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Annable Wendy Kwok
Iditor:
Development Picture
Research:
St Johnston SophieMortimer
BrendaMarshall ieniorProduction[ontrolltr:
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lohn Balmond
Glenday,lain Reid, lleadof [irrulation;
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ACKNOWLEDGEMET{TS
: ludith Massey,Montague Keen,
Richmond, David Guyatt,Tim Col
ounuinHighflaps%opynght @1993DigidWu
Pkture lrbnry.InsetPeterf'lenzel/Saence
Phot
andhs. Roblalbot/Iony Stone.
liketo thankall tfiostwhohelpedi
.X factor. :
Redoish.
Yincent ProfessorHans
Drhckf,ater,Bnivtn
Hams.
Sbekfui+ Jeffrry

n 1992, Dr K. Eric Drexler
marched into a US Senate
Committee meetins and
re made an astonishing
announcement. According to
Drexler, all the problems of the
rvo rl d- lam ir r e.pol l rrti o n .
lif'e-threatening cliseaseand
poverty - could soon be over.
The ker', say'sDrexler, lr,ill be
'nanonrachines' (nano comes from
the flreek for drvarf). These tiny,
rlolecule-sizedmachines- rvhich
Dr-exlercalls assemblers- can be
]lrogramlnecl to produce other
n:uroln:rchines.Ultimatell', humans
rvoulclno longer have to build
anlthing. Assemblersrvoulcldo it
fo r l l rer r rar r t ur nat ic a l l r.
u s i rrg
BuitdingtG
cheap, natural
materials.
'With the assembler,you'cl be
able to take reactive molecules,
put them in specific places,and
control chemical svnthesisto
build up complex structures,'
Drexler explains.
"si*::s*lAt_g"n"rlllJt
In fact, nanotechnolog,v had first
been proposed lt hen Drexler was
jr-rsta bov. As lons ago as 1959, the
Nobel prize-u'inning physicist
Richarcl Feynman stated that rvhen
manipulation of individual atoms
is possible,the scientist'rvill have
figured out hor'vto synthesize
absolutely anything.'
A The micromechonic componenls
used in nonolechnology ore smoll
enough to be shown next fo o fly's
leg. Scienlistsore olreody creoting
obiects from individuql otoms (inser).
Humans wor.rld r-ro longer suffer
from heart disease.because
assemblers could move around and
scrape clean clogged arteries.
Humans r,r,ould no longer be poor,
because assemblers could
manufacture everything that they
could ever possibly want. And
assemblers could clean up the
environment bv absorbins
.:ii:,:,:.
 pollution and breaking it down
into its original elements: lead and
carbon. US economist David
Friedman has envisaged a world
where, 'food machines would be
provided as a free amenity' and
'raw materials, except for very
large objects like planets,will cost
a l mos tz er o. . .
In short, nano-utopia could be
just around the corner. It sounds
too good to be lrue: plenty of food
to go round, good health, a rool
over everyone'shead, and as much
leisure time as you want.
) Nonotechnologistsenvisoge o
R EO RDE RI NG M O tE C U tES future in which micro-robotsore smoll
It is not surprising that Drexler's enough to irovel rhrough the
ideas have been met with scorn by bloodstreom,os depicted in fhe 1987
some other scientists.After all, lilm lnnerspacelinsel), where they con
what he was proposing was almost corry our inlernol body repoirs.
like playing God. And yet
nanotechnology, the science that other biomolecules,' he has said.
D re x ler has helpe d l o c re a l e .i s If human cells could reproduce
based on ideas that are already well according to a genetic blueprint
j
g acceptedin other scientific areas, inherited from our parents, he
5
such as genetics. mused, why could molecules not betlveen grass and beefsteak.
It was about 8Qyears ago when be programmed to do the same? C a l l e d t h e 'M e a t M a c h i n e ',
Drexler first began to wontler
whether scientistscould
manufacture things the way that
does . ' S ome d me i n 1 9 7 6 ,
o king seriously about 'ltea in a similar way? speciallyprogrammed assemblers,
z what you ' One of Drexler's earliest ideas lhese raw materlals\vould
design protein molecules and was to cut out the 'middle man' eventuallyturn into fresh beell ,.-.4 ..:a.
Scepticsmieht stop and think
about how this sane process
happens in nature. The cow eats
grass.di gestsi t arrd ttrrrrsi t inlo
muscl ew i thorrt arrvi ntcrve r r t ion
from outside. Its own molecules,
like Drexler's assemblers,are
programmed to create a particular
product. \Ahich is more
unD el l evaD l ei

:SJJJ:$jS*3H***cJ:_
A few years after Drexler began
to develop his radical and
unsettling ideas about changing
and re-assemblingmolecules in
different forms, scientistsmoved
nanotechnology a step further.
The Scanning Tunnel
Microscope (STM), which has a tip
only one atom wide, was designed

rrl 1!S1 at IBM's ResearchLabs. It
r'orl,s br 'pushing things around
iiiie a cue hirting billiard and
snooker balls,' saysRiehard
Palmer" a professor of physics at
thr L-nirersin'of Birmingham.
D:storering that scientistscould
p'-.:l et,rms off the tip when they
33 lt
lfs effects will
be felr fhroughout
so(iety - from medicine
l o m q n u fociur:ng to
h e ol i ng th e environmenf
l' ' :-: l':.:' \:- :- cio n e e r
ll\
7'
att,echti --he:,ro,".. '-' :he
nrrg1rl!Lrrp-. >-ir:----tr:.:erljzei ther
carild p lacc ai',:-l: '". her er e: : her
rn'anie(i ir,'"
. \ ie rr re ar: lrter. I B\ l s c r ent i> : s
lrsed an ST\I ro arrln{c .l-i 3;'-,1115
of renon to iorm rhe IB\I 1,-'i,'.
Br-rilcling on these discorelies.
other scientists realized that ir ria-s
r-rorr'phlsicalh' possible to
structures, and to make atoms
behavei n certai n w ays.The next
stage was to think about what they
could do with their discoveries,
D rexl er' s pl an w asthat ti ny
assemblerswould work to control
other tiny tools, like pistons and .
cogs.W orki rrgi n partnershipwit h
hundreds, perhaps even millions,
of other assembl ers. they w o uld
build structures and products
atom by atom.
_- MOTE C U LE C ON TR OL
d
As Drexler once said, anyone who
o makesvogurt i s demonstratingt hat
-o
c
self-replication rvorks. It is a short
step from the growth of penicillin
; and other moulds to the idea that
o
j
= properly charged and controlled
I
o
molecules could build a house, or
.9
a car. A nd i nsteadof bui l di n g it
out of crude materials that are
o
N
o difficult and expensive to create,
:
assemblerswould work with
'
natural molecules.
rearrange atoms in new and As genetic engineers have
different ways.Compare this to alreadydiscovered.it is perfectly
modern manufacturing methods, possible to grow a new living being
which move huge groups of atoms
(in the form of sheet metal, or
nuts and bolts) around to build
machines, and such techniques
start to look crude and inflexible.
M IC R O .E N GIN E E R IN G
Scientistsbegan to imagine
how much more detailed
manufacturing could be if single
molecules could be assembled
quickly and easily into the right
structures.
In addition, they realized that
raw materials are also made out of
molecules.Just as when the atoms
in grass,air and water are
rearranged to create beef, so could
the carbon atoms in graphite be
rearranged to make a diamond.
Br. norv, Drexler's ideas were
beginning to look lessand less
far-fetchecl.h-r theory, scientists
alreadv hacl the abilitv to create
ditferent materialsout of ran-
c o m p o n e nts.to moY eatoms
arorrnd to form different
 i-'r-.--
of a single cell. as in in riLro
ic-:'r:iization( [\T) treatments.Food
3-neticistshar-ealso found waysto
'grori' anirnalsand vegetablesfiom
odginal molecules.
\anotechnology takes those
ideasfurtheq becauseit can be
r-rsedin so many different rvavs.
One of the most important areas
rvill be in medicine. Like the tiny
sp a c es hipir r t he 1 9 6 6m o ri e
Fantastic Volage,assemblers lr,'ill be
able to mo\re around the body and
digest or eliminate malfunctioning
cells. They will be able to iclenti!,'
problems in the bloodstream, the
lungs or the heart, and report back
to controlling computers.
Scientistsare already r'vorking on
materials called polymers, lvhich
can be etched with tiny lines by a
very small microscope. These can
then be placed around damaged
tendons inside the bodv, where
I
th e y help t he t end o n to g ro rr a g a i n =
j

!
along the grooves. o

.9
H UM A N RE P A IR S
N
Looking further into the ftiture,
scientists believe that assemblers d

cou ld re pa ir the d am age , lor t c ll

frostbite to frozen human heacls.
Those involved in the science of
clvon ics be liere that s c ier r t is t sir r
the future will find a rva,vto brine
fi-ozen heads back to life, and rvill
elen be able to gro\,v ne\{ bodies to
itili]!*!ffi
\ ullPor t t h e n r . \ a n o r e c h n o l o q r (lr-crrrn:.RecirLrseanr countrr, coulcl
r r ' iil har e : r r i t a l l l a l i t ( ) l t l l r i n crcilt{' iin\ r2r\\'nraterial, thev
nr : Lk ing s u r - c t h : r t t ] - i e h e 'l r 1 ' a l c i n rioulcl not nced to go to \{ar to
as gooc l a c o n c l i t i o n a : p o s : i b i e , flght their neighbor-rr for its
In fhct. nanotcchnologl coulcl resoLlr'ces.'In the past,' Drexler
cl-iange societv bevoncl oul rlilclcst sirvs,'only' somebod;'lvho ltas verv
rich could zrf{ord a specialll'
i:t:::. craftcd thing. Norv anvolle carl
sl have it, because rve have the porver
'g
to rearrange evervthins.'

!l

A CAUIIOUS .q :sjrs*""L"g_q**:I"L9g*
flbh *tedde, who $ Brit not evervthing in the salclen
*oricd ecgireering qnd is o moior o
'8.. of nano-r.rtopia is rosr'. Dt'exler's
fi$rG ir tle cryonks movemeil,,',,,,::-: critics argtre that the
Gry.€fsg s rnorre csutious yierv of. ". n a n o t e c h n o l o g i s t s c o n r e n i e n tl v
*dmology. 'The serious gloss or,er hou- asscnrblers receive
rimffit Sresfion d lhis pgtaf ,ir t h e i r i n s t l r r c r t i o n s . i r n c l h o ri th e l
for hng b*i* *ke to &*dop
are fuellccl.
m**rdog1r srd whar is *e bir of
scienlists T h e c l i f T c l c n c c b c t r 'c c r l i r co \\'
best drd far gFtling fhere,' soys
rlksrllilc. rAo lE *rorked ot ftre the literctrrii.,'but the ones who,,:.r-: i u r c l t l r e \ I e : r r \ l . i r h : r r c l r tl r a t th e
Icrcl: Fdo Alo ks€orch Center in knew whol's going on oll seem lo c o r r 'l t a ' 1 . 1 t . L l k , , f l : t t . . r n c1i s
(dfrnic" o hd+srre of, new ogree ffiot this is o developmeni -l)l i, r r'trrttrt-.r-tl tr I 91'1-111'.
gelt cti c.111\
whkh connot be svoided.' r tr '.
teg.f nesccd- Thcrc's still o T he c l Lffc l r ':tr r c c tl .tll

1i .s 1l 1l r l g1 .,:- . '. ., r .l ( - r f c l lg i l l e e r' S

tr5
e**
 { The Mobile Robot Loborqtory ot
MIT hos produced o number of robot
insecls designed fo perform simple
tosks during lfie course of their
nonote<hnology reseorch.

prjrrar\ cell is that the cell is

alreadr alire. Can an assembler
cr(dlr d lirirtg crea tur e in a
laboratc,rr i
Eren Richard Feynman thinks
the:e ha-r been too much talk of
Lri,-,pi.l:'Ther' Isupporters of
nan',:echnologrt follow all the
app.i:ent precepts and forms of
sc:e:r:rfic investigation, but they're
II....1:.- .(-.)n
''___)eth inses
__'_^_- s ent ial. '
--"'
Cirics claim that molecular
r:.1:r-ripliiation cannot take place at
t-l' -rrt :eIItPerature, as atoms are
r',, , --;r:.i:rble. They point out that
lht :anrous 35-xenon IBM logo
:r-,i ::. r de ir r a r ac uu m u s i n g i n e rt
::, ,:::slrr supercool conditions.
L',:ics hare also argued that
:--('--.i- r r \ c or r idjust a s e a s i l y
rr'-rst chaosas build a perfect

33 1t nanotechllologr to create
terri$ring 1te1'.\\'ar .rachiues?
be as likely as a car - just by
acciclent, in the garage - being
Ns n o t e c h n o l o g y l o o ks The US has alreacll callecla hish able to wean itself from its diet of
f e o s i b l e b u t i s b o re l y level Senatemeeting to cliscussthe gasoline and transmission fluid
o u t o f t h e d re o mi n g possibilityof dissolvingenenr\ arrd go out and l i re on tree sa p in
tanks with nano-bots. the l ' i l d.'
s t o g e . . . T he re q re
Scientistshave alreadr
hur d l e s , b o f h te ch n i co l NO TU R N IN G BACK
considered the risks associatecl
o n d e c o n o mi c with nanotechnologr', and
- - :'::-:-::-
\-et rrould Einstein have progressed
l - v s cisl o n d Wr ile r
concluded that its benefits u itl-r l-ristheor-r'of r-elatir-iq.if he
n\ outweigh possible drawbacks. For' could have foleseen Hiroshima
,, example, scientistscould set a limit ancl \agasaki? As n'ith Pandora's
on the number of replications an box. the licl is already off
assemblercould perform. rrarrol echrrol ogr and al l i ts po ssible . ....,ti.,
In any case,the benefits we rvill ramifications.There is no turning .,
s e e fro m nanotechnol ouyi rr back. Our only hope is that we can
the foreseeable futr-rreare more continue to use nanotechnology
\trli ,-1.- -
likely to come from the for the greatergood of Mankind.
-
\\ f-.i- 11 development of tiny medical A nd for al l thosew ho fi nd t he
a r -- i rrs tru m e n l sengagedi n repai ri ng concept too incredible to accept,
-:rLi
cells than from self-assembling nanotechnol ogyi s taken very
spacerockets and houses. seri ousl yby mul ti nati onal
NANOWEAPONRY Drerler himself has said, 'For corporations and government
There . l r e f L l : : : r t : ' 1 , , , - r :' "' ::r i an indlrstrial replicator designed researchbodies. One report
.. :.. ^ .. ., u I . I.uel and raw
O lir. l:
:'-' ' 1 1 f i ' . . i l s . l''*-:.,
- - . : - . - :::. ' r r :- .l- - .. -r
| | rPqldtq rrt d \4 t estimates that the industrv could
t:.

tecilnolr'r!,-1.Hum.rn n:ilrtre berr : n.rter-r:rls.fol that to accidentally be rvorth f40 billion bv the 1'ear
.,:,.::

..:::l:':,:,-
r.hat it is. ho ri d o rre k nor . t har ' : 1' 11ir l o : r l e r r l i e r r o r t l r a t 's a b l e t o 20 10.C l el rrl \.l hel ' e i s nrrl re F- -
rr'arlike nations \\'ould not use s ur t ir . e in r r a n r r e . r r e l l . t h a t x - o u l d
":'"t:'' ..
to i t tharr sci errcefr.,i orr. il3
.'
:::
: ,t,t)
t.',
'.,:a::
=.::::'
IT HAS SuCCEsSFUttY
tocATEDWATERIN ARID
IAND AND PTNPOINTED THELOCATTON
OF OtL,
GOID AND oTHERPREcIoUSMINERATS.RESEARCH
sHows THATDOWSTNGWORKS,BUTAREWE
ANY CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDIruC
WUV?

owsing could be the onlv regions. These are areas rvhere resultsastonishedpeople like
area of the paranormal that rvater supplies are inadequate, Dr Hansjorg Elshorst,the GTZ
is commercially important. unreliable, impure and available manager, and Professor Hans
x It has a practical use, and its only seasonalll'.The team also Berckhemer, head of the earth
..iccess rate can be measured and operates u'here surface lvater sciencesdepartment at the.fohann
. ,strc1.This is r,hy Hans-Dieter sources or shallorvwells are too \Abll-gang Goethe-Urriversity.
3tiz. :r phlsics prof'essor at the distant to be used. These were not wells that could
.r:i:' ig \l:rximilians University in have becn sunk anl.where in order
"
l.l .: .:r, be ca me i nv olv ed. He AMA Z ING SUCCESS to tap the vast underground
',
-r ' I :, r krrorr' pleciseh' horv Aicl agencies have had limited reservoirs, called aquifers. On the
. . i-i_i , , ,L rlcllo c at e r r . at er 70 success using orthodox means to contrary, these boreholes l.radto
- :. t', , ,,' ,11 'O c k - s t f e\ \ ' lldes ef t . locate ground &'ater running deep be drilled into fractured rock
belorv the surface in geologicallv formations where \\,ater rllns at a
. - :- a i, ] iLr lt c t ior t r |it l- i clifficr-rlt areas. Schroter's dowsing, considerable depth tl.rrouel'r
' :.. \ on the other hand, has been narro\r-cracks,or fissules.In such
-r
('tl-lll.ltl\"\
-
:. - spectacrrlarlv successful. conditions, a nornral failure rate
-
Over- a large, clrv area of Sri shoulclbe rr.ellabove 5() per cent.
:'- I . ; r nk a. i r 'h e l e n t : r p s a n d \ - e g e t a t i o n The nronetarr sari nq:rr 'eLe
' :. . - . . r t ' l: n 't f e r r ' c l L L e s S . c h r - o t e r - 's huge. si l rceti re al tel nati ve r r - ouid
- r . , : : : ir ': . 1 c ctLj t r l r 'c 1 l - t o s u p l t h have i nrohed tcn tl ntesthe cost .
' . . . . . , . . . . T l - r c S 'r L C C ct:i:L t e \ \ . i \ purnpi ng anclpul i fvi nq \fa t er f r om
. . t . , " t r r 'ar , - t : : - . T l r c ., : .r r r r- ktl l .,t. rr. Tl rt: .tL c teS S i S
-

{ lr is in regions like
the lorgely feolureless
terroin of Third World
counlries thot Hqns
Schriiter (inset) cnd his
teom look for wofea
Normol methods of
detecfing low-lying
sources of woier hove
led to o lot of expensive
foilures. The successrole
of Schriiter's dowsing
discoveries hos been
of greot benefit to
people living in these
so
semi:orid qreos.
: DOWSING
not a fluke because it has been
re p e a t edby S c hr ot e r' sl e a m i n
Namibia, the Sinai, Kenya, the
Yemen, Niger, the Congo and the
Dominican Republic.
Schroter's abilities pose a huge
challenge to orthodox science. He
has been able to pinpoint with a
precision measured in centimetres
rather than metres, not just where
to drill, but to what depth. He has
also found water sources that
assllre a sufficient yield for local
requirements.
AN CI E NT A RT
The phenomenon of dowsing was
first mentioned in Gerrrran
textbooks on mineral development
back in the 15th century. There is
even evidence - from wall
p a i n tings .s t elaeand ma n u s c ri p ts-
that dowsing was Wing Commander Beadon also tells
practised well before of how he was accusedof being a spy
this time. by a large oil company after he told
In the US, it is them where to drill for oil. The advice
sometimes called he gave them about where to drill was
water-witching and so accurale they refused to believehii
has frequently been know l edgew asobtai ned thro ugh
associatedwith the clowsing alone.
occult. Despite Beadon believes the ability to dowse
charges that it is within us all, but that there are those
is sophisticated who have a special talent for it. This
self-delusion or fraud, talent, he says,originates in the more
dowsing is more widely intuitive, riqht-side of the brain.
practised than many
would imagine.
World-famous
psychic Uri Celler is
reputed to have earned huge fees
adr-isinginternational mineral
companies where to drill for
valuable resources.He dowses
Llsinga map, concentrating on
each area of the map until he feels
that a particular area will
prove a rich source of oil,
gold or minerals.
Geller sometimes dowses
from the air, flying over an
area alrd tuning in to
r-ibrationsu'hich indicate
the presence of minerals in
the grour-id below.
FOR WATER
Ferr'archeologists deny that
dorr'sir-rg has been used to discover
the precise location and outline of
long-buried buildings. Even water
companies in the UK quietly
acknorr'ledgehaving used dowsers.
It has even been suggestedthat :E
.9
there are vast resen'es of oil
beneath \\'indsor Castle.
-
Wing ComrnarrderClive
Beadon dou-sedusing a
map of the area around the
Castle, a pendulum and a
small sample of oil. He
predicted that there would
be between 220 and340
m i l l i o n l i tres of oi l i n a si te
near the Castle. But drilling,
Beadon says,could damage
London's underground water
supplies, so we may have a long
wait to find out if he is risht.
E
 Hundrcds of inr,estip4atiotrs
been conducted into dorvsitrgover
the past 150 'r'cnrs.Until thc r-estrlts
of Betz's tesl.swcre publishcclitr
1995,none hacl provicleclsufficient
evidence to or,errvhelm the deeplv
e rttr enc lt eddot t lr l . o l tc i t ttti s ts .
Trvo reasons are put forrvzrrclbl'
clorvsingpractitior)elsfirr past
failed expcrinrents.One is that,
lvhile the technique of dou,sirtg
can tireoreticallvbe learned and
$ .1trcffi
We m u st occepf
d owsin g q s o fqct. lf is
useless to work
e xp e r im e n fs merely to
Prove its exisfence
- it exists
Ch o r l e s R i c h e t ,F r e nchScie n ttst
practised b1'anvone, deglecs ol'
skill virrv hueclr,, and tnauv clorvsers
will set results rto better than one
rvould expect chance to provicle.
The sccond, rrore contloversial,
reason is that if donsing is a
branch of the parartorrnai, as most
practitioners belier,c, then it
involves extra-sensorv laculties that
lie outsicle the undcrstanclins
modern science. Paranormal
faculties rarclv shor'r,up u,ell in
laboratory tests.
THEBETZRESULTS
In 1995, Professor Hons-Dieter Betz
published o 73-poge onolysis of his
dowsing experimenfs in lhe Journal
of Scie ntific Exploralion. Success
roles, often fwice os greot os lhose
expecled using orthodox melhods
of woter explorotion, were recorded
over severctl yeors in l2 countries.
In o bock-up lest, o pipe wos
ploced on lhe ground floor of q
born ot rondomly defermined
positions. Dowsers on the floor
obove hqd ro locole the pipe.
have
W:
i:
,,
Tl're most puzzline and The An-rerican Societl ol
c . r nt lo\ c r '\ i i r l d o r t s i r r r l p r a c t i c c i r l ) o t r 's e r s g i r e t h e f e l l , r r r i t r : ;
loczrting a hiclclen object br, e x p l a n a t i o n o f ' r n n p c l r r r 's i r tu :'\Ia p
srrspenclinu ir pendulum o\rcr a clonsing is bcst yrelfirmccl not \\'ith
m:rp. \\'hcn the clirection of the \ - r . r r L r o c l s b l r t i r 'i t h a p e r t c lr r l r r r n .
of pc t t t I t t lt t t t r '. r r r i t r g . r l t c l s . i t O r r e r r a r i s t o o v c r - l r L rt h e n r a p
inclicates tl-rc spot u'hele the cibjei:t t r i t l r . Ll t i , l , l i r i , l r r r : rt ilrr,r
is hiclclen. Actuallv being neal the l e c t a n g l e : r t h o u g h t h i : g l i d ca u b e
site in qucstion is unnecess:lr\'. m e n t a l l r p i c t r . u 'c c l .o l i m : i g i ne cl ) .
':.1 .
Out of 9OO tests of 43 dowsers.
the probobility wos one in l,O0O
ogoinst o chonce explonotion for
the discovery of the pipe. Hons
Schriifer's lesl score wos one in
1,70Oogoinsl chonce.
Unlike eorlier tesfs, neither
dowser nor experimenter knew
where lhe woler pipes were hidden.
In o second series of sirictly
controlled iesls in field conditions
(right), the <umulofive results from
40 dowsers rose lo o million to one
ogoinsl chonce expectotion. Still
more remorkoble is thor only l3 of
these dowsers oblqined significonl
I
resuhs, which meqns thqt ftreir
o
success role wos even higher. T

The dorvserthen asksrvhich
rectangleson the grid n'ill contain
the best sites for clrillins a \vater
well. The pendulum will supplv
the answer.'
{ Hons Schriiter demonslroles to
Africon woler eng.ineering sludenls
how lo combine the orfhodox
methods of ground wofer locofion
wirh rhe more mysterious lechniques
of dowsing.
Stranger still, thoueh, the
pendulum would react to different
emotions and attributes, with a
d i l l e re n t l errgth for l emi ni ne
(2 9 i n ) and mascul i ne(24 i n)
objects,including human or
allimal remains.
Stephen Scammell,another
Enslish dowser, has published the
results of a lifetime's experimental
work in dowsing. He saysdowsing
was used in World War II to detect
unexploded bombs. He has since
been employed to locate buried
mines. Scammell'spendulum scale
differs fiom Lethbridge's, but in
neither case have the experimer-rtal
conditions been rigorous enough
to make the claims scientifically
acceptable.One thing is clear from
an abundance of often conflicting
evidence: dor,vsingr'r,illnot rvork
lurlessthe dou'serconcentr-ates
mincl on the desireclobject.
Some scientistshave suggested
that successfuldowsers'
hypersensitivity to minor clues, or
abi l i ry to respond to some
rrnkrrow nearth-energyradi at ions.
may tri gger mrrscul artw i tch es
w hi ch move the rods. B ut ro ds ar e
often coveredi n thi n tubesor
cotton reels, used as grips, and
are not touched di rectl y.A l so lhis
theory cannot account for the
w i del y practi sedart of map
dowsing by per-rdulum.
E N E R GY R A D IA TION
Most theories assume some sort
of earth cnergv emissions or
electromagnetic field. But,
contrary to accepted laws of
physics, the force and reliability of
the rods' movements seem to be
u n r e l a t e d t o t h e d e p t h o f t he
material detected.
Most dowsers believe the
phenomena lo be a kind of
paranormal uift, depending on a
direct link between the thought
processes and the object being
sousht. The fact that many
his dorvsers Llse no instruments, only
their outstretchecl fingers, tends to

PENDUT UM PION EE R
The most celebratedpractitioner
of dowsing by studying the
movements of a pendulum was
Cambridge academic Tom C.
Lethbridge, who began his studies
in the 1930s.
At first, Lethbridge was
convinced that the rods were
responding to subtle
electromagneticfields. But in a
lengthy series of trial and error
experiments, he found that the
iength of the penduh-rm
determined what substancewould
be fbuncl. He created a table of
verv precise measurements
sholving, fbr example, that a
22-inch length would reveal the
existenceof silver or lead, while
iron clemanded a 32-inch stretch,
but sulphur a mere 7 irrches.
) In the Solomon lslonds, Uri Geller's
dowsing resulted in the successful
mining of gold ond diomonds. Driving
over on oreo (inset) is often enough
for him to pinpoint o locqtion.
suggestthat the rod movements
are psychokinetic, affected by that
part of the mind which has the
powef to senseundetected
emanations of energy from the
buried object.
MIN D OVER MA T T ER
More orthodox methods of
detection have been employed by a
former Scottish Astronomer-Royal,
Professor Vincent Reddish of
Edinburgh University. His results,
published in I'he D-Forcein 1993,
certainlv conlirm the existence of
a clowsing force, based on
controlled but unsupervisedtests.
But Reclclishconcluded that it rvas
no more a mind-phenomenon
than graviry or magnetism is, and
was not necessarilybeyond the
bounds of physics.
Reddish suggeststhat there is a
radiation field which surrounds
underground objects such as water
pipes and cables.He hypothesizes
t h a t s n b a t o r l i c p a r t i c l e s . r r h i ch h e 'c
calls 'dorr'sons . attach thetlseh'es
I
to the objects. and can be detected
o
b r d o r r 's e ts . 'tr
l
Hol-ever. mrrcl.r of ihis is
Lrnprovelr ancl Profes:or Recldish's
conclnsions ale b:rseclon a strictly
22
I
tll .\t-
W e or e deoling wir h q
r eol for ce/ os r eol os
gr ovity qnd m qgne ti s m
VincentReddish,
Professorof Astronomy,
of Edinburgh
Unlversiiy
n\
,,
limited range of tests and
conditions. But these testscannot
account tbr the detecti on st t ccesses
of rvater explorers like Har-rs
Schroter or the distant abilities of'
map dowsers.
Perhaps Schroter's greatest clairn
to fame will prove to be his role in
forcing the sceptical scier.rtihc
establishment to devise a rvider
range of dowsing trials. Then rve
might be able to understancl rnore
about the conditions rtuder rvhich
dowsingworks, atrd detertnine
r,vhetherit is a mental or
physicalphenomenort
:
SFIOOTII{G
Txr camERA
NEvER
uEs,
BUT DO NUMEROUS
n 13 March 1993,Stephen Woolhouse
saw something very strange in the sky.
It drifted silently above farmland
re behind his house in Bispham,
Lancashire. Like many before him, Stephen
had become witness to the world's most
enduring mystery. But, thankfull,v,he had one
ad\rantageover most who see UFOs - a video
camera loaded with tape and readv to shoot.
He filmed the glowing object before it u,as
sl'allowed up by the darkening skies.
Is such evidence really proof of visiting
extraterrestrials? In these days of science-
fiction blockbusters and hi-tech wizardry, even
the most humble camera can produce
anazing results. UFOs are also ripe for
exploitation, as the furore over the Roswell
alien ar-rtopsv fbotage shows.A picture simply
cannot be taken at face value. It has to be
thoror-rghh'investigatedby skilled researchers.
Alcl that is uhere the problems start.
In the earlr. davsof the UFO mystery, it r'l,as
often assumed that if the imaee looked like
ffi,,
'ffi
a UFO, then it wasa UFO. Such cases
were considered good publicity for
the subject.
This naive approach was courting
disaster,and that came in February
1962 thanks to a teenage boy from
Sheffield, Eneland. AIex Birch
reported that he and some friends had seerr
a formation of dark objects above their r, A bright light hovers
garden. They also succeeded in taking a obove formlond in
photograph of this alien fleet - even though Loncqshire,Englond.
it rvent urlseen bv the rest of the citv. The obiecr, recorded on
o comcorder by Stephen ,i11
P H OTOGR A P H IC P R OOF? Woolhouse (inset) in
For a time, Birch and his father were treated 1993, wos 26 km from
like heroes.Inr,'itedto London, they metwith the neoresl oirporl, buf
officials from the British Air Ministry, who hod no floshing lights
filed a report. AIex then addressed an ond mode no sound.
expectant audience launching the British Anolysis of individuol
UFO ResearchAssociation. frqmes hos yet to provide'r
This was one of the most talked about o sotisfocfory explonolion.
photographs in years.Unfortunately, nobod,v
carried out any meaningful investisation into
jii:
iiiii
,*
) Tle infomous Alex Birch
ptro*qroph of 1962 wos
hooxed by poiniing block
blcbs on fo o pone of
gloss. The only ofher
elemenl of the photogroph
is s few iree bronches, so
phorogrophic onolysts hod
s
=
!
Sffi 1r
nothing fo help iudge fhe ! Of course if ir possible to
siie of the 'UFOs' or their = fske IUFO phologrophsl,
distonce from the comero.
:o
The cdoge fhot the comero
'.Ihe X Factor reproduced o connot lie wqs disproved os
-(_)
,hr.,own version of the
-g
soon os it wqs invented
Birch plotogroph (inser) ro € Nick Popg,rr Secretoriot(Air Stoff)2A
lr:r'rr'::
show thqt once there is q o
icme of reference in lhe
shot, such os o building,
E

cnclysts con more eosily
p
define size qnd distonce.
E
''UFF
o
o
the smattering of dark blobs otr a grainv
picture of the sky:Like so manv others before
it, the case entered UFO folkl<-rre as an
unsolved myster)'.
This one, however,wasall too solvable.Ten
yearslater, the now adult Alex Birch clecicled
to confess.The photograph r,vasa trick. He
h:,rclpainted a fen crude UFOs on to a sheet
ol slass.propped this up in the sarden and
r>lrotri{r'apheclthe skr'. Tl-re restrlt vaguelv
:'r'.cDblcrl \l)irceshiPS
floating in rt'ricl:rir'.
.-
e sg
The Alex Birch revelation stung the UFO
c o m r n r r r r i q . ( i r r i d e l i r r e s\ ^ c r e s e t u p t o i r r ve sti -
gate photographic cases,and these have been
constantly refined and improvcd. It soon
became obvious that m:rny photos of rvhat
purported tci be UFOs r,vcre reallr' no sttclt
thing. There wcre other hoaxes. of course.
But most of the confitsion stetnmecl from
what are trorr' tet'tnecl 'acciclctltlrl firkes'.
A canrera rr'olks muclr like the htttnatr eye,
lecolcLing rr hr,rtii 1lreseut brtt open to clecep-
r i o n . - \ r r ' l i g h t c a r r e l l i l e a r s t r a r ) g e .e sp e ci a l l ,v
r 'h c : r . h i r i n , : t i r r o L L g h n r i s t - f i 1 l e c ls k i e s. If a
- , . . r . : r c . .r . r 'c 'e c 1 i 1l or o l e c l i n t o b e l i e v i n g th i s i s
., L-F(). ijrelr a canrera rr-ill fare tro belter.

ONE MOMENT IN TIME

Ir tact. rl camera calr at times be a liability
r.hen fhcecl l'ith puzzling objects. This is
bccause the eve records time florving
rror-mallv but the camera 'freezes' an instant
into one single shot. A common ex:rmple of
4
o a r r a c c i d e n t a l l a k e i s p l o d u c e d h r a b i r r l fl r 'i r r g
o
: thror-rgh thc scene. The shutter may be open
5 fbr.just a fraction of a seconcl zrncl,in that
moment, the bird's'nings can transfornt into
a deceptive imitation of a saucerlike craft.
Involving a photographic expert tt'ho can
r e c o g n i z e s u c h p r o b l e r u s i s n o t v a r ) a u to m a l i c
first step by,'UFOlogists. Thev can eliminate
other causes of rnisperception, notably the climbing fronr the trees and sucking a phlmc v This'UrO',.".yT on
lens flare. l'hich happcns lvhen a photograph of snorv ir-rits rvake. More rernarkzrble still rvas film ot Williometfe Poss
'.'
i. r.tkcrr.rl rriglrt a rr d t her e is ar r or dinar l. hut the fact that thrce separate imascs of the UFO in Oregon, wos simply o
br.ish r. lisht sou lce in t he pic t ur e. were on thc one print. It \vas as if the crzrft roodsisnrl"t*T.tl"a
Horr er er. afier vears of wrestling r,r,ith the had dematerialized and rematerializeci serelal from o moving vehicle.
often (li\nppointing outcome to their studies, times during the fel,vhundredths o{'a seconcl The movemenl of o
inr esti,qato|shave learned never to sa,vnever that the camera shutter \{ersopen.
lub,,Lrt a L-FO photograph. Around 5,000 Becarrse of'the impeccablc crcdentials of
ph,,togr-:rphic cases have been researched the n itness, this case r'l.astaken verv seriousl)'.
.lcrr ):> the rr'orld atrd a very small number - Photographic llrrsazine er,en conductccl an
oc-r'irapsone in a hundred - really seem tc) investigirtior'l - not in an attempt to pl'o\.e or
The m a jor it r ar c a m ix lur c clisprove that the ()llject \\.asa UFO, brrt usins fhe comero-shoke,
" . ' trr.slll,rine d.
,)i .r(ciclentai fakes, trickcr,v zrnd confusion. t1-reoptical ancl lthlsical characteristics of thc conclusive onolysis
carrera to ciedrrce the :rppr<txirnate sirape,
NEVER SAY NEVER size and speecl of' the
Ercrt rr'hen a case appears to be irrefutable, rn'stcr-ious olr-jec t.
-c-" L-FO experts would leap to its deferrce Unfortr-rnatelr'. as in
.,'rthout trepidation. This is rvell illustrated bv all carc. oI plrototllrplric
.r case in the US where the cameraman - rvho anall-sis, some assrunp-
',.,rihes to remain anonymous - \{as a tions had to be madc.
ir,, )chemist with a Ph.D and a big reputation For example, it rvas
:, , lose. certainly not a typical hoaxer. In assumed that the UFO
\, ,\cnlber 1966, the scientist was drivinp; r'vas flving, and rvas at
.1.r',,!rthe Williamette Passin Oregon hoping some distance frorn the a
::rke photographs of a snorv-decked peak. carnera. But in the UFO 5
H.. patience was relarded by the sisht of a world, nothing is neces-
i.r.ilge object zipping sk;m,ards and he sarih'u,hat it seems.
rr'-:rtcd institrctivelv to capture it on film. In 1993, r'esearcher Iru,in \{eicler
Tl:c photograph was extraordinary. It announced tire results of a startlitrg llc\r
, i.:,rr;r-ecl to sh ow a f lat - bot t om ed dis c investigationinto the Oregorr pl-rotograph.

${fint
hls
L lGF
tlStlqlld the
ilq7*rirc,glo\rir€
tu*rdc.rhe rnosf
€bFdF o beseen ar |lre
bgE, ra' rhe eddr's lsizon
ftc tmognified lmoges {f;e
obied npvirg io rhe lc*tf }
rcneen b A.p by o fiodrof ft
a+drtren dugEs &eobn i2; onci
occ#ttes ':l
quru . Seo*ds
l*r, crod*rer
iti'dsftoks
pd the sornero €4
{31rd heqds
hlo spoce { }. direcrion rhe wcy these l'..we
Frrofessor cokuk*ed th€f:'if l*rey were teri :&om
€r"a xcsbe., tle shuttle, the biggesl went fiom.!!@$
;*"* rt- 2,5oo mph 14,0123kmlh] in one serd*.'
t
 I

.
= q:.€l;-"";T;l
es q pryilmm .H " *. He admitted that he at first believed it real- Y Computer onolysis of the phorogroph

ffidF*%k-*+ ly did show a UFO. His suspicions were

aroused, however, by a trip to the area and
loken al Trindode lslond in 1958 hos
shown thot the obiect (mognified) is
the sight of something in the landscape that some fype of lorge, unknown crofi. :.;,
might have looked like a UFO under very Sceplics, however, remoin
specific conditions. Various experiments
followed, taking pictures from moving cars
,W,., g and using different shutter speeds.
ft t*l "e$.'
',' . + ,;:,....i Eventually, he established the likely truth -
- the UFO was in fact a road sign, and the
triple image was a result of the actions of
the camera and the speed of the car.
UFOlogists were stunned by this news,
but few could deny the remarkable tenacity
of Weider's investigation. He has proven
that few UFO photographs, however
strange,are immune to eventuaiexplanation.

THE U N EX PT A IN E D
There are some UFO photographs, however,
that cannot be explained. On 16 January
1958, the Brazilian naval vessel Alrnirante
Saldanha was carrying a team of
scientists to a weather station on Trindade
Island - an uninhabited rock in the South
Atlantic - when a UFO appeared low above
the ocean. It flew past the ship, circled the
island and headed awayin full view of dozens
of people. One of them was the expedition
photographeq who took a sequenceof shots
clearlv depicting the object.
The Brazilian captain immediatelr'order-
ed that the negativesbe processed.and the
film u.ashanded oler to the miiitanr'. After
33 1B
Photogrophs qre poor
evidence becouse lhere qre
so mqny things \Me cqn do to
te ch n i co l l y p ro d uce imoges
ColonelWendelleStevens.
USAF
NU
,'
some deliberation, the government released
the film and stated that they were unable to
account for what was on it. Subsequent
computer enhancement of the photographs
tts*'
, cg has also yielded no conclusive answers.
It Despite this, scepticshave still denounced
the photograph as a mirage. So, as in most
s other cases,the search continues for more
= evidence. UFOlogists are pwzzled because
E
.9 most of the strong photographic casescome
in camera ownership. Is this because
and accidental fakes are now so
eliminated that only the few t.rrly ,trung.
casesget l eft behi nd?
. _
During the 1990s,there has been a rapid
increasein the number of video films showing
UFOs. Most are casesof mistaken identity bri6
to date, the film taken bv Stephen
near Blackpool in 1993has resistedall
to resolve ir. Attempts to find a
source rvere carried out by the
Aromalies Research Organization
An airship was one possibility, ,
helicopter. Local air-traffic m
indicated that neither were Dresenton
day and the'caseremains unsolved.
MOR E E V ID E N C E NEEDED:
Intriguing as the evidence may be, it
comes down to little more than a light in
sky. Such an inconclusive phenomenon
never establish final proof of alien visi
there are many storieswhere witnesses
they have been taken inside a UFC
ultimate photographic evidence wgli
close-up shots of a spacecraft's'i
Sadly, such proof is lacking, and
UFOlogists are beginning to
wonder if such evidence will
ever be found.

p from many years ago. There have been very

o
few in recent times, despite a huge increase
reffiffiffiK

BrorocIST RUPERTSrrnronAKE'S
RADICAL IDEAS MIGHT BE THE
KEY TO UNDERSTANDING MANY
PARANoRMAL PHENOMENA. IS
THIS WHY HE INFURIATES SOME
FELLOW SCIENTTSTS?

upert Sheldrake's interest in biology was

encouraged from an early age. Growing up in
a family home full of assorted plants and
.-+.+!:.i:::;:E
animals, his initial curiosity was supported by
his father who, as a herbalist, was eager to share his
fascination and knowledge of nature with his son.
From these beginnings he has subsequently gone on,
in a controversial careero to challenge curent biological
theory. Through his work with the Association for the
Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena, he is a
major advocate for research into the paranormal.
Ten years of studying plant development at
Cambridge University, followed by four years working
in agricultural research in Hyderabad, India, opened
the biologist's eyes to an alternative view of nature.
In his 1981 book A Neut Scimceof Life, Sheldrake set
out a theory that attempts to explain many
paranormal phenomena. It is still seen ,rs heresy by
some orthodox scientists.
Criticism, however, has
made Sheldrake more
determined to prove his
'' When did you first become disillusioned
with trqditionol scienfificvqlues?
There was alwaysa senseof rlonder and mvsterv
about biology in our home, not the conviction tirat
we've got it all wrapped up. The more I studied, the
more I realized that biology at school and unirersity is
dominated by the idea that all of nature is r-rothing
more than mechanisms. The result is that anvthing
that doesn't fit into a physicstextbook or engineering
processesis considered unscientific.That means that
the so-called paranormal is outlan'ed from science.
However, there's a lot about livir-reorganisms that isn't
explained by physics,and this area interestsme,
preciselybecauseit's rejectecior ignored.
Where did rhe ideo for your book Seven
Experimenfs come from?
I wanted to investigate the kind of phenomena that

EHEE$IAKE ideas. In 1994, his book

SeuenExperiments That Could
Changethe Worldwas
can't be explained b,vrnainstream science. In
particular, I'm looking at the extraordinary powers of
animals, such as pets that develop telepathic bonds

?dtkff=
published. It is the research
with their owners and know when they are returning
resulting from this book that
he is most keen to discuss. home, how pigeons home, how termites organize
themselves.In humans, I'm interested in the senseof

cnangq$g { Seyen Experiments

hos been creditedos on
World fls"T""d'** , exercisein scientific
:
philosophy qs well qs
on insight into lhe
moteriol world.
being stared at and why people who have lost limbs
sometimes still feel they are there. These are
fascinating phenomena but totally outside the remit
of mainstream science. I thought it time they were
properly investigated. Western science can be very
conservative and insular at times - money is not made
available for certain kinds of research, while some Whqf will your reseqrch into onimqls prove?
things are just deemed irrelevaut or unimportant. For generations pet owners have been noticing
If your area of interest straysfrom 'normal' scientific unusual abilities in their animals, and they've always
pursuits, or if your research challenges the laws of been dismissed by smart-alec sceptics.There's no
the established scientific paradigm, it becomes very reason why we should believe armchair scepticsrather
difficult to gain funds and credibility. SeuenExperiments than the empirical evidence in these matters. I think
is my attempt to remedy this situation. this work will liberate a lot of pet owners from the
scepticism and even ridicule they receive when they
The book hos been billed os /DlY'science - try and explain their experiences. It will open the way
why is it importont thqt onyone should be for new work which could be an immenselv fruitful
oble lo colrY out your exPerimenfs? and exciting area of research. We could learn an
If we research the history of science, many of the auful lot about animals for a start.
i n n o v at ionswer e m a d e b y g; gi
amateurs. Charles Darwin. for Will we leqrn onyfhing qbout
ffi ffi
example, never had an academic ourselves from reseqrch inlo
post or government grant. The
Mechanists haae always
Pets?
people who are most free to do feared, and still fear, that to I think we will. If we acceptthat
such research are the amateurs admit the reality of anything ani mal shave tel epathi cpow ersit
who have nothing to lose, not 'mysterious'in the realm of will make it easier to recognize that
science students who have to do life would be to abandon the human beings have these powers
projects arrryay, most of whom certaintiesof science too. We've been brought up to
probably won't go on to become believe these things don't exist and
€ @
professional researchers.If have been discouraged at every turn
€ €g
science is to be liberated from from recognizing or using them, so
its current strait-jacket, it's going to be hard for \re are probablv the least sensitivecreatures on earth.
peoplewithin that strait-jacketto do it. Traditiorral people - Australian aboriginals, Indian
villagers - u,ho har,en't had their cultures shaped by
Whor results hqve been ochieved so fqr? s'picallr'\\'estern valties are much more sensitive to
There is a sreat deal of circumstantialer-idencethat these things and take them for granted.
pets have telepathic bonds with their
owners. I'm collecting the details of such
casesand putting them on a computer
database.We now have over 1,500 cases -
about 800 from the UK, the rest from
Germany, France, Switzerland and the US.
They cover mainly dogs and cats, but some
casesinvolve parrots, snakes,guinea pigs
and horses.

How mony cqses do you need to

turn circumstontiql evidence into
the bosis for scienfific foct?
All casesare useful. If you take individual
stories then it's an anecdotal and scientists
just dismiss anecdotes. If you collect
hundreds of thousands of these stories and
you make sure they fall into a series of
categories - similar stories told by different
people from all over the world who have no
reason to make them up - then certain
patterns of behaviour begin to emerge.
This is particularly evident in the tests pet
owners have been conducting on their
animals - traits and characteristicsdevelop
that become hard, sometimes impossible
to ignore.
One of your experiments tests people lo see
if they cqn sense when they ore being
stqred or. Why does this inlerest you?
Many people have had this experience. It's extremely
common, but almost completely unresearched by
psychologistsand parapsychologists.There's a huge
potential for research here because it tells us
something about the nature of our minds - if we can
influence people just by looking at them, I think it
may also tell us something about the nature of our
perception. I visited parapsychologistsin the US and
encouraged people to take up this research. Some
did and now similar tests are being carried out at
universities in Edinburgh and Hertfordshire.
Whqt results hqve been obtoined?
In Se.uen
ExperimentsI suggest a simple test people can
do, working in pairs. People are stared at or ignored
in random sequences,without their knowledge. There
have been over 7,700 results sent to me. If it wasjust
chance, people would be right 50 per cent of the
time. In these 7,700 tests people have, on average,
been right 53.7 per cent of the time, This may not
seem much, but statisticallyit is hugely significant - it
means that there is only a 1 in 200 probability that the
results were due to chance fluctuations.
..i
Whqt explqins rhe obility lo sense when you
ore being stqred qt?
Since animals seem to be sensitive to being stared at
as well, I'm sure this sensein humans could have an
ancient biological root. It would be useful for an
animal to know when a predator was eyeing it as a
potential meal, so there would be a strong
evolutionary advantage in the development of this
kind of sensitivity.In humans there are certain
periods in development when it becomes important
to know who is looking at you - the development of a
sexual identity in early adolescence,for example. In
other situations, like Bosnia where there is constant
threat and danger, the feeling of being watched can
come on very strongll'. Manv people think it's saved
their lives. They suddenlr,sense danger and change
direction for no good reason,just as a sniper's bullet
ricochets off a wall or rock.
Why ore your ideqs oftocked by fellow
scientists?
Some of the rnost sensitiveareas in the sciencesare to
do with understanding the nature of life. What I'm
saying is that the so-called laws of nature are more
like habits, able to change and mutate over time.
They weren't all there engraved in the ether at the
Big Bang. Rather, the whole of nature has evolved and
all the laws of nature have evolved too, and they're
continuing to evolve. This undermines the
foundations of Western science and philosophy, the
things considered to be incontestable truths.
Are your ideos becoming more generqlly
qccepted?
Mainstream science has, if anything, become more
conservative over the last ten years because funding
has been cut. This has made scientistsless
adventurous, and there is a tremendous air of
discontent within the scientific world as a result. A lot
of people are longing for a new chapter. I often
compare the present state of science to Russia under
fl-eonid] Brezhnev - if you wanted to get on in the
world you paid lip service to the prevailing orthodoxy,
but it didn't necessarilymean you believed it.
Attitudes are changing. You just need to look at the
millions of people in Britain alone who go to
alternative practitioners. I don't know if science will
open up gradually over a generation or suddenly like
the Berlin Wall coming down, but it will nannen.
S ffi
?.r,,r, k
eneath the pavenient lar a nrassi|e
c a ch e of hu m an le nr ains . The
c o nstruction c r ew r r olk ing at
X Shinjuku - Tokyo's bustiins ancl
prestigious redevelopment site - staggerecl
back, speechless. Nervsof the appallirredis-
coverv in 1989 swept across Tokyo like a
tidal rvave.Unable to conceal the truth any
longer, the.|apanese government rvasfinal-
ly forced to acknowledse the most terrible
secret of' \4iorld \4lar II. Just metres ar,vay
from the construction site la,vthe wartime
laboratory of Lieutenant General Shir6
Ishii, father ofJapan's top-secrerbiological
rvarf'are(BW) programme - Unit 731.
The human guinea pigs r.rsedin Unit
731's experiments were taken from the base
in llanchuria to Tokvo for further stud1,.
.\t the close of the lr'ar,the bodies were hur-
i* -
",,
'r=F'
lieclh conceirlecl in 11nriis\ grave
r-enr:rilrirrgrher-e lrrrtil rl-reir clis-
c o\ e r v in I ! ) S 9 . F o r - 1 {) r e a r s .
.
L- r r i i 7 . 1 1 t l r , , r L l i . l , r r , t i r i i i r .
rentaineci .Japan s ntost closeir
gnalclecl secret,
TWISTED GENIUS
Tl-re u'ork of' thc unir could
har,e rernainecl untold h:rd it not been fbr
the discovervin a seconcl-hand bookshop of a A Unir 73I porhologisr
n o te s made br rr nri l i rrrr offi cer from U ni t outopsies o humon
731. The documents meticlllouslvdetailed. guineo pig ofter o germ
the biological experiments, and providecl worfore field fesr. For 4O
undeniable proof that humans rvere the test yeors, fhe bustling streefs
subjectsused by Shir6 Ishii and his team. of Shinluku (inset) hid the
The young Ishii u'as a brilliant and bodies of hundreds of
grandiose Army microbiologist. A flamboy- such humqn ond onimol
ant personality, he soon attracted the fesl subiects.
 attention of senior officers, and was
assuredrapid promotion. Alisning himself
with ultra-nationalists in the.|apanese \tlar
l Ministry. Ishii pushed hard for the devel-
o p m ent of biolog i c a lw e a p o rrs .
W hen J apan i n v a d e d M a n c h u ri a i n
ig3r, trhiiii saw his opportunity. It was at
Be ilnhe. 70 k m o u ts i d e H a rb i n . th a t h e
began his vile experiments on human sub-
jects. Given a large annual budget ancl 300
men, his first command was assignedthe
co v er nam e ' T ogo U n i t' .

FAC T O RI E S OF D E AT H
Known locally as the 'Zhong Ma Prison
Camp', the Unit 731 facility was built by
C h i nes e[ or c ed lab o u r.A t th e c e n tre o f th e The experiments conducted ahnost de$
co m pound. a la rg c b u i l d i n g k n o w n a s belief. \Arhen Ishii wanted a human brain
'Zhong M a Cas t le 'h o rrs e dp ri s o n e rsa rrd a to experiment upon, guarclsrvere assigned
h u m an ex per im e rrll a h o ra to rv .T h o s e c h o -
se n f or hum an le s ti rrgrv e rel e fe l rc d to a s
'ma r ut as ' - logs . N rrmb e ri n g u p w a rd s o f
to acqr-rirethe orsan. Grabbing a prisoner,
the guards lvor-rld hold him dorvn, ivhile
another cleaved open his skr,rllrvith an axe.
$ n
-ff

5 0 0 . t he pr is one l s ra n g e d fro rn ' b a n d i ts ' The organ was clumsily removed and A Bound hond ond
a n d ' c r im inals ' t h ro u g h to ' s u s p i c i o u sp e r- rushe d to Ishii's laboratory, and the foot, o Chinese lobourer
so n s ' .T o t heir s ur p ri s e .th e y w e re rv e l l fe d remains of the sacrificed prisoner were dis- is dissected without
and exercised regularly, but even this small poseclo[' i n the camp crematori um. onoeslhetic. 'He knew it
humanity was inhumane. Healthy speci- Ishii's first BW experiments focused on wos over for him so he
mens were vital for good scientific results. contagious diseases such as anthrax and didn'r srruggle,' recolls
plague. In one test,Chineseguerrillaswere rhe Unir 731 porhologist
injected with plaeue bacteria. Twelve days obove, who wishes lo
later, the infectecl prisoners r,verewrithins remoin ononymous.
rvith temperatures of 40'C. One inf'ectecl 'But when I picked up
victim miraculouslv survived fcrr 19 clavs the scolpel, thot's when
'tr before he rvasciissecteclalive. he begon screoming.'
o
I
This wos iust one fype
o
! GR U E S OME E X P E R IME N TS of experimenl corried
In later tests,prisoners were poisoned with out ol lhe biologicol
phosgene gas, others injected with potass- worfore boses (inset).
o
I
ium cyanide. Some subjects bucked under
o
3
20,000 volts of electriciw. Those who sur,-
vived were later disposed of by
lethal injections or autopsied
while alive. Every death was
closely observed and meticulously
recorded by unit members.
The quality of Ishii's work - and
the force of his personality -
ensured a grow i ng empi re. B y
1939, he was able to relocate to
a massive, dedicated facility.
Rivalling in size Nazi Germany's
notorious Auschwitz-Birkenau
death camp, Unit 731'snew head-
quarters was located at Pinsfan, Manchuria.
The Pingfan compound was 6 km sq,
and housed the administrative br-rildinss,
 by the notorious Nazi, Dr Josef Mengele,
naked prisoners were placed in sub-freez-
ing temperatures. They would then have
their limbs beaten nith sticks until they
rcsorrnded rvi th a hard. hol l ow ring -
signifying the freezins process was
complete . Later, the bodies were 'defrost-
ed' br a rangc of expel i mental techniques.
In lris book, I'-a,cLorie.s of Death, Sheldon
Harris, a California State University history
prof'essor,clctails manv other experiments,
inclucling suspending sr.rbjects upside down -t
to determine hon' long it took for them to
choke to death. Ah.r'rostir-rdescribablewas
the practi seol i nj ct ti rru ai r i rrto prisor r er s
to test for the onset of embolisms - and an

* ' i. r r 's
ffi:
-3
excruciating death rvasassured.Others had
horse urine injected into their kidneys.

C OV E R IN G UP TH E TR U TH
Lacking anv gr.rilt, Ishii regularly produced
scientilic papers giving the results of these
laboratories, barracks, a plison fol hunan hidcous experimenls. Circulated through-
test subjects, ancl an 2rLrtolls\'-clissecting out the Japanese medical and scientific
br-rilding. Three giant fumaccs hanclled the c o r r r m u n i t r . t h e p a p e r s c l a i m e d t h e te sts

(a 1B dispos:ilof caLcasses.
A canrp nt \Iukder-r
were carried out on monkeys. Despite this
ploy, it was an open secret that humans

I c u f h i m o p e n fro m th e h o usecl -\meri can, \^crc thr rcal subiects.

Bri tish. -\ustralian
c h e s f t o t h e sfo mq ch q n d
ancl \crr' Zcaland
he screomed terribly. This
p risonel s of w ar.
wos oll in o doy's work H ere. too, experi
f o r t h e su rg e o n s rre nts \\' ere per-
Anonymous
Pothologist,
UnitZ3 I for-nrecl in secret.
Enrps Fr-ostbite cxperi-
lltel tt2ttl ol l w as a
By the close of \trorld \{ar II, Ishii - by
then ranked a l,ieutenant G.eneral - bound
his suborclinates to ar) orlh o f se cr e cy.
Pingfan ancl the other sites rvere destroyed,
and Ishii and his men returned home in
obscuritv. The chilling u.*., ini,
731 remained hiclden from public scrutiny.
But in the militarv and intelligence com-
"i
"

l):rrticularly impor- muniq, nothing is eter forgotten. Despite

military
tant project. Frostbitc cleg-r-ircled Isl ri i ' s precaul i ons.N l i ed i rrrel l i gencehad
efficiencv during thc bitter- \'Ianchurian large dossiers on the leading Japanese
winters. Echoing sirnilal rr'ork conducted microbiologists. The US believed they were
{ The rools used by
'' I'r'" '1 .
Unit 731's doclors l r't t- ,€fr..,r, ..
!n one document, , -r.
included sows for ,
o diogrom (right) l.l
,,1 ,t
proctising ompulofions
showed 2l test
ond hooks for storing F &
::::::::::::::::
: A r;&
orgons removed during PROg* t \'{r
dissections.No 'log' 1r
On the {f
*..
escoped deoth - those ad wirh **' tr
lucky enough to 1984, o Ki,
survive BW lests rwere o boi::i $
either dissecfed or shot.
{}
The deoth toll from Unir
terrible I
731's work remoins o
plipgrs reveoled (.,
incolculoble, olrhough
reports on folol
eslimoles ore in the
lhe reports , ar,:
tens of thousonds.
.l:,'

.*i,,i,l*'"' ::i*I'!li.j,:],.;,
way behind the Japanese in biological rvar-
fa re. US m ilit ar y s tra re g i s lasp p re c i a re drh e
tacticalbenefits- biologicalagenlscould be
i n tr oduc ed int o a w a r z o n e c o v e rtl y In
. F a c t.
Ish ii had done t h i s o n a n u m b e r o f o c c a -
si onsin China and e l s e w h e re .
The A llies wer e d e s p e l a teto a c q u i re th e
e xp er t is eand k no w -h o wo f ts h i i ' sre s e a rc h .
Detailed records of the human experimen-
tation were especially sought. Hindered at
home by social repulsion to such activities,
human experimentation data was viewed
as the jewel in the crown. At the encl of
th e war , s c ient i s ts fro m F o rr D e tri c k ,
Maryland - the US's top secret BW facility
- ra c ed t o int er v i e w J a p a n e s ete c h n i c i a n s .
Ba rely one of t he m s to p p e d to c o n s i d e r
th e et hic al im plic a ti o n s . G;
THE S E CRE T OF SE C R ET S
H a v ing as s es s edt h e fa c rs .a n i n re l l i g e n c e A In on otlempt to
ca b lec oldly inlor m e d rh e Wa r D e p a rrm e n l remove oll froce of
i n W as hingt on D C th a r th e ' fo re g o i rrg U ni r 73I, S hi r6 l shi i
i n fo r m at ion warra n ts c o n c l u s i o n th a t ordered the
[rh e] J apanes eB W g ro u p h e a d e d b y Is h i i deslruclion of every x
did violate rules of land warfare'. The mes- reseorch focility or
sage added coldly, 'This expression of the end of the wor.
opinion is not a recommendation that The fomilies of those deeply. Allied PO\\'s \\'ere s\\'orlt to secrecy
[the] group be charged and tried as such.' who died of the honds and cynically forgotten. Bv 1948, immunity
Anxious to block the Soviets acquiring of Unir 731 ore only from prosecution was offered to all mem-
Ishii's expertise and records, the US dis- now being told obout bers of Ishii's unit in exchange for data
cusseda secret deal. Bur a major obstacle lhe otrocities. After and co-operation. The biggest cover-up of
had to be otercome. [l was the darkest heoring occounts of the war had commenced, and was to Iast
'secret of secrets'.Returning AIlied POWs Chinese lobourers four decades. With the discovery of the
re c ount ed har r ow i n g ra l e s o f b i o l o g i c a l being forlured on bodies hidden beneath Tokyo in 1989, the
e xp er im ent at ion ru th l e s s l y c o rrd u c re d speciolly builr beds true story began to leak out. Eventually,
upon them. If thesesloriesrverereporred by (inset), mony fomilies former Allied servicemen started telling of
the press, the public would bray for blood. ore now seeking their ordeals.
There was only one option: cover-up. retribution. 'Damn right I remember,'JosephGozzo
Prosecutors at the Tokyo War Crimes tri- snapsangri l y. A former avi ati on e ngineer
a l s wer e war ned n o r to i n v e s ti g a te to o living in San.|ose, California, Gozzo had
glassrods inserted in his rectum during his
internment. Gozzo is understanclably
resentful. 'I can't believe our government
Iet them get awaywith it,' he say's.

OFFIC IA T E N QU IR Y
Ex-POW Frank James, sharecl his memo-
ries with a US Hor-rse of Representatives
sub-committee in 1986. '\Ve were just
pawns,' he reflected. '\{e alwaysknew there
was a cover-up.' Another prisoner, Max
McClain, remembers lining up for injec-
tions with his br-rnk-mate,George Hayes.
Two days lateq Hayes complained, 'Mac, I
don't know what those sons of bitches gave
 secrecy is essential in order to protect the
i nterestsof the U ni red S tatesand to guar d
me, but I feel like crap.' That evening against embarrassment.' The official secre-
Hayes was dissected by the 'boys at the cy R nal l yw i l ted i n I993 w hen U S Def ense
V Mony Unif 731 rest morgue', McClain remembers bitterly. S ecretaryW i l l i am P erry.under i ntensepub.
subiects were infecled The House of Representativeshearing lic pressure.promised ro declassifi,records
wifh onthrox, o highly lastedjust half a day. Only one of 200 US of World War II biological experiments.
infectious diseose survivors was permitted to testif. Incredibly,
which produces pcinful the chief archivist for the US Army restified, TH E TE GA C Y C ON TIN U E S
block skin ulcers, blood sa)4ngthat files and documents provided by Many of those i nvol vedi n theJapan eseBW
poisoning ond o fever Ishii were returned to Japan in the 19b0s. experiments became successful after the
rhor kills nine out of They had not bothered to make copies. lvar.A number held senior universitypostsin
ten suff,erers. Anthrox In an attempt to cover their embarrass- the fi el d of medi ci ne,arrd one heade dup a
experimenls involved ment, the US and Japar-resegovernmeltts l eadi rrgJaparresepharmaceuri calcompany.
fying subiecrs io stokes d e n i e d th a t a tro c i ti e s had occurred. Others gai ned posi ti ons rangi ng f r om
ond exploding Despite this, a body of official informarion Presidentof rheJapan Medical Association,
porceloin onlhrsx became public. A file from General through to Vice Presidentof the renowned
bombs neorby to see Douglas MacArthur's headquarters states Green Cross Corporation. Ironically, one
how effecfively ihe that the investigation of Unit 731 was member from the frostbite team even became
diseose spreod by o 'under direct.foint Chiefs of Staff order'. a major player in the frozen food industry.
controlled explosion. The document continues, 'The utmost Unrepentant, Shird lshii died in 1959.
Before he was through. lshii was ro have
an even more profound effect o n lhe
A l l i es. The accepranceof hi s w ork meant
that the taboo <in tMman experimenration
- agreed duri ng the 1925 Geneva
C onventi on - evaporal ed.U S ancl Br it ish
citizens once more became guinea
pigs, this time at the cynical
hands of their own govern-
'o ments, and on home soil.
.9
!
:
In the next issue,INSIDE STORY examineswhat
: the US and British gouernmentslearned,from
E Lfnit 731, and inuestigatesthesecretexperiments
=
lui;i * being carried out on membersof thepubkc.
 r' ,,
;
.'..
.:,

TI-IE,SE,C .TH
.,

,t
Rrsrnc ovERTHEGizA
PIATEAU,
THEGnrlr
:
PvRnrwDIS THEIASTOF
TH E SEVE NW O N D E R S
.
OF THE WORLD. BUT IS IT
SIMPTYAN EMPTYTOMB
OR HAS IT YET TO GIVE
UP Att OF ITS SECRETS?

uilt out of six and a. half million

tonnes of rock and shaped ,to fise
146.5 metres into the skv. the Great
*r&{**r**
Pyramid contains more masonry
th a n all t he c ath e d ra l s . c h u rc h e s a n d
chapels in England combined. For more
than 4,50Oyearsit has remained one of the
largest buildings ever to be constructed on
the face of the earth. a
Egyptologists say that the Great Pyramid
w a s br r ilt by t he A n c i e n t Eg y p ri a n s i n
2 .5008C.r or r ghly a r th e s a me l i me a s th e
Sphinx and the other two p1'ramids
at the Giza comptex. \Arhat is norv
under dispute is why the Great rr{)\11)L!} -i-
may
S..t.t chamber
Pyram idwasbr r ilt . I
-
_ "* r r tl i

)"iif::l'::"jli i:irilil;' "

"
H I-TE CH S O TU T ION
In March 1993, Rudolf Gantenbrink, a
Cerman engineer, set out to find the
. is t he in v e n to r o f U p u a u t 2
a n s\ v erHe
- a US$250.000 remote-controlled
robot mounted with a video camera. He
sent his robot up 'a ventilation shaft
e xte r r ding s out h fro m th e Q u e e n ' s
Chamber, a room deep inside the Great
Pyramid. Upuaut 2 (which means 'The
 .

PARANORMAL POWER
A number of visitors hove reporled
1r stronge goings-on inside the Greot
::,,'
Pyromid. The first reports cqme from
Nopoleon who hod o disfurbing
experience there in ihe | 8fh century.
ln 19O3, occultist Aleister €rowley
speni o night of his honeymoon inside
lhe King's Chomber. Af*er reoding o
mystic inconlotion, Crowley reporled
being bofhed in lilac light. No noturol
light con penetrqte fhe chomber.
New Age reseorchers speculofe thot
the light wos cqused by rhe pyromid
shope somehow octing like on omplifier
of 'cosmic energy', rqther like rhe life
force described in Chinese ocupuncture.
These slories hqve creoted o thriving
blqck morket, where tourisis bribe fhe
ormed guords into leffing fhem spend
rhe night inside the pyromid.

Opener of tl're \\ar' in ancient Eg,vptian)

tralellecl tiO metles along the cramped
e0cn-i r 2rjcm ,iirafr befbre its path was
blockeclbr a lirnestone'cloor-'.Gantenbrink
rr'asamazeclto see on his TY n-ronitor that
the door' had nvo copper handles and
there rvasa gap betweetr the door and the
floor. Gantenbrink had fbund an undiscor
ered chamber inside the Grear Pyramid.

ll.!.:P,o_".f
...-ry.I..,4_c_s.u...B..-a.gJ
The Great Pyramicl is a fanrastic piece of
engineering, notjust becauseof its bulk, bllt
becauseof the exactnessin hor,vit was built.
The faces of the pvramid point to trr-re
north, south, east and nest r.vithincredible
accuracy- there is onll' a 0.015 per cent
rnargin of error. Toda.V,gettins this kincl of
accuracyrvould require a laser theodolite, a
map accufal e to w i thi n ten mcl fe\. engin-
eers, astronomers and master stonemasons.
The baseforms almost a perfect sqlrare-
E
F each side is over 230 metres in length, and
F the difference befiveen the longest and
d
u shorl estsi desi s onl l 25 cm. The col ' ner .ar
s e
€ less than a degree off from beine perfect
ai
p right-angles of 90'. These enuineering
masterpieceswere achievedwithout pulleys,
o wheels or the sophisticated cutting tools
that toda,v'sengineers take fbr granted.
I
 IN S IDE THE PYRAM I D
The mony shcfts, chombers qnd
possoges inside rhe Greor Pyromid
mcrke it unique omongsl oll Egyption
Pyromids. The King's Chomber (l )
ond the Glueen'sChcmber (2) hove
yielded no riches. Whot lies
:E
behind the door of the secret =
chomber (3) could prcvide
fhe onswerg to oll of the i

pyromid's mysferies. .9

1..,.-
gronife
found in the
€homber, is the
evidence found thot
indicotes rhe pyrcmid
wos o tomb. The Glueen"
Chomber wos never lhe
= losl resting ploce of the
6
Phqrooh's wife. lt got its
.E
4 nqme becouse of the
p
o Arob cuslom of burying
o
o women in tombs wirh
6€d
A The door, found by
'*(,
Upuouf 2 (inset), is
close lo the south foce So, rvhy did the builders insist on such R ,,ere bui l t duri rrg the foul th dyr r ast y
of rhe pyromid. precision? \Ahat did they have in mind that (2631-21948C). The Great Pvramid was
Egypfologisrs believe requir.ed a pregision that the human eye built by the Pharaoh Khufu, the second
lhot there moy be o c a n n o l e v e n d e re c l ? largest by his brother Khafre, and the third
slotue of Khufu behind Egyptologists believe that . the Great by Menkaure, son of Khufr.r. This attribu-
the door, signifying rhe P y ra n ri d a n d i ts c o m pani ons w ere con- ti on ori gi rrated from tl re (,r' eek lr ist or ian
Phorqoh's ofterlife stiucted for one single purpose: as burial Herodotus, rvho had been told this some
iourney lo the heovens tombs for the Pharaohs. 2,000 vearsafter ther rverebuilt.
ond immortolity. The three pyramids on the Ciza plateau In 820. the Caliph AI Mamoun was
l epor tccl l r rl re fi rsr ro penetrarethe G r eat
Pu'amid. Inside. he found ver,vlittle - no
boclies.no treaslrre,no tools and no hiero-
gh pl ri c i rrscri pti onson any part of t he
prr-ar.r-rid.All he discovered,was an emptyj
sal cophagrrs i n the K i rrg' sC hamb er . !

EXPL OSIVE EVIDENCE

Though many tried to find evidence inside
the pyrami d, i t w as not unri l 1837. When
British explorer Colonel Howard VySe
searched the interior of the Great Pyramid,
that anything of significance was found. He
blasted his way through the rock above the
King's chamber with eunpowder and, in
doing so, discovered four sealed chambers.
On the walls of the highest of these car-ities,
he discovered red painted hierogll,phic
graffiti which included the name of Khufu.
This gave the Egyptologists the r,itai clue
they needed, To them, the hieroglyph
showed that the pyramid had been built by
th e P har aohl( huF u.So th e e mp ty s a rc o p h -
agus provedphar the Pyramid was Khu[u's
tomb. They say that the pyramid was prob-
ably ransacked shortly after it was built
which is why the pyramid was empty.
Doubts have been cast, however,on the
a u th ent ic it yof t hes eh i e ro g l y p h i c sA
. u th o r
Graha+n Hancock claims: 'A[ the end of a
costly and generally fruitless digging sea-
so n , V y s e. . .s t um ble d u p o n th e fi rs t i n c o n -
trovertible proof that Khufu was the
builder of the Great Pyramid, guarantding
that his efforts would be well rewarded.'
Acc or ding t o Han c o c k th e h i e ro g l y p h i c s
ra i sea num ber of inc o n s i s te n c i e s : pointed directly to the star
r The hieroglyphic graffiti was the only Sirius (associated with the
si g n of K huf u' s na m e to b e fo u n d a n y - L,gyptiangoddesslsis). The
where in the Pyramid other southern shaft
o They were located in an obscure and hid- pointed to the lowest of the
den part of the building three stars located in the
belt of Orion, a constella-
ffi# 1rr tion belieled to be the
home of ' the god Osiris,
This engineer hos got the
wl{o brought civilization to
ideo thot lhere is something
the Nile Valley in a remote
b e h i n d f h e d o or. B u t i t i s o l l era called Zep Tepi, u'hich
imo g i n o t i o n . N o ch q mb e r means First Time.
hos been discovered Bauval ar-rd Hancock
Dr GunterDyer,Egypiologist b el i eve these al i gnmel tts
\rere no accident.The pr-ra-
mid builders, tl-rer. fee1,
. The,v nere foru-rd in a chamber rvhere ir-itentionallr' rnade the
o rrlvV v s ehad ac c e s s C r eat P ;' rami d so thar i rs
. Severai of the hieroglyphs were painted internal passageways
alignedwith the stars. V Gontenbrink hos
upside-down,some were unrecognizable : donoted on updoted
and others were misspelt or written in T+IE ORION CONNECTION
.*tu]::t!r@s'ry|ir1l.rj].i1l5!,.lll:ll..'.j1M]:#";sM::ss@ model of Upuout to the
bad grammar. The link between the Giza Pyramids ancl Egyplion oufhorities
This may point to the possibility that Vyse Orion was further cemented when Bauval ond offered to troin
forged the hieroglyphics to jt*ti$ the costs n oti cecl thar the thi rd and smal l esrpyra- Egyprions.fo use it. The
o f h i s ex pedit ion, th o u g h Eg y p to l o g i s ts mid was out of line with the other two. new robol con view
hotly dispute this. L o oki ng at the bel t of Ori on. he sarvrhat i rs inside the chomber with
Graham Hancock and fellow author three starsw ere al so off-set i rr exactl y the o speciolly-fined fibre
Ro b er t B auv al belie v e th * l th e l ru e ' p u r- same way. He realized that the three Giza opfic comero.
pose of the Great Pyr4imid can be found by pyramids could be a symbolic representa-
first looking at the stars. tion of these stars.
!

Because of a phenomenon called pre- The angle of Orion's belt, how-

cession, caused by the wobble of the earth ever, did not exactly match the lay-
o n i ts ax is . t he c ons te l l a ti o n sc h a n g e th e i r out at Giza. Coing back to their
t
positions in a cycle which takes 25,980 computer, Bauval ancl Hancock s
3
years to complete. Using computer recon- ''found 'that the only E'

structions of the positions of the stars in time the stars on the

t" '
th e sk ies abov e t he p l ra m i d s i n 2 .5 0 0 e c . belt of Orion perfectly :
Bauval and Har-rcock sarv that one bf the matchecl the position
=
so u th er n s haf t s oI th e Gre a t P y ra mi d of the pyramids was ...9
'a
 =
o:

.9) l.
Lo'

-.:

in 10,500ec. Bauval and Hancock believe

th a t th i s s u g g e s tsth a t al rJroughthe rhree
pyramids were completed around 2,500sc,
th e p l a n n i n g o f th e e nri re Gi za compl ex
V Egyprologists soy took place 8,000 years earlier, perhaps in
thot ony treosure fhe the form of lorv platforms. The plans rvere
Greot Pyromid moy handed down from gdneration to genera-
hove. siored wqs sfolen tion until the era came when the builders Bauval arld Har-rcock believe that
soon cfter it wos built could align the internal shafts ro their UaRina is on the threshold of fully
becouse the pyromid i m p o rta n I s ta rs . understanding the first three conclusions
wcs so obviously o and is ready to see .what the ancient
speciol lomb. The loter THE V ER G F OT D IS C OV E R Y Egyptians left for future generarions to dis-
Phoroohs leorned to In their book KeeperoJ Genesis,Bauval and cover. Where are these hidden store
hide their tombs, such H a n c o c k c o n c l u d e d t h at: rooms? Rudolf Gantenbrink may have got
os Tulonkhomen o T h e p l a n n e rs o [ G i z a bui h the pyrami ds tantalizingly close when he took his robot
(below) wlqose .-' a n d th e Sp h i n x b e causerhey w anted a
a. J+e#
mummy ond lreosure ;K tr
longJasting marker that would inspire i e':=j tfr@
remoined uhdiscovered many future generations to investigate
unril 1922. lts purpose. 'i
A door is uselesswithout
r The positioning of the som ething behind if. A door
monuments use the 'com-
'. musl hove q purpose
mon language' of the stars. RobertBouvol,Author
---: )
So any culture can deduce
thefunction of the pyramids _trs,
at Giza so long as they to the 'door' in the southerlt shaft of the
u n d e rs to od the movements Queen's Chamber. Dr Zasvi Hawass,
o f th e s t ars. Director of the Giza plateau,'"*.ltras
I The pyramids have 'pi...r- announced that, with the help of thie.
sional co-ordinates' (such as Amtex Corporation of Canada, a new
shafts in the Great $ramid) robot w i l l be senr up rhe sha f t in an
which allow researchersto attempt to opel t rhe secretchamber .
pin down specificdates. Alternatively, the investigation of the
E
!
r The Giza complex has con- man-madechamber befw een rhe Sphinx's
=-9 c e a l e d store rooms w hi ch
pawscould reveal the answer.
d c o n ta i n the ul ti mate mes- \Arhateverthe case.perhapsfinally. some
E sage the pyramid builders of the mysteri es surroundi ng t he *. - *
.9
w a n te d to passon. Great Pyramid will be resolved] Hd