/
1.25
0.65/
1.50
1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00
1.00/
1.20
1.20

1.00
1.00/
1.20
1.20

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.50

0.50

PT-SUM

AddLc

CS-SUM

AddLc

CS-INF

AndLc

CS-INF

AddLc

1.00

live.sup

AndSup

1.00

1.00

0.80

1.75

Brake.sup

AndSup

1.00

1.00

0.80

1.75

WS.sup

AndSup

0.30

0.30

AndSup

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

TU.sup

AndSup

1.00

1.00

1.20

1.20

1.00

0.50

0.50

TG.sup

AndSup

0.50

1.00

0.50

1.00

0.50

settle.sup

AndSup

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Stength 4

Strength 1

Service 3

Service 1d

AddLc

Service 1c

SDL-SUM

Service 1b

AddLc

Service 1a

SW-SUM

Perm. Load t=

Rule

Perm. Loads t=0

LC/Envelope

WL.sup

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

Definition of
Load Case
Combinations

LC/Envelop
e
Comb

Schedule

Load Definitions
Combination Table
Top Table

LC/Envelope
Comb
Type
Comb I
Comb II
Comb III
Comb IV
Comb V
Comb VI
Comb VII
Comb VIII
Comb IX
LC/Envelo
pe
Comb
Type
Comb I
Comb II
Comb III
Comb IV
Comb V
Comb VI
Comb VII
Comb VIII
Comb IX

Bentley Systems

Type
Comb I
Comb II
Comb III
Comb IV
Comb V
Comb VI
Comb VII
Comb VIII
Comb IX

SW-SUM

SDL-SUM

SupAddLc
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.9
1.25
0.9
1.25

SupAddLc
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.65
1.50
0.65
1.50

5-2

PT-SUM
SupAddLc
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

CS-SUM
SupAddLc
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.2
1
1.2
1
1
1
1
1
1

CS-INF
SupAndLc
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
1.2
1.2
1
0.5
0.5

CS-INF
SupAddLc
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
-

live.sup

brake.up

WS.sup

WL.sup

TU.sup

SupAndSup
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
0.8
1.75
-

SupAndSup
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
0.8
1.75
-

SupAndSup
FF-fav.
unfav.
0.3
0.3
-

SupAndSup
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
1
1
-

SupAndSup
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
1.2
1.2
1
0.5
0.5

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LC/Envelo
pe
Comb
Type
Comb I
Comb II
Comb III
Comb IV
Comb V
Comb VI
Comb VII
Comb VIII
Comb IX

TG.sup

settle.sup

SupAndSup
FF-fav.
unfav.
0.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
-

SupAndSup
FF-fav.
unfav.
1
1
1
1
1
1
-

5-3

5.2 Calculation of the load combinations

Up to now the load combinations have only been defined and have not yet been calculated. To calculate them a schedule action has to be defined SupComb. With this action all defined load cases and envelopes with their corresponding superposition rule
and defined favorable and unfavorable factors are superposed into the final (combination) envelope.
For a better overview a separated calculation stage will be created where all 9 combinations will be calculated.
Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

Combos

Description

Load Combination
calculation

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

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RM Bridge
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Insertion of the
Calculation Actions to the Construction Stage
Combos

Schedule

Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

Type
Acion
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

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5-4

Acion

LC/Envelop
e action
SupComb

LC/Envelop
e action
SupComb

LC/Envelop
e action
SupComb

Inp1

Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

Perm-t-0.sup
-

Perm-t-inf.sup
-

SLS-1a.sup
-

Type

LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop

e action
e action
e action
e action
e action
e action
SupComb
SupComb
SupComb
SupComb
SupComb
SupComb
4
5
6
7
8
9
SLS-1b.sup
SLS-1c.sup
SLS-1d.sup
SLS-3.sup
ULS-1.sup
ULS-4.sup
0

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

6-1

Lesson 17: Fiber Stress Check

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name
Description

SLS

Stages
SLS-Fibre Stress
Check

Activation
Top Table

Insertion to the construction schedules:

Definition of
the Fibre
Stress Check
actions

Schedule

Action
Type

Stages
Schedule Action
Bottom Table

Inp1
Inp2
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

Action
Type
Inp1
Inp2
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

Check
actions(SUP)
FibSup
Perm-t0.sup
1
*

Check
actions(SUP)
FibSup
Perm-tinf.sup
2
*

Check
Check
acactions(SUP) tions(SUP)
FibSup
FibSup
SLS-1c.sup SLS-1d.sup
2
2
*
*
0

Check
actions(SUP)
FibSup

Check
actions(SUP)
FibSup

SLS-1a.sup SLS-1b.sup
2
*

2
*

Check
actions(SUP)
FibSup
SLS-3.sup
2
*
0

The compressive stresses in concrete have to be checked to see if they exceed some
limit under a certain combination. The compression stresses due to load combination 1
(Perm-t-0.sup) should not exceed 0.6fc and the compression stresses under load combinations 2-7 (Perm-t-inf.sup and Serviceability limit states) should not exceed 0.45fc.
The schedule actions for various checks are separated into different menus for load cases and for envelopes Check actions (LC) and Check actions (SUP).

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6-2

The schedule action for checking the stresses in predefined fibers is Fib. The suffix defines for what the check is done for load case (FibLc) or for envelope (FibSup).
The first input field (Input-1) defines for which load case or for which envelope the
check will be done.
Next input field defines the stress limit. The input is a number which references the
stress limit defined in the material data (Properties Material data Corresponding
material; stress limits are defined in the small table in the bottom right corner).
If the stress limits are not defined the stress check cannot be done. To define the stress
limits for a material the insert after button has to be chosen (it is on the bottom right
side above the stress limit table). The stress limit number is automatically assigned (serial number), and two other inputs represent the maximum (tension-positive) and minimum (compression-negative) allowed stress limit.
In this case the stress limits have to be defined defined. The stress limit number 1 corresponds to 0.6fc, and the stress limit number 2 corresponds to 0.45fc. For stress limit
1, the tensile stress is limited to 0.0948
, which corresponds to a limit of
0.2ksi. For stress limit 2, the tensile stress is limited to 0.19
= 0.465ksi. After inputting these limits, the material properties should looks as follows:

The check determines the minimum and maximum stresses under the defined load
case/envelope in all stress check points defined in the cross-sections and compares them
with stress limits. Results are saved into a list file (Output-2). Those exceeding the limits (if there are any) are saved into the list file (values marked with #), and a warning is
displayed after completion of the calculation.
The same check can also be done graphically. It can be seen at which places the requirements are not satisfied. This is done by creating a diagram via RMSet. On this diagram certain stresses in certain fibers are plotted along with stress limits.

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7-3

Reinforced concrete checks General

The results of different design check actions are reinforcement areas that are saved into
their corresponding Attribute-Sets. They can be seen under menu Structure Elements Checks for each element.
In the upper table the element is selected and in the bottom table the results can be seen
by selecting one of the corresponding Attribute Set.
Some Attribute Sets have more than one result component (e.g.: Attribute Set for ShearLongitudinal reinforcement which has two result components one for the top and another for the bottom reinforcement).
The calculated reinforcement areas are stored and displayed under the A2 reinforcement
area. The A1 reinforcement area represents an input where a predefined reinforcement
area (e.g.: minimum reinforcement) can be defined (double click on the Attribute Set or
select it and click on the modify button). It is possible to define that this reinforcement
area is fixed or variable. If it is set to fixed, then the program will not increase the values even if it is necessary according to a certain design check. In the other case the reinforcement area will be increased by the necessary reinforcement area calculated by a
certain design check.
The reinforcement areas can be displayed also graphically via RM-Sets. The corresponding elements and attribute sets have to be defined. In addition the results can be
presented numerically by creating an excel sheet or a list file.
It is also possible to specify for which elements certain design checks should not be
done (double click on an element in the upper table and check the OFF button next to a
certain design check). By default all design checks are ON for all elements. The program distinguishes between beam elements and other elements (spring elements, stiffness elements, tendons, etc.). In addition it is also possible to make a detailed list file
(export) for each design check.
In principal the reinforcement area calculated by previous design actions (depending on
the schedule sequence defined in under schedule actions) is taken into account in the
subsequent design actions.
The data of the calculated reinforcement area (A2) remains as an existing reinforcement
area even when a new recalculation of the project is run (it is also exported into TCL
files). Therefore it is necessary to initialize (delete) the A2 reinforcement areas (calculated areas) before the first design action. This is done with the ReinIni action (Reinforcement Initialization) where the A2 reinforcement area of a certain or all Attribute
sets is set to 0 for all elements.
For clarification and clear overview a new (calculation) stage will be created:

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Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

ReinIni

Description

Reinforcement initialization

7-4

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

Initialization of
the A2
Reinforcement
areas

Schedule
Stages
Schedule Action
Bottom Table

Action
Type
Inp1
Inp2
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

Check
actions(SUP)
RenIni
0

The action ReinIni is located in the menu for load case check actions (Check Actions
(LC)). It is also found in the envelope check actions (Check Actions (SUP)).
If the first input (Input-1) remains empty (or a * is defined) all Attribute-Sets will be
initialized. To initialize a certain Attribute-Set, it has to be selected from the drop down
menu at the input field.

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8-1

Lesson 18: Ultimate Load Capacity Check

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

Ult-ULS

Description

ULS- Ultimate Load

Carrying Capacity

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

Definition of the
Ultimate Load
Carrying Capacity

Schedule
Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

Action
Type
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

Check actions
(SUP)
UltSup
ULS.sup
Rein
*
*
0

Action
Type
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

LC/Envelop LC/Envelop LC/Envelop

e action
e action
e action
SupInit
SupOrSup
SupOrSup
ULS.sup
ULS.sup
ULS-1.sup
ULS-4.sup
ULS.sup
0
0
0

LC/Envelope
action
SupInit
Ult-ULS.sup
0

Check actions
(SUP)
UltSup
ULS.sup
UltMz
*
Ult-ULS.sup
*
0

For the ULS check the unfavorable effects of load combinations 8 and 9 (Strength limit
states 1 and 4) have to be considered. Therefore these combinations are superposed into
the final ULS.sup envelope with the Or rule (substitute if unfavorable).
The first check action performs the design check by selection of the Rein option (Reinforcement design). With this input the necessary reinforcement will be calculated and
added to the corresponding Attribute-Set. The reinforcement amount can be displayed
as was already explained (diagram creation via RM-Set). In addition, the results are
exported/saved also to a list file. Also for this check a detailed list can be made (at same
principle as already explained).
In next steps first an envelope file (Ult-ULS.sup) is initialized. Into this envelope the
results of the following ultimate load capacity check (UltSup check action with option
Ultimate load check for UltMz) are saved. This action calculates the maximum capacity

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8-2

of the bending moment Mz of the cross-section (structure respectively). For this calculation both other internal force components for the ultimate load check (Nx and My) are
fixed, and only the bending moment Mz is increased until the maximum capacity of the
bending moment is reached. The iteration process varies the strain planes which are
based on the stress-strain diagram of the corresponding element (concrete, reinforcement steel and pre-stressing steel). These diagrams are defined under material properties. Also these results are saved to a list file.
For pre-stressed structures the initial strain load case has to be defined to correctly consider the initial strain of the pre-stressing steel caused by the primary state of prestressing (V*e) when evaluating the stress-strain diagram. This state is saved in the
summation load case of pre-stressing (PT-SUM).
To consider the initial strain of creep and shrinkage and relaxation also, the total summation load case (STG-SUM) should be defined as the initial strain load case.
Furthermore, it is possible to consider the initial strain state from the envelope (load
case respectively) used for the design check. To do so, a * has to be defined, instead
of certain load case in the corresponding input field. This option considers also the factored initial strain of time effects. However, this is not allowed if the envelope includes
factored pre-stressing load cases and time effects and is not relevant in this form for
consideration of initial strain (see combination factors for combination used for crack
check).
If no initial strain load case is defined, then the load case defined in the recalc pad is
used as initial strain load case. If no load case is defined in the recalc pad, then the initial strain is not considered.
For more information about the ultimate load check and design of reinforced concrete
with or without pre-stressing see RM Analysis User Guide section 15.3 and 15.4.
A very instructive graphical comparison between demand moments (ULS.sup) and ultimate moments (Ult-SUL.sup) is done in the corresponding example.

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Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

9-1

Lesson 19: Shear Capacity Check

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Schedule

Name

ULS-Shear

Description

Shear capacity
check

Stages
Schedule Actions
Top Table

Definition of the
Shear Capacity
Check

Schedule
Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

Action
Type
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
DeltaT

Check actions
(SUP)
ShearSup
ULS.sup
PT-SUM
*
0

To perform a check for shear force and torsion (Shear check) for an envelope, the check
action ShearSup has to be used (ShearLc for load cases). The envelope for the ULS
checks was already generated and can be used. Also for this check an initial strain load
case has to be defined.
The results are, same as for all other checks, saved to the corresponding Attribute-Set as
well as to a normal or extended list file.
If the tendon geometry is not defined in a detailed manner (the tendons are grouped together into one tendon geometry), the nominal web thickness is not calculated automatically. Therefore the reduction of the web thickness has to be defined manually. This
reduction is defined via the parameters b-beg and b-end (reduction at element begin and
end) under menu Structure Elements Checks. These two parameters are referenced to elements and via this to the assigned cross-sections. In case of multiple webs,
the defined values will be subdivided on the individual webs taking into account the
number and width of the web (the thinnest web will have the smallest reduction and
vice versa for thickest web).
For grouted tendons the reduction of the web thickness according to AASHTO 5.8.2.9
is defined as 0.25. In our case with arrangements of 3 tendons at same level (parallel; side by side) with 3.14 in. diameter the reduction is (0.25233.14 =) 4.71 in.
To define the reduction change, go to the top table under Structure Elements
Checks and double click (or modify) one of the superstructure elements (elements
from 101 to 135). Define as follows: El-from:101; El-to:135; El-step:1; b-beg (in):4.71;
b-end (in):4.71.

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10-2

10 Lesson 20: Fatigue Check

Schedule

Definition of the
Required Construction Stage

Name

ULS- Fatigue

Description

Fatigue check

Stages
Activation
Top Table

Schedule

Definition of the
Fatigue Check

Action
Type
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

Stages

Schedule Actions
Bottom Table

Action
Type
Inp1
Inp2
Inp3
Out1
Out2
Delta-T

LC/Envelope
action
SupInit
Fatigue.sup
1.38
FLS-1.sup

LC/Envelope
action
SupInit
Fatigue.sup
0.69
FLS-2.sup

LC/Envelope
action
SupInit
Fatigue.sup
0

Check actions
(SUP)
FatigSup
FLS-1.sup
*
0

Calculation (Static)
LiveL
2
5
Fatigue.sup
*
0

Check actions
(SUP)
FatigSup
FLS-2.sup
*
0

For the fatigue limit state, first a live load evaluation is done with the fatigue truck (load
train number 5). Next, the fatigue limit state combinations FLS-1 and FLS-2 are created by applying factors to the live load envelope. According to AASHTO 3.6.1.4 a factor of 0.8 will be applied because there are 3 lanes. According to AASHTO 3.6.2 the
dynamic impact factor will be 1.15. The factors for FLS-1 and FLS-2 are computed as
follows:
-

FLS-1: 0.8*1.15*1.5 = 1.38

FLS-2: 0.8*1.15*0.75 = 0.69

The action FatigSup performs a fatigue check only for a superposition file (envelope).
This is because only envelope can contain the maximum/minimum internal forces for

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10-3

the traffic loads relevant for fatigue. The difference between maximum and minimum is
taken as a relevant stress range value f.
The results are saved to the list file which contains the stress difference for each element
in all stress check points, longitudinal reinforcement and tendons. These stress ranges
can then be checked against the limits set forth in AASHTO 5.5.3.

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RM Bridge
Training Prestressing Basic - ANALYZER - Part 2: AASHTO [IMPERIAL UNITS]

11-4

11 Lesson 21: Lists and Plots

The different possibilities of post processing (RM-Sets and Plot Containers) were
shown already in section 11 of Part1. In the corresponding example there are multiple
RM-Sets and Plots for presentation of internal forces, stresses and reinforcement areas
defined and created/plotted in schedule actions. This definition can be seen directly in
the program.
In addition a new stage is created (last stage) in which additional predefined plot actions
(Schedule Stages Schedule actins; Bottom table List/Plot actions) are defined
for plotting: working diagrams, creep and shrinkage diagrams, cross-sections, tendon
geometry, tendon scheme, tendon positions in cross-sections, stressing actions, load
trains, influence lines, etc. Also these definitions can be seen directly in the program.

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