Fourier Tutoria

A Fourier Transform Model in Excel, part #5
- This fifth part of the tutorial gives plots of the calculated Fourier transform
components for a series of input functions using the model created in the
previous sections.
- Some of the input functions are created on the spot. Due to the fact that
both the functions and the Fourier transforms are sampled in a finite number
of points the results are just approximations of the continuous Fourier
transform of actual functions in the continuous domain. You will be able to
notice windowing errors in the plots.
- The following time signals are processed: AM, FM, rectangular and cardinal
sinusoidal.
<excelunusual.com>
<www.excelunusual.com>
by George Lungu
1
Fourier transform of a MA signal (amplitude modulated):

2
Input
Time
0
-1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-2
140
Amplitude
120
100
80
-These are the Fourier transform

components of a sinusoidal signal with
an amplitude of 1 and a frequency of
0.7 modulated in amplitude by
another sinusoidal signal having an
amplitude of 0.5 and a frequency of
0.1.
- The Fourier transform was
calculated from a frequency of -1.2 to
1.2 in 1000 equally spaced frequency
points.
- You can see that the spectrum of
the carrier is unchanged but the
spectrum of the modulating signal is
repeated, one part around carrier
frequency and the other around the
carrier frequency mirror (the negative
of the carrier frequency).
60
40
20
Frequency
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
150
0.5
Phase [degrees]
50
-1.5
-1
-0.5
1.5
Frequency
-50 0
0.5
1.5
-150
100
Real
50
Frequency
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-50
0.5
1.5
-100
-1.5
-1
-0.5
150
100
50
0
-50 0
-100
-150
Imaginary
Frequency
0.5
1.5
Due to the limited duration of the input sample,

windowing effects are visible as ringing.
Fourier transform of a FM signal (frequency modulated):

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5 0
-1
-1.5
Input
Time
20
40
60
80
100
35
120
140
160
180
200
Amplitude
30
25
20

0.7 modulated in frequency by
0.01.
points.
- This time the spectra of the carrier
and modulating signals intermix
resulting in a much more complex
spectrum than in the case of the MA
signal.
15
10
5
Frequency
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
150
0.5
Phase [degrees]
50
-1.5
-1
-0.5
1.5
Frequency
-50 0
0.5
1.5
-150
40
Real
20
Frequency
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-20
0.5
1.5
-40
40
Imaginary
20
Frequency
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-20
0.5
1.5
-40
Fourier transform of an aperiodic rectangular signal:

15
Input
10
Time
5
0
-5
20
40
60
80
100
120
120
140
160
180
200
Amplitude
100
80

components of a rectangular aperiodic
signal with amplitude of 10 and
duration of 10.
points.
- Looking at the real part of the
Fourier transform we observe a good
similarity with the cardinal sinus
function also named a sinc function (
sinc(x) = sin(x)/x ). This is in line with
the exact (theoretical) result for the
Fourier transform of an aperiodic
rectangular function. If this does not
ring a bell you could read more about
this elsewhere.
60
40
20
Frequency
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
150
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Phase [degrees]
50
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
Frequency
-50 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-150
150
Real
100
Frequency
50
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-50
100
0.2
0.4
0.6
Frequency
0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-50
Imaginary
50
-1
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-100
Fourier transform of a MA signal (amplitude modulated):

0.6
Input
0.4
0.2
Time
0
-0.2
50
100
150
200
250
Amplitude
5
4
- Create a sinc input:

- These are the Fourier transform
0.7 modulated in frequency by
0.01.
points.
- You can see that the Fourier
transform of a rectangular signal is a
cardinal sinus signal and vice versa.
This can be said about a general signal
too (this is not a proof though). The
Fourier transform and the reverse
Fourier transform have the same
formula (up to a constant)
3
2
1
Frequency
0
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
150
0.1
0.2
0.3
Phase [degrees]
50
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.4
Frequency
-50 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-150
10
Real
Frequency
0
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-10
10
Imaginary
Frequency
0
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-10
Time scaling: the influence of a non-repetitive pulse duration on its Fourier transform:
-To produce these results we use an impulse of
finite duration centered in origin. The time scale
will start at a negative time so that the time of
zero will be situated in the middle of the time
range. We need to do a small change in the
spreadsheet: cell A41: =-2500*B5
- The rectangular signal duration will be placed
in cell W36. The signal is centered in origin will
be implemented in range W41:W5040.
- Cell W41: =IF(ABS(A41)<=W$36/2,10,0)
then copy W41 down to W5040
14.8
Input
9.8
Time
4.8
-0.2
-150
-100
-50
50
50
100
150
Real
40
30
20
Frequency
10
0
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-10
0.2
0.4
0.6
-20
14.8
Input
9.8
Time
4.8
-0.2
-150
-100
-50
200
- To the right there are the input signal and the

real part of the Fourier transform for three
different impulse duration cases (4, 16 and 64).
- You can see that the wider the signal the
narrower the Fourier spectrum. This confirms
the theory, a narrower signal will have more
power distributed in the higher frequency range
than a wider signal.
100
150
150
100
Frequency
50
0
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
-50
14.8
Input
9.8
Time
4.8
-0.2
-150
The end.
50
Real
-0.6
-100
-0.4
-50
-0.2
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100 0
-200
50
100
150
Real
Frequency
0.2
0.4
0.6

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A Fourier Transform Model in Excel, part #5

Fourier transform of a MA signal (amplitude modulated):

-These are the Fourier transform

Due to the limited duration of the input sample,

Fourier transform of a FM signal (frequency modulated):

-These are the Fourier transform

Fourier transform of an aperiodic rectangular signal:

-These are the Fourier transform

Fourier transform of a MA signal (amplitude modulated):

- Create a sinc input:

- To the right there are the input signal and the

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