ABSTRACT

Geotechnical Engineering has been developed in the 20th century. The need for
the analysis of the behaviour of soils arose in many countries, often as a result of
spectacular accidents, such as landslides and failures of foundations.
Index properties of soil such as specific gravity, moisture content, dry density,
wet density etc. are the important parameters in geotechnical engineering and they
are changing from place to place both along the depth and width of the stratum. It is
important for the geotechnical engineers to know about variation of the index
properties of soil before carrying out design and construction of any geotechnical
structure. Any field or laboratory soil testing will provide result which is too specific
for a particular location to generalize over an extended area. In this project, an
attempt is made to develop a methodology to map the important index properties of
soil by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System
(GPS) using existing soil exploration reports. The method suggested in this project
will help all the soil exploration agencies and practicing geotechnical engineers for
immediate decision making process about soil suitability as foundation materials.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1

BACKGROUND
Soil is a natural material having variety of physical properties, most of which

are not constant and it is varying from place to place. Index properties of soils are those
properties which are mainly used in the identification and classification of soils and
help

the

geotechnical

Engineer

in

predicting

the

suitability of

soils

as

foundation/construction material. Specific gravity of soil particles, particle size

distribution, Consistency limits and moisture content etc. are the index properties of
soil. Apart from that permeability, compressibility and shear strength are the
engineering properties of soil. Moisture content of soil is one of the important factor
depending upon which the shear strength of soil will change.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer based information system
capable of capturing, storing, analysing, and displaying geographically referenced
information, i.e. the data identified according to a particular location/region. GIS
software is interoperable, supporting the many data formats used in the infrastructure
life cycle and allowing civil engineers to provide data to various agencies in the
required format while maintaining the datas core integrity. GIS technology provides a
central location to conduct spatial analysis, overlay data, and integrate other solutions
and systems. Built on a database rather than individual project files, GIS enables civil
engineers to easily manage, reuse, share, and analyse data, saving time and resources.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation and surveying
system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals received from
the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode. The use of GIS, which is capable
to analyse regional areas based on spatial distribution, is well known. As more and
more data become available in a digitized format it is possible to develop software
routines that can perform identification of Index soil properties and preparation of
thematic maps of soil type, moisture content, ground water depth, SPT value etc. in
conjunction with a GIS.

1.2

AIM OF PROJECT

Application of GPS and GIS for mapping Soil Index Properties like moisture
content, dry density of soil, specific gravity of soil, liquid limit etc. of Gorakhpur.

1.3

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
Traditional methods of mapping soil index properties by using any other

information system fail to provide information pertaining to the spatial aspects in

geotechnical Engineering. The application of geographic information system in
geotechnical will be new in the Indian Construction industry. GIS will allow soil
investigators and different people involved in project with different backgrounds to get
the information about soil properties on a single click. Mapping of soil index properties
have following objectives:
Make easy to get detailed information about index properties of soil of Study area.
Easy to investigate and classify of soil.
Preparation of Soil index properties map using GPS &GIS provide information
pertaining to the spatial aspects in geotechnical Engineering.
GIS will allow soil investigators and different people involved in project with different
backgrounds to get the information about soil properties on a single click.

1.4

NEED OF STUDY
It is traditional practice in civil engineering for construction of new civil

projects to carry out soil exploration by taking number boreholes in a given plot. It is
seen that the a reference sketch of bore holes drilled in the plot is prepared on a paper
by giving their location by taking reference of local permanent points such as corner of
any exiting building or any other point. Then the geotechnical Engineers will work out
the safe bearing capacity of soil at foundation level of entire building plot from
borehole data and laboratories soil test results. Many times the previous experience
regarding a local soil profile of a typical area and laboratories soil test result will help
to the geotechnical engineers regarding taking decision about the soil suitability as a
foundation material. The latitude, longitude of boreholes data are many time missing. In

this project an attempt is made to use Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to
map the exact location of boreholes which can be used as input data in GPS, GIS and
UTM software is used to run the queries to know various properties of soil.

1.5 ABOUT STUDY AREA (GORAKHPUR)

The district of Gorakhpur lies between Lat. 2613N and 2729N and Long.
8305E and 8356E. The district occupies the north-eastern corner of the state. The
district is located in the Terai region, in the foothills of the Shiwalik Himalayas. It is
located on the bank of river Rapti and Rohin rivers originating in Nepal that often
causes severe floods. The Rapti is interconnected through many other small rivers
following meandering courses across the Gangetic Plain. Situated on the basin of rivers
Rapti and Rohin, the geographical shape of the Gorakhpur City is of bowl, surrounded
by the river and other small streams from three sides.
The district geology is primarily river born alluvium. Few mineral products are
mined in Gorakhpur, with the most common being a nodular limestone conglomerate
known as kankar, brick, and salt petre. Gorakhpur District population constituted 2.27
percent of total Uttar Pradesh population in 2001 census. The Kppen Climate
Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid Subtropical Climate)
Avg. annual temperature

26 C (79 F)

Avg. summer temperature

40 C (104 F)

Avg. winter temperature

18 C (64 F)

Study Area = 156 km2

Gorakhpur Area = 81.5 km2

1.6 IMORTANCE OF MAPPING OF SOIL INDEX PROPERTY

Geographic Information System (GIS) is rooted in intellectual practices, populated by
data and powered by mathematical analysis. A survey conducted by Schuurman suggested
that currently, the main use of GIS is for spatial analysis, predictive modelling, cartography
and visualisation.
Geographic Information Systems are computer based tools for mapping and
analysing features and events on earth. GIS technology integrates common database
operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualisation and geographic
analysis benefits offered by maps
o It helps in selection of site for different engineering project. Dry density of soil
help in determining amount of water for compaction of soil for road
construction.
o Soil index properties predict the engineering property of soil such
compressibility, shear strength durability etc.
o Mapping of soil index property will help in identification of soil without
performing any test which will save time and cost.
o Map of different area having different soil properties can be prepared.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 SOIL MECHANICS

Soil mechanics has become a distinct and separate branch of engineering mechanics
because soils have a number of special properties, which distinguish the material from other
materials. Its development has also been stimulated, of course, by the wide range of
applications of soil engineering in civil engineering, as all structures require a sound
foundation and should transfer its loads to the soil.
Important pioneering contributions to the development of soil mechanics were made
by Karl Terzaghi, who, among many other things, has described how to deal with the
influence of the pressures of the pore water on the behaviour of soils. This is an essential
element of soil mechanics theory.

2.2 PROPERTIES OF SOILS

The properties of soil can be divided as Index properties and Engineering properties.
The main Engineering properties are permeability, compressibility and shear strength. The
brief description of few engineering and index properties of soil are given below.

Soil Index properties

1.

Moisture content

2.

Unit Weight of soil

3.

Specific gravity

4.

Soil grain size

5.

Consistency

Soil Engineering properties

1.

Permeability

2.

Compressibility

3.

Shear strength

 Permeability indicates the ease with which the water can flow through soils.
Compressibility is related with the deformations which soil undergoes when subjected to
compressive loads.
The Shear strength helps in determining stability of slopes, bearing capacity of soils and
the earth pressures on retaining structures.
The specific gravity of soil solids is the ratio of the density of a given volume of soil
solids to the greatest density (at +4C) of an equal volume of pure water.
The principal soil grain properties are the size and shape of grains and the mineralogical
character of the finer fractions. The most significant aggregate property of cohesion less
soils is the relative density, whereas that of cohesive soils is the consistency.
Moisture content is that amount of water which is contained in the voids of the soil. It is
one of the important factor depending upon which the shear strength of soil will change.
Consistency is the property of materials which shows its resistance to flow. When
referred

to soil, it means, the degree of resistance offered by fine grained soil to

deformation. The water content at which the soil changes from one state to another state
termed as consistency limit.
Dry density of soil mass is the ratio of mass of soil solids to the volume of soil mass.
Therefore the properties of soil such as specific gravity, moisture content, dry density,
wet density and consistency limits such as liquid limit, plastic limits and shrinkage limits
are the essential for determination of engineering properties of soil, which will help to
geotechnical engineer for decision making process of suitability of soil as foundation
materials or construction materials. If the properties of soil are properly studied and the
results of soil exploration correctly understood and intelligently applied to the design and
construction of earthworks and structural foundations, failures usually can be avoided.

Fig. 2.1 Index Properties of Soil

2.2.1 MOISTURE CONTENT

The water content (w) is also called natural water content or natural moisture content
is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This
ratio is usually expressed as percentage.
In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The
knowledge of the natural moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To
sight a few, natural moisture content is used in determining the bearing capacity and
settlement. The natural moisture content will give an idea of the state of soil in the field.
Soil mass is generally a three phase system. It consists of solid particles, liquid and
gas. For all practical purposes, the liquid may be considered to be water (although in some
cases, the water may contain some dissolved salts) and the gas as air. The phase system may
be expressed in SI units either in terms of mass-volume or weight- volume relationships.
The inter relationships of the different phases are important since they help to define the
condition or the physical make-up of the soil.

Fig. 2.2 Block diagram two and three phase of a Soil element.

2.2.2 UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL

Field density is defined as weight of unit volume of soil present in site. That is The
soil weight consists of three phase system that is solids, water and air. The voids may be
filled up with both water and air, or only with air, or only with water. Consequently the soil
may be dry, saturated or partially saturated.

In soils, mass of air is considered to be negligible, and therefore the saturated density
is maximum, dry density is minimum and wet density is in between the two.

In soil mechanics these are often of minor importance, and it is often considered
accurate enough to assume that
Yw = 1000 kg/m3.

For the analysis of soil mechanics problems the density of air can usually be
disregarded. The density of the solid particles depends upon the actual composition of the
solid material. In many cases, especially for quartz sands, its value is about

Yp = 2650 kg/m3.

2.2.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific gravity of a substance denotes the number of times that substance is heavier
than water. In simpler words we can define it as the ratio between the mass of any substance
of a definite volume divided by mass of equal volume of water. In case of soils, specific
gravity is the number of times the soil solids are heavier than equal volume of water.
Different types of soil have different specific gravities, general range for specific gravity of
soils:

Fig. 2.3 Specific gravity of different soil

2.2.4 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Soil at any place is composed of particles of a variety of sizes and shapes, sizes
ranging from a few microns to a few centimetres are present sometimes in the same soil
sample. The distribution of particles of different sizes determines many physical properties of
the soil such as its strength, permeability, density etc.
Particle size distribution is found out by two methods, first is sieve analysis which is
done for coarse grained soils only and the other method is sedimentation analysis used for
fine grained soil sample. Both are followed by plotting the results on a semi-log graph. The
percentage finer N as the ordinate and the particle diameter i.e. sieve size as the abscissa on a
logarithmic scale. The curve generated from the result gives us an idea of the type and
gradation of the soil. If the curve is higher up or is more towards the left, it means that the soil
has more representation from the finer particles; if it is towards the right, we can deduce that
the soil has more of the coarse grained particles.

The soil may be of two types- well graded or poorly graded (uniformly graded). Well
graded soils have particles from all the size ranges in a good amount. On the other hand, it is
said to be poorly or uniformly graded if it has particles of some sizes in excess and deficiency
of particles of other sizes. Sometimes the curve has a flat portion also which means there is an
absence of particles of intermediate size, these soils are also known as gap graded or skip
graded.
For analysis of the particle distribution, we sometimes use D10, D30, and D60 etc.
terms which represents a size in mm such that 10%, 30% and 60% of particles respectively
are finer than that size. The size of D10 also called the effective size or diameter is a very
useful data. There is a term called uniformity coefficient Cu which comes from the ratio of
D60 and D10, it gives a measure of the range of the particle size of the soil sample.

Fig. 2.4 Classification of soil as per particle size IS 1498-1970

2.2.5 CONSISTENCY OF COHESIVE SOIL

ATTERBERG LIMITS
The presence of clay minerals in a fine-grained soil will allow it to remolded in the
presence of some moisture without crumbling. If a clay slurry is dried, the moisture content
will gradually decrease and the slurry will pass from a liquid state to a plastic state. With
further drying, it will change to a semisolid state and finally to a solid state as shown in
Figure. In about 1911, a Swedish scientist, A. Atterberg, developed a method for describing
the limit consistency of fine-grained soils on the basis of moisture content. These limits are
the liquid limit, and the shrinkage limit.

Fig. 2.5 Atterberg limit of Soil

The liquid limit is defined as the moisture content, in percent, at which the soil
changes from illiquid state to a plastic state. The liquid limit is now generally determined by
the standard Casagrande device (Casagrande, 1932, 1948). The moisture contents (in percent)
at which the soil changes from a plastic to a semisolid state and from a semisolid to a solid
state are defined, respectively, as the plastic limit and the shrinkage limit. These limits are
generally referred to as the Atterberg limits.
The Atterberg limits of cohesive soil depend on several factors, such as amount and
type of clay mineral sand type of absorbed cation.
The difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil is defined as the
plasticity index PI:

PI = LL PL
Where LL is the liquid limit and PL the plastic limit.

LIQUIDITY INDEX
The relative consistency of a cohesive soil can be defined by a ratio called the
liquidity index LI. It is defined as

2.2.6 ACTIVITY
The oriented water (absorbed and double layer) gives rise to the plastic property of a
clay soil. The thickness of the oriented water around a clay particle is dependent on the type
of clay mineral. Thus, it can be expected that the plasticity of given clay will depend on (1)
the nature of the clay mineral present and (2) the amount of clay mineral present. Based on
laboratory test results for several soils. Skempton (1953) made the observation that, for a
given soil, the plasticity index is directly proportional to the percent of clay size fraction (i.e.,
percent by weight finer than 0.002 mm in size), as shown in Figure. With this observation,
Skempton defined parameter called activity.

Fig. 2.6 Variation of plasticity index with the percent of clay size fraction

Where C is the percent of clay-size fraction, by weight. It should be noted that the
activity of a given soil will be a function of the type of clay mineral present in it.
The activities of several sand-clay mineral mixtures have been evaluated by Seed et al.
(1964b). They concluded that although PI bears a linear relation to clay-size fractions, the
line of correlation may to pass through the origin.
For practical purposes, it seems convenient to define activity as

Activity has been used as an index property to determine the swelling potential of expansive
clays.

2.2.7 VOID RATIO

Soil void ratio (e) is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids:
e = (Vv) / (Vs)
Where Vv is the volume of the voids (empty or filled with fluid), and Vs is the
volume of solids.
Void ratio is usually used in parallel with soil porosity (n) , which is defined as the
ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the soil. The porosity and the void ratio are
inter-related as follows:
e = n /(1-n)

and

n = e / (1+e)

The value of void ratio depends on the consistence and packing of the soil. It is
directly affected by compaction.
For most soils the porosity is a number between 0.30 and 0.45 (or, as it is usually
expressed as a percentage, between 30 % and 45 %). When the porosity is small the soil is
called densely packed, when the porosity is large it is loosely packed.

2.2.8 DEGREE OF SATURATION

The degree of saturation, S, has an important influence on the soil behaviour. It is

defined as the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of void.
S = Vw/Vv
2.2.9 AIR CONTENT
It is the ratio of volume of air to the volume of void.
Ac = Va/Vv
Ac = (1-S)
2.2.10 PERCENTAGE AIR VOID
IT is the ratio of volume of air to the volume of soil sample.
Na=Va/V
Na=n*Ac

2.2.11 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Soil classification is the arrangement of soils into various groups or subgroups to
provide a common language to express briefly the general usage characteristics without
detailed descriptions. At the present time, two major soil classification systems are available
for general engineering use. They are the unified system, which is described below, and the
AASHTO system. Both systems use simple index properties such as grain-size distribution,
liquid limit, and plasticity index of soil.
The unified system of soil classification was originally proposed by A. Casagrande in
1942 and was then revised in 1952 by the Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation. In its present form, the systems widely used by various organizations,
geotechnical engineers in private consulting business, and building codes.

Initially, there are two major divisions in the system. A soil is classified as a coarsegrained soil (gravelly and sandy) if more than 50% is retained on a No. 200 sieve and as a
fine-grained soil (silty and clayey) if more than 50% is passing through a No. 200 sieve. The
soil is then further classified by a number of subdivisions, as shown in Table. The following
symbols are used:

Fig. 2.7 Unified Classification System(USA).

It is traditional practice in civil engineering for construction of new civil projects to

carry out soil exploration by taking number boreholes in a given plot. It is seen that the a
reference sketch of bore holes drilled in the plot is prepared on a paper by giving their
location by taking reference of local permanent points such as corner of any exiting building
or any other point. Then the geotechnical Engineers will work out the safe bearing capacity of
soil at foundation level of entire building plot from borehole data and laboratories soil test
results. Many times the previous experience regarding a local soil profile of a typical area and
laboratories soil test result will help to the geotechnical engineers regarding taking decision
about the soil suitability as a foundation material. The latitude, longitude of boreholes data
are many time missing. In this project an attempt is made to use Global Positioning System
(GPS) receivers to map the exact location of boreholes which can be used as input data in
GIS and UTM software is used to run the queries to know various properties of soil.

2.3 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

A GIS is basically a computerized information system like any other database, but with
an important difference: all information in GIS must be linked to a geographic (spatial)
reference (latitude/longitude, or other spatial coordinates).

GIS = G + IS

Geographic reference + Information system

Data of spatial coordinates

on the surface of the earth
(Map) location data

Database of attribute data

corresponding to spatial
location and procedures to
provide information for
decision making

GIS = IS with geographically referenced data

Geographic Information System provides efficient tools for inputting data into
database, retrieval of selected data items for further processing and software modules which
can analyse or manipulate the retrieved data in order to generate desired information on
specific form. GIS stores spatial and non-spatial data in two different databases. The
geocoded spatial data defines an object that has an orientation and relationship with other
objects in two (2D) or three dimensional (3D) space. GIS uses three types of data to represent
a map or any geo-referenced data, namely, point type, line type, and area or polygon type. It
can work with both the vector and the raster geographic models. The vector model is
generally used for describing the discrete features, while the raster model does it for the
continuous features. One of the major advantages of the GIS is that it incorporate all type of
relevant data either available in aerial photographic data, remote sensing images data, tabular
data etc. These and other information are viewed as individual coverage that may be
simultaneously overlaid depending on the desired detail of the analysis.

A GIS can be viewed in three ways:

a) The Database View
b) The Map View
c) The Model View
a). The Database View: A GIS is a unique kind of database of the world a geographic
database (geo-data- base). It is an Information System for Geography. Fundamentally, a
GIS is based on a structured database that describes the world in geographic terms.
b). The Map View: A GIS is a set of intelligent maps and other views that show features and
feature relation- ships on the earths surface. Maps of the underlying geo- graphic information
can be constructed and used as windows into the database to support queries, analysis, and
editing of the information.
c). The Model View: A GIS is a set of information transformation tools that derive new
geographic datasets from existing datasets. These geo-processing functions take information
from existing datasets, apply analytic functions, and write results into new derived datasets.

Fig. 2.8 q-GIS operations and use in Survey & Engineering

2.3.1 GIS WORKFLOW:

GIS enhances workflows in
Project management
Analysis and design
Logistics

GIS provides
Data accuracy
Data sharing
Analysis capability
Modelling

Fig 2.9 workflow of GIS

2.3.2 BENEFITS OF GIS

The common benefits of GIS are as follows:

Ensures current, accurate data by Public Safety GIS experts;

Provides standardized process for timely data delivery for your GIS environment;

Affords varying levels of service available from one company (advanced to basic);

Provides data in standardized ESRI formats;

Increases control of data maintenance;

Offers seamless service: we are divided into teams for cross-functional project
overlap;

Offers largest public safety GIS staff in the industry;

Provides cost efficiencies of hiring a contractor.

2.4 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

The Global Positioning System is being used all over the world for numerous navigational
and positioning applications, including navigation on land, in air and on sea, determining the
precise coordinates of important geographical features as an essential input to mapping and
Geographical Information System (GIS), along with its use for precise cadastral surveys,
vehicle guidance in cities and on highways using GPS-GIS integrated systems, earthquake and
landslide monitoring, etc.
The GPS, which consists of 24 satellites in near circular orbits at about 20,200 km altitude, now
provides full coverage with signals from minimum 4 satellites available to the user, at any place
on the Earth. By receiving signals transmitted by minimum 4 satellites simultaneously, the
observer can determine his geometric position (latitude, longitude and height), Universal Time
Coordinated (UTC) and velocity vectors with higher accuracy, economy and in less time
compared to any other technique available today.

Fig. 2.10 Different segment of GPS

GPS is primarily a navigation system for real-time positioning. However, with the
transformation from the ground-to-ground survey measurements to ground-to-space
measurements made possibly by GPS, this technique overcomes the numerous limitations of
terrestrial surveying methods, like the requirement of inter-visibility of survey stations,

dependability on weather, difficulties in night observations, etc. These advantages over the
conventional techniques and the economy of operations make GPS the most promising
surveying technique of the future. With the well-established high accuracy achievable with GPS
in positioning of points separated by few hundred meters to hundreds of km, this unique
surveying technique has found important applications in diverse fields.
GPS is used on incidents in a variety of ways, such as:
To determine position locations; for example, you need to radio a helicopter pilot the
coordinates of your position location so the pilot can pick you up.
To navigate from one location to another; for example, you need to travel from a lookout to
the fire perimeter.
To create digitized maps; for example, you are assigned to plot the fire perimeter and hot
spots.
To determine distance between two points or how far you are from another location.

TABLE 2.1 UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
It is important for the geotechnical engineers to know about variation of the index
properties of soil before carrying out design and construction of any geotechnical structure.
Any field or laboratory soil testing will provide result which is too specific for a particular
location to generalize over an extended area. In this project, an attempt is made to develop a
methodology to map the important index properties of soil by using Geographic Information
System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) using existing soil exploration reports.

3.1 SCOPE OF WORK

The experimental work consists of the following steps:
1. Collection of Soil Samples.
2. Make Database using GPS in MS-Excel.
3. Determination of Soil Index Properties.
i.

In-Density of Soil

ii.

Moisture Content of Soil

iii.

Specific Gravity

iv.

Fine Sieve analysis

v.

Consistency Limit

4. Calculation Attributes on the basis of Experimental Data.

i.

Dry-Density of Soil

ii.

Void Ratio

iii.

Porosity

iv.

Plasticity Index

v.

Degree of Saturation

vi.

Percentage Air Void

vii.

Air-Content

5. Mapping of Soil Index properties using Open Source GIS (q-GIS).

Fig. 3.1 METHODOLOGY OF PROJECT

3.2 DIFFERENT METHODS OF TESTING OF SOIL SAMPLE

3.2.1 MOISTURE CONTENT
The water content (w) is also called natural water content or natural moisture content
is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio
is usually expressed as percentage.
In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The
knowledge of the natural moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To
sight a few, natural moisture content is used in determining the bearing capacity and
settlement. The natural moisture content will give an idea of the state of soil in the field.
Soil mass is generally a three phase system. It consists of solid particles, liquid and
gas. For all practical purposes, the liquid may be considered to be water (although in some
cases, the water may contain some dissolved salts) and the gas as air. The phase system may
be expressed in SI units either in terms of mass-volume or weight- volume relationships. The
inter relationships of the different phases are important since they help to define the condition
or the physical make-up of the soil.
The water content of the soil sample can be determined by the following method
1. Oven drying method.

2. Pycnometer method.

3. Alcohol method.

4. Calcium carbide method.

5. Sand bath method.

6. Torsion balance method.

1. OVEN DRYING METHOD

Theory: The water content (w) of a soil sample is equal to the mass of water divided by the
mass of solids.

Where M1=mass of empty container.

M2= mass of the container with wet soil.
M3= mass of the container with dry soil.
Some important points:
Simplest and most accurate method. (IS-2720-PART-4-1985)
Soil sample is dried in a controlled temperature (105-110C).

For organic soil, temperature is about 60C.

Sample is dried for 24 hours.

For sandy soil, complete drying can be achieved in 4 to 6 hours.

2. PYCNOMETER METHOD
Theory: A Pycnometer is a glass jar of about 1 liter capacity, fitted with a brass conical cap
by means of a screw type cover. The cap has a small hole of about 6mm diameter at its apex.

The water content (w) of the sample is obtained as

Where M1=mass of empty Pycnometer,

M2= mass of the Pycnometer with wet soil
M3= mass of the Pycnometer and soil, filled with water,
M4 = mass of Pycnometer filled with water only.
G= Specific gravity of solids.
Some important points:

Quick method.

Capacity of pycnometer = 900ml

This method is more suitable for conhesionless soil

Used when specific gravity of soil solid is known.

3. ALCOHOL METHOD
This method covers the determination of the water content of a soil as a percentage of its
dry mass. It is intended as a rapid alternative to the method given but is less accurate and is more
suitable as a field test. Since methylated spirit is used, care shall be taken against risk of fire. The
method shall not be used if the soil contains a large proportion of clay, gypsum, calcareous
matter or organic matter.

4. CALCIUM CARBIDE METHOD/ RAPID MOISTURE METER METHOD

This test used to determine the moisture content of soils by means of a calcium carbide
gas pressure moisture tester in the field. The tester is referred to as the Speedy. This method

shall not be used for granular material having particles retained on the No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.
Use care when performing this test and working with the calcium chloride reagent.
From the calibrated scale of the pressure gauge the percentage of water on total (wet)
mass of soil is obtained and the same is converted to water content on dry mass of soil. The
reagent has an expiration date and should be verified before using. Tightly close reagent cans
when not in use.

Some important points:

Quick method (required 5 to 7 method); but may not be accurate results.

Soil sample weight 4-6gms.

Acetaline gas evolved.

The gauge read moisture content with respect to wet soil i.e. Wr = Ww/(Ws)wet.

Actual moisture content w = Wr/(1-Wr)*100 %.

5. SAND BATH METHOD

Sand Bath Method for the determination of soil water content is a quick field method
which is employed when an electric oven is not available for drying of wet soil. Sand is kept on a
tray to a height of about 3 cm. A container is filled with wet soil and dried by keeping on the
sand bath and heating with stirring. Few white papers are kept on top of the wet soil in the
container. The soil is said to be dry when these white papers turn brown. Finally, dry soil is
obtained and the water content can be determined with the help of the equation obtained for oven
drying method.

Some important points:

Quick field method.
Used when electric oven is not available.
Soil sample is put in container & dried by placing it in a sand bath, which is heated on
kerosene store.
Moisture content is determined by using same formula as in Oven Drying Method.

6. TORSION BALANCE MOISTURE METER METHOD

This section describes a method for rapid determination of water content of soils
employing a device providing infra-red lamp for drying and torsion balance for getting of
percentage of water on wet basis from a scale, and the results obtained are convertible to water
content on dry basis.

This section describes a method for rapid determination of water content of soils
employing a device providing infra-red lamp for drying and torsion balance for getting of
percentage of water on wet basis from a scale, and the results obtained are convertible to water
content on dry basis.

Some important points:

Quick method, use in laboratory.

Infrared radiation are used for dying sample.

Principle: The torsion wire is prestressed accurately to an extent equal to 100% of the scale
reading. Then the sample is evenly distributed on the balance pan to counteract the
prestressed torsion and the scale is brought back to zero. As sample dries, the loss in weight
is continuously balanced by the radiation of a drum calibrated directly to read moisture
content on wet basis.

3.2.2 UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL

Field density is defined as weight of unit volume of soil present in site. That is The soil
weight consists of three phase system that is solids, water and air. The voids may be filled up
with both water and air, or only with air, or only with water. Consequently the soil may be dry,
saturated or partially saturated.

In soils, mass of air is considered to be negligible, and therefore the saturated density is
maximum, dry density is minimum and wet density is in between the two.

Density or unit weight of soils may be determined by using the following method

1.

Core-cutter Method

2.

Sand Replacement Method

3.

Water Displacement Method

1.

CORE CUTTER METHOD

Field density is used in calculating the stress in the soil due to its overburden pressure it
is needed in estimating the bearing capacity of soil foundation system, settlement of footing earth
pressures behind the retaining walls and embankments.
Stability of natural slopes, dams, embankments and cuts is checked with the help of
density of those soils. It is the density that controls the field compaction of soils.
Permeability of soils depends upon its density. Relative density of cohesionless soils is
determined by knowing the dry density of soil in natural, loosest and densest states. Void ratio,
porosity and degree of saturation need the help of density of soil.
Core cutter method in particular, is suitable for soft to medium cohesive soils, in which
the cutter can be driven. It is not possible to drive the cutter into hard, boulder or murrumy soils.
In such case other methods are adopted.

Some important points:

Used in case of non-cohesive soil.

Cannot be used in case of hard and gravelly soils.

Method consist of driving a core-cutter ( Volume= 1000cc) into the soil and
removing it, the cutter filled with soil is weighed. Volume of cutter is known from
its dimensions and in-situ weight is obtained by dividing soil weight by volume of
cutter.
If moisture content is known in laboratory, the dry unit weight can be
computed.

Fig . 3.2 Core-cutter method for calculation of In-situ Density

2.

SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

Determination of field density of cohesion less soil is not possible by core cutter method,
because it is not possible to obtain a core sample. In such situation, the sand replacement method
is employed to determine the unit weight. In sand replacement method, a small cylindrical pit is
excavated and the weight of the soil excavated from the pit is measured. Sand whose density is
known is filled into the pit. By measuring the weight of sand required to fill the pit and knowing
its density the volume of pit is calculated. Knowing the weight of soil excavated from the pit and
the volume of pit, the density of soil is calculated. Therefore, in this experiment there are two
stages, namely

Calibration of sand density

Measurement of soil density

Fig. 3.3 Sand replacement method of unit weight

Some important points:

Used in case of hard and gravelly soils.

A hole in ground is made. The excavated soil is weighed. The volume of hole is
determined by replacing it with sand. In-situ weight is obtained by dividing weight of
excavated soil with volume of hole.

3. WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Theory: A soil specimen of regular shape is coated with paraffin wax to make it impervious
to water. The total volume (V1) of the waxed specimen is found by determining the volume of
water displaced by the specimen. The volume of the specimen (V) is given by

Where,

= mass of waxed solid

M= mass of the specimen without wax

= density of paraffin.
Dry density of specimen=

Some important points:

Suitable for cohesive soil only , where it is possible to have a lump sample.

A regular shape, well- trimmed sample is weighed (W1). It is coated with paraffin wax

& again weighed (W2). The sample is now placed in metal container filled with water upto the
brim. Let the volume of displaced water be Vw. Then volume of uncoated specimen is
calculated.

3.2.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of distilled
water at that temperature both weights taken in air.
Specific gravity of soil solids is written as
Gs = s / w
Where, s and w are the mass density, mass per unit volume, of the soil solids and water,
respectively.
A material with a specific gravity greater than water is denser than water so it will not
float in water. Specific gravity is used in computations involving phase relationships that are
expressed in terms of unit weight, where unit weight is defined as the weight of material per
unit volume. The specific gravity of soil solids falls within the following ranges of values.

Fig 3.4 Specific gravity of different soil

Specific gravity may be determined by using the following method

1. Specific Gravity by Water Pycnometer.

2. Specific gravity by density bottle

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY WATER PYCNOMETER

Theory: The Pycnometer method can be used for determination of the specific
gravity of solid particles of both fine grained and coarse grained soils. The specific gravity
of solids is determined using the relation:

Where M1=mass of empty Pycnometer,

M2= mass of the Pycnometer with dry Soil
M3= mass of the Pycnometer and soil and water,
M4 = mass of Pycnometer filled with water only.
G= Specific gravity of solids

Fig.3.5 Pycnometer method for Specific Gravity

2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY DENSITY BOTTLE

The specific gravity of solid particles is the ratio of the mass density of solids
to that water.

It is determined in the laboratory using the relation:

Where M1 = mass of empty bottle.

M2 = mass of the bottle and dry soil.
M3 = mass of bottle, soil and water.
M4 = mass of bottle filled with water only.

Fig 3.6 specific gravity by density bottle

3.2.4 CONSISTENCY
Soil consistence provides a means of describing the degree and kind of cohesion
and adhesion between the soil particles as related to the resistance of the soil to deform or
rupture.
Consistency and Atterberg limit

Fig. 3.7 Atterberg limit of Soil

Liquid Limit
In the lab, the LL is defined as the moisture content (%) required to close a 2-mm
wide groove in a soil pat a distance of 0.5 in along the bottom of the groove after
25 blows.
ASTM D 4318
Soil sample size 150g passing through 40 microne sieve.
Equipment: Casagrande liquid limit device.

Procedure
We had taken 150 gm air dry soil passing through 40 micron sieve.
Add 20% of water -mix thoroughly
Place a small sample of soil in LL device (deepest part about 8-10mm) Cut
a groove (2mm at the base)
Run the device , count the number of blows, N
Stop when the groove in the soil close through a distance of 0.5in
Take a sample and find the moisture content
Run the test three times [N~(10-20), N~(20-30) and N~(35-45)] and
Plot number of blows vs moisture content and determine the liquid limit (LL) (moisture
content at 25 blows)

Fig. 3.8 Liquid limit cassagrande apparatus.

Plastic Limit
The moisture content (%) at which the soil when rolled into threads of 3.2mm (1/8 in)
in diameter, will crumble.
Plastic limit is the lower limit of the plastic stage of soil.
Plasticity Index (PI) is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil.

Procedure:
We had taken 20g of soil passing through 40 micron sieve into a dish.
Added water and mixed thoroughly
Prepared several ellipsoidal-shaped soil masses by quizzing the soil with your hand
Put the soil in rolling device, and roll the soil until the thread reaches 1/8 in
Continued rolling until the thread crumbles into several pieces
Determined the moisture content of about 6g of the crumbled soil.

Fig. 3.9 Plastic limit test

PLASTICITY INDEX (PI)

Plasticity Index is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a
soil
PI = LL PL
After finding LL and PI use plasticity chart to classify the soil.

3.2.5 GRAIN SIZE

Soils are usually classified into various types. In many cases these various
types also have different mechanical properties. A simple subdivision of soils is on
the basis of the grain size of the particles that constitute the soil. Coarse granular
material is often denoted as gravel and finer material as sand. In order to have a
uniformly applicable terminology it has been agreed internationally to consider
particles larger than 2 mm, but smaller than 63 mm as gravel. Larger particles are
denoted as stones. Sand is the material consisting of particles smaller than 2 mm but
larger than 0.063 mm Particles smaller than 0.063 mm and larger than 0.002 mm are
denoted as silt. Soil consisting of even smaller particles, smaller than 0.002 mm, is
denoted as clay or luthum.

Fig. 3.10 Soil classification on the basis of Grain size.

From sieve analysis and the grain-size distribution curve determine the percent
passing as the following: > 3 inch Cobble or Boulders 3 inch -micron 4
(76.2 4.75 mm) : Gravel micron 4 -micron 200 (4.75 -0.075 mm) : Sand
< micron 200: Fines
First, Find % passing micron 200
If 5% or more of the soil passes the micron 200 sieve, then conduct
Atterberg Limits (LL & PL.).
If the soil is fine-grained (50% passes micron200) follow the guidelines
for fine-grained soils
If the soil is coarse-grained (<50% passes micron200) follow the
guidelines for coarse-grained soils

CHAPTER 4
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 STUDY AREA

The study area is the Gorakhpur city of the Uttar Pradesh State. It is located on the
latitude of 26.7588 N and longitude of 83.3697 E with an Area of about 2117 sq miles. It
has a population of about 4,440,895 with a density of 1,337/km sq. It is situated along the
banks of Rapti River in the eastern state of Uttar Pradesh in India, near the border with
Nepal.

Fig. 4.1 Location Map of Study Area

4.1.1 BOUNDARY STATIONS OF STUDY AREA

STATION

EASTING

NORTHING

LATITUDE

LONGITUDE

749210.5

2970497.8

26.833869

83.507664

738224.3

2972599.5

26.854744

83.397594

729575.6

2969413.7

26.827453

83.310025

725362.9

2964154.8

26.780694

83.266719

727578.3

2955781.2

26.704792

83.287475

735664.7

2950946.2

26.659842

83.367797

747600.7

2951497.9

26.662769

83.487742

754302.3

2956716.8

26.708650

83.556072

755391.3

2965370.0

26.786503

83.568764

Fig.4.2 Arial View of Study Area on Google Earth

GIS software, Quantum GIS ver. 2.8 (2010) is used for creation of GIS map of
Gorakhpur City by digitizing the scanned paper map of Gorakhpur City. Gorakhpur City
located in study area is represented in fig. 4.3.

Fig. 4.3 Gorakhpur location in Study Area

4.2 TESTING OF INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL

Index properties are the properties of soil that help in identification and classification
of soil. Water content, Specific gravity, Particle size distribution, In situ density (Bulk Unit
weight of soil), Consistency Limits and relative density are the index properties of soil.
These properties are generally determined in the laboratory. In situ density and relative
density require undisturbed sample extraction while other quantities can be determined from
disturbed soil sampling.
Index properties of soil which are tested in laboratory are:
1. In-Situ Density
2. Moisture content
3. Specific Gravity
4. Sand Percentage

5. Silt and Clay Percentage

6. Liquid Limit
7. Plastic Limit
Some of the Index Properties of soil samples are calculated on the basis of relationships
and Soil Phase (Two & Three) diagram, which are:
1. Dry- Density of Soil
2. Plasticity Index
3. Percentage Void Ratio
4. Porosity
5. Air Content
6. Air Void
7. Degree of Saturation

4.2.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS SOIL PROPERTIES

The following relationship between various soil properties can be useful for
determination of other missing properties of soil (Jumikis 1965).
For example, if specific gravity (G) and dry unit weight (gd) of soil are known then
saturated unit weight (gsat), moisture content (w), porosity (n) and void ratio (e) can be
determined by using the following relations (Jumikis 1965):
Saturated unit weight,

Where, gw = unit weight of water.

Moisture content,

Porosity,

Void ratio,

4.3 WORKING ON OPEN SOURCE QUANTUM-GIS (Q-GIS)

Quantum GIS is a free and open source GIS application. It was a result of Source
Forge project, QGIS is developed using C++ and Qt toolkit. Initially QGIS developed for
displaying the GIS data, now it evolved as full GIS software package. It is published under
GNU Free Documentation License as an official project of Open Source Geospatial
Foundation (OS Geo). It is compatible with all the operating systems and can very well
handle multiple raster, vector and databases functionalities. QGIS is also serves as a window
for assessing numerous other Open source GIS packages such as SAGA, GRASS, Post GIS,
map server and also statistical package like R etc. It also has very easy and convenient
access to various tools and plugins. It is overall a very rich open source Geospatial tool.
4.3.1 DOWNLOADING AND INSTALLING QGIS
As mentioned earlier, it is free software and can be downloaded from the internet. We
will see how to download QGIS (Windows compatible version) in this section. The only
basic requirement for downloading QGIS on your system is availability of Internet
connection. If you already have QGIS installation file then skip this section and directly
proceed to the Exercise No 2. If not, the procedure for downloading is as follows:
1. We want to download the installation file, open the webpage of QGIS, i.e.,
http://www.qgis.org/ in any of our internet browser like, Internet Explorer or Mozilla
Firefox.
2. The following website will open up in our browser. Click on Download Now button.

3. We will be redirected to new page. Depending on your operating system we have to select
an appropriate set. Here we will consider windows as our operating system.
4. Depending on our computer architecture i.e., 64bit, select the appropriate version of QGIS
for download. Just click on the button in front of appropriate version to start the download.
Note: You can check for this by My Computer _ Right click _ Properties _System type.

5. A pop up window as shown below will appear. Click on Save File_ Save the file in an
appropriate location on local hard drive_OK.

6. The file will be saved in your local drive, once it finishes the download. Next step is,
running the setup.
7. Navigate to downloaded setup file of QGIS. And double click on the icon. If you prompted
by User Account Control popup window, click on Yes.

8. The setup window will open. Click on Next>

9. In the next window we will be presented with License Agreement read it and then, click
on I Agree.
10. Now we have to choose the installation location, we recommended to keep the default
path and click on Next.
11. In the next window, we prompted to choose the different components of QGIS and
datasets, we interested to check the component we want to install or leave as default. Click on
Install to proceed to the setup.
12. Now we can notice the setup will installing QGIS on our computer.
13. Once the entire installation process is over, we will be prompt to close the setup click on
Finish to close.
14. Now QGIS is ready to use. Navigate to Start _ All Praograms _ QGIS Dufour _ QGIS
Desktop 2.8.1, to start QGIS Desktop.
Note: QGIS 2.0.1 a standalone application and a new panel called Quantum GIS
Browser along with the Desktop same as QGIS 2.8.0. Browser help to navigate through the
datasets and also allows you to preview the data while desktop help in creating, visualization
and analysis of data.
As we have already started up with the QGIS desktop. We will now see different
component in it.

We will now see different component in it.

1) MENU BAR
It contains numerous pull down menus to administrate the project files .It Provides
access to various QGIS features.
a. Using Project menu we can open, save and create new quantum GIS projects. We can also
make attractive map compositions using Composer Manager.
b. Edit menu contains editing tools mostly corresponding to vector layers and these functions
are enabled only when layers are toggled, in other words when we enabled the editing mode.
c. View menu contains tools to map navigation, selecting features, identifying features,
Measurement tools, contains tools to manage bookmarks, toolbars and panels.
d. Layer menu contains various tools to load layers like Vector layer, Raster layer, PostGIS
layer, spatiaLite layer etc. It also facilitates to create new shapefile layer. You can query the
attribute data using Query feature. Convert layer from one vector layer format to another
using save as feature. You can view layer properties and also possible to do labeling using
Labeling feature and many other tools we can discuss about them later.
e. Settings menu contains tools to set and manage custom CRS, keyboard shortcuts, style
manager, customization and snapping options.
f. Plugins menu actually makes QGIS more powerful. Plugins are small software
components which add a specific ability to the QGIS application. Various core and third
party plug-ins can be accessed and managed by using this toolbar. We also have Python
Console from where we can execute python code.
g. Vector menu contains various Research, Analysis, Geoprocessing, Geometry and Data
management tools using which you can do extensive geospatial analyses on vector data sets.
You can also download Open Street Map data here.
h. Raster menu contains various tools such as Georeferencer, Interpolation, tools for Terrain
analysis, Zonal statistics, defining projection, Analysis tools and very important Raster
calculator to perform raster operations.
i. Database menu contains database manger which is a non official part of QGIS core, you
can drag and drop contents from QGIS browser into the DBmanager. It can execute SQL
queries against spatial database. You can directly import shapefiles to
PostgreSQL using spit.
j. Processing menu is an added up menu in this version of QGIS. It has a very useful Tool
box (facilitates to use various Digital Image processing tools) and Graphical builder.

k. Help menu helps to access various help sections of all the functionalities available in the
QGIS.
2) TOOL BAR
Provides easy access to all the tools discussed above and with some additional tools
for easy interaction with the map canvas. Each tool in toolbar is associates a pop up
information. Hold the mouse pointer on any of the tool for a while then you will notice a
short description in a small pop up window. Toolbars can be moved and dropped wherever
you wish. We can also enable disable toolbars by right clicking on toolbar menu. Checking
and un-checking the check box in front of tool name will enable and disable that toolbar
respectively.
3) MAP LAYERS/ LEGEND COMPONENT
Map Layers/ Legend component is useful to set visibility of the layers and Z-ordering.
Z-ordering means the layers listed on the top of the layer are drawn over the layers which are
listed below. It is always recommended to place Point layers on Line layers and Line layers
on Polygon layers.
a. The check box in-front of layer name is used to draw and draw off the layer. It is possible
to rearrange the layer order by just dragging and placing it wherever required.
b. It is also possible to group the different layers. Just right click in Layer bar and click on
Add New group.
c. You can rename the group by (right click over the group _ Rename) and add the required
layer in that group by using simple drag and drop method.
d. You can enable the context menu by right clicking on any of the layers. Context menu
varies for different type of layers like, it may be different for raster and different for WMS
layer. You can use various functionalities available in context menu for analysis of the
desired layer.
4) MAP VIEW
It is very important component in QGIS. This section dedicated for displaying of
vector or raster data. It is also referred as map canvas. Any function/tool that you perform
through Menu bar, Tool bar, or in Legend, the result of the tool will be reflected in map
view/canvas.
5)STATUS BAR
It displays the current coordinates, where the mouse pointer is pointed in map canvas.
It also shows the scale of the map and map rendering option to enable or disable map
rendering.

4.3.2 MAKE SHAPEFILE OF STUDY AREA IN GOOGLE EARTH

Select and mark the outermost points, which are taken from GPS during the sampling.
In our project there are total 9 outer most points.
After this make polygon joining all the 9 points and save this in KML (Keyhole
MarkUp Language).

Fig.4.4 Selected area in Google Earth

4.3.3 MAKING THEMATIC MAP IN Q-GIS

Query in GIS is a logical expression that selects and displays only the features or the
attributes satisfying the criteria defined by the user. This is a very useful tool for exploring
the information and spatial patterns in the given data-sets. Queries are generally of two types
'attribute query' and 'spatial query'. Attribute query is also known as 'aspatial query' purely
depends up on the attribute information associated with geographical data-set. It uses
relational operators and Boolean logic to get the desired results from the attributes of the
data-sets. Spatial query selects geographical features based on location and spatial
relationships. It uses spatial logic or spatial relationships among the datasets such as
adjacency, intersect, within etc. In this tutorial we will focus on building attribute queries to
retrieve the information in a useful form and export the results as new shape files.

4.3.3.1 STEP FOR MAKING THEMATIC MAP

1. First, we open Quantum GIS (QGIS) via the Start menu. (Start ) All Programs )
QGIS Dufour _ QGIS Desktop 2.0.1)
2. Add the vector layers of Pune and Beed by clicking on the 'Add Vector' or from the
Menu bar (Layer ) Add Vector Layer) @ Click on 'browse' and Navigate to the data folder
and select all shape files @ Click 'Open'.

3) Since our query is related to population we have to use the shape file contains Soil
index properties information, If we want to know about the moisture content in our data the
shape file named 'moist_cnt.shp' contains Moisture content information.
a) Open the Attribute table of 'moist_cnt.shp (Right click on the layer) Open Attribute Table).
b) Search for the 'moist_cnt column in the attribute table.

c) Similar title bar will be seen in the attribute table.Click on 'moist_cnt.

d) A triangle is seen next to title name. Triangle pointing upward indicates that the data in the
column is in 'Ascending order and vice-versa. Arrange the data in ascending order for
'moist_cnt'. So the first entry will have moisture content greater than 17.5, which we are
looking for.
e) Next step is to see this area spatially. Click on alt+A at the extreme left of the attribute
table.

Fig. 4.5 Processing of making map of moisture content greater than 17.5

Note: In-order to view the results, we have to bring the 'Pune_beed_POP.shp' layer to the top
under Map legend items (i.e., Layers catalog tree). To do this, click on 'Pune_beed_POP.shp'
and drag it to the top.

f) The Area in yellow colour is the area having moisture content greater than 17.5.
g) To create a new shape file of the selected area, right click on layer name i.e.
''moist_cnt.shp' under 'Layers' and click on Save Selection As. And the selected area is:

Fig. 4.6 Thematic map of Moisture content greater than 17.5

Table 4.1 Readings of Sample Tested in Laboratory

Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Latitude
83.5056
83.3985
83.3074
83.2656
83.2883
83.3689
83.4866
83.5547
83.5679
83.50881
83.5027
83.51162
83.49389
83.49176
83.48767
83.48333
83.47243
83.48234
83.5179
83.50768
83.49579
83.5261

Longitude
26.836
26.8561
26.8289
26.7825
26.7019
26.6602
26.6632
26.7087
26.7863
26.82884
26.82682
26.82501
26.82894
26.83563
26.83032
26.83591
26.83716
26.82636
26.82037
26.81896
26.82016
26.8121

In-situ Density gm/cc

1.584
1.59
1.855
1.73
1.99
1.815
1.785
1.685
1.69
1.59
1.59
1.695
1.87
1.796
1.886
1.766
1.756
1.601
1.9
1.8
1.77
1.706

Water content%
7.7
12
13.5
15.56
13
17.5
16
16.5
11
13
12
13
18.15
13.15
16.8
12.28
17.43
8.81
15.09
21.65
17.63
8.59

specific gravity
3.05
2.65
3
2.95
2.85
2.8
2.5
2.75
2.85
3.05
2.75
2.94
2.95
2.9
2.95
3.05
2.95
3.04
2.91
3.05
2.65
3.15

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

83.3268
83.3533
83.3735
83.3021
83.3126
83.31948
83.32942
83.33108
83.32964
83.30878
83.27533
83.27243
83.29865
83.3139
83.29427
83.27703
83.31528
83.30201
83.28745
83.29851
83.28846
83.2962
83.3192
83.3128
83.3362

26.829
26.8373
26.8462
26.812
26.8183
26.80616
26.79614
26.77858
26.76479
26.75191
26.76098
26.77181
26.75904
26.7666
26.76955
26.77794
26.79065
26.78061
26.78992
26.79757
26.73103
26.71352
26.735
26.7043
26.7144

1.792
1.72
1.689
1.765
1.699
1.728
1.702
1.802
1.789
1.675
1.885
1.486
1.687
1.698
1.852
1.753
1.642
1.658
1.684
1.568
1.456
1.754
1.753
1.529
1.637

13.1
10.9
15.4
16
22
11.25
16
18.2
16.5
15.6
13.5
19
14.6
14.8
17
18.5
16.5
13.56
13.5
16
16.4
14.6
15.6
23
14.3

2.84
3.15
2.97
2.85
2.75
2.78
2.86
3.04
3.02
2.74
3.06
2.65
2.87
3.05
2.98
3.24
2.74
2.55
2.89
2.96
2.78
3.06
2.94
2.78
3.25

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

83.3384
83.3623
83.362
83.378
83.34059
83.33818
83.36602
83.39551
83.41707
83.4539
83.54333
83.55947
83.55793
83.55416
83.55711
83.53838
83.49584
83.51193
83.52301
83.46627
83.40081
83.42355
83.44318
83.3687
83.3996

26.6888
26.6718
26.6814
26.6873
26.79951
26.76606
26.82194
26.84388
26.8464
26.83895
26.7941
26.77892
26.76161
26.72577
26.74058
26.70128
26.67224
26.68352
26.69151
26.66673
26.67029
26.66691
26.66602
26.7269
26.6948

1.724
1.569
1.723
1.695
1.632
1.598
1.693
1.821
1.695
1.721
1.825
1.71
1.823
1.756
1.762
1.489
1.698
1.69
1.675
1.72
1.725
1.582
1.489
1.692
1.724

15.8
19.3
12.4
15.5
15.7
17.6
12.8
19.2
14.3
16.5
20.5
18.6
16.9
19.5
16.2
14
16.5
15.6
17.6
16.7
19.5
18.3
13.5
13.5
14.9

3.29
3.16
2.84
2.83
3.06
2.96
2.95
2.83
3.02
3.14
2.86
3.04
3.17
3.16
3.01
2.88
2.56
2.65
2.67
2.84
2.83
2.87
2.64
2.92
3.01

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97

83.4466
83.4172
83.3568
83.3534
83.3739
83.40152
83.5401
83.5351
83.3661
83.3816
83.3723
83.3866
83.4268
83.4713
83.5057
83.4222
83.4574
83.3959
83.4696
83.3984
83.4088
83.4213
83.4943
83.4966
83.5068

26.7506
26.7793
26.26797
26.7623
26.81371
26.83503
26.7649
26.7228
26.7619
26.7542
26.7828
26.8041
26.8176
26.811
26.7855
26.6807
26.7762
26.7805
26.7614
26.7557
26.7668
26.7623
26.6852
26.7577
26.7198

1.725
1.723
1.498
1.729
1.82
1.698
1.697
1.752
1.693
1.782
1.638
1.756
1.724
1.632
1.685
1.726
1.74
1.765
1.824
1.682
1.685
1.687
1.825
1.957
1.729

18.7
17.5
12.4
15.5
14.5
16.4
10.55
16.8
18.5
20.5
17.4
16.4
17.9
16.5
12.6
18.4
16.9
21
16.9
14.8
14.8
17.9
20.5
18.9
18.5

3
2.86
2.74
3
2.95
2.96
2.86
2.95
2.73
2.94
2.93
3.24
2.92
3.02
2.86
3.03
2.94
2.93
2.91
3.18
2.92
3.01
2.98
3.35
2.98

98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

83.45235
83.4924
83.4896
83.4187
83.4319
83.4491
83.4692
83.4817
83.4353
83.4745
83.4389
83.4278
83.4479
83.428
83.4421
83.469
83.4259
83.4261
83.441
83.45
83.4547
83.467
83.4615

26.68611
26.7021
26.7266
26.7398
26.6983
26.6994
26.7036
26.7109
26.7288
26.7409
26.7158
26.7085
26.7079
26.7392
26.7379
26.7141
26.7262
26.7175
26.7224
26.7335
26.7202
26.7277
26.7362

1.8
1.625
1.754
1.724
1.765
1.75
1.698
1.875
1.688
1.699
1.777
1.758
1.654
1.688
1.95
1.952
1.895
1.897
1.965
1.865
1.896
1.902
1.958

14
18
19.5
17.5
16.35
20
16.9
18
16.8
16.5
15.2
16.7
19.5
16.3
21
20.6
19.8
21.5
19.56
19.35
20.5
19.6
12

2.87
3
3.01
3.04
2.9
2.96
2.89
2.95
3.08
3.01
3.04
3
2.78
3.06
3.01
3.02
3.05
3.06
2.95
3.01
3.02
3.05
3.15

Table 4.1 Readings of Sample Tested in Laboratory

Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Latitude
83.5056
83.3985
83.3074
83.2656
83.2883
83.3689
83.4866
83.5547
83.5679
83.50881
83.5027
83.51162
83.49389
83.49176
83.48767
83.48333
83.47243
83.48234
83.5179
83.50768
83.49579
83.5261

Longitude
26.836
26.8561
26.8289
26.7825
26.7019
26.6602
26.6632
26.7087
26.7863
26.82884
26.82682
26.82501
26.82894
26.83563
26.83032
26.83591
26.83716
26.82636
26.82037
26.81896
26.82016
26.8121

Sand_%
42
30
42
40
53
44
30
35
36
50
31
37
45
35
40
48
42
45
51
37
30
55

silt+clay_%
58
70
58
60
47
56
70
65
64
50
69
63
55
65
60
52
38
55
49
63
70
45

dry density gm/cc

1.470752089
1.419642857
1.634361233
1.497057805
1.761061947
1.544680851
1.538793103
1.446351931
1.522522523
1.407079646
1.419642857
1.5
1.582733813
1.587273531
1.614726027
1.57285358
1.495358937
1.471372117
1.650881918
1.479654747
1.504718184
1.571047058

void ratio%
87.37689394
86.66666667
83.55795148
97.05317919
84.54773869
97.45179063
62.46498599
90.13353116
87.18934911
116.7610063
93.71069182
96
85.34090909
82.7032294
82.69353128
93.91506229
97.27705011
106.6098688
90.80710526
106.1291667
76.11271186
82.78135991

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

83.3268
83.3533
83.3735
83.3021
83.3126
83.31948
83.32942
83.33108
83.32964
83.30878
83.27533
83.27243
83.29865
83.3139
83.29427
83.27703
83.31528
83.30201
83.28745
83.29851
83.28846
83.2962
83.3192
83.3128
83.3362

26.829
26.8373
26.8462
26.812
26.8183
26.80616
26.79614
26.77858
26.76479
26.75191
26.76098
26.77181
26.75904
26.7666
26.76955
26.77794
26.79065
26.78061
26.78992
26.79757
26.73103
26.71352
26.735
26.7043
26.7144

32
46
44
43
36
43
39
45
40
35.5
41
26
34
41.5
42
46
37
27
39
44
32
46
38
35
51

68
54
56
57
64
57
61
55
60
64.5
59
74
66
58.5
58
54
63
73
61
56
68
54
62
65
49

1.58443855
1.550946799
1.463604853
1.521551724
1.392622951
1.553258427
1.467241379
1.524534687
1.535622318
1.448961938
1.660792952
1.248739496
1.472076789
1.479094077
1.582905983
1.479324895
1.40944206
1.460021134
1.483700441
1.351724138
1.250859107
1.530541012
1.516435986
1.243089431
1.432195976

79.24330357
103.1017442
82.92362345
87.30878187
97.46909947
78.97858796
94.92361927
99.40510544
96.66294019
89.10089552
84.24933687
112.2139973
94.9626556
106.2073027
88.26133909
119.0188249
94.40316687
74.65500603
94.78325416
118.9795918
122.2472527
99.92930445
93.87564176
123.6363636
126.9242517

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

83.3384
83.3623
83.362
83.378
83.34059
83.33818
83.36602
83.39551
83.41707
83.4539
83.54333
83.55947
83.55793
83.55416
83.55711
83.53838
83.49584
83.51193
83.52301
83.46627
83.40081
83.42355
83.44318
83.3687
83.3996

26.6888
26.6718
26.6814
26.6873
26.79951
26.76606
26.82194
26.84388
26.8464
26.83895
26.7941
26.77892
26.76161
26.72577
26.74058
26.70128
26.67224
26.68352
26.69151
26.66673
26.67029
26.66691
26.66602
26.7269
26.6948

38
36
41
45
38
44
40
41
39
43
40
44
38
41
39.5
40
40
43
35.5
42
37.5
33
30
41
36

62
64
59
55
62
56
60
59
61
57
60
56
62
59
60.5
60
60
57
64.5
58
62.5
67
70
59
64

1.488773748
1.315171836
1.532918149
1.467532468
1.410544512
1.358843537
1.500886525
1.527684564
1.482939633
1.477253219
1.514522822
1.441821248
1.559452524
1.469456067
1.516351119
1.306140351
1.45751073
1.461937716
1.424319728
1.47386461
1.443514644
1.337278107
1.311894273
1.490748899
1.500435161

120.987239
140.2727852
85.26755659
92.84070796
116.9375
117.8322904
96.55050207
85.24766612
103.6495575
112.5566531
88.83835616
110.8444444
103.2764674
115.0455581
98.50283768
120.4969778
75.64193168
81.26627219
87.45791045
92.69069767
96.04927536
114.6150442
101.2357287
95.87470449
100.6084687

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97

83.4466
83.4172
83.3568
83.3534
83.3739
83.40152
83.5401
83.5351
83.3661
83.3816
83.3723
83.3866
83.4268
83.4713
83.5057
83.4222
83.4574
83.3959
83.4696
83.3984
83.4088
83.4213
83.4943
83.4966
83.5068

26.7506
26.7793
26.26797
26.7623
26.81371
26.83503
26.7649
26.7228
26.7619
26.7542
26.7828
26.8041
26.8176
26.811
26.7855
26.6807
26.7762
26.7805
26.7614
26.7557
26.7668
26.7623
26.6852
26.7577
26.7198

39
44
36
39
42
37
40
40
44
42
41
46
46
43
42
36
41
38
44
42
41
39.5
43
49
45

61
56
64
61
58
63
60
60
56
58
59
54
54
57
58
64
59
62
56
58
59
60.5
57
51
55

1.453243471
1.466382979
1.332740214
1.496969697
1.589519651
1.458762887
1.535052013
1.5
1.428691983
1.478838174
1.395229983
1.508591065
1.462256149
1.400858369
1.496447602
1.45777027
1.488451668
1.458677686
1.560307956
1.465156794
1.467770035
1.430873622
1.514522822
1.645920942
1.45907173

106.4347826
95.0377249
105.5914553
100.4048583
85.59065934
102.9116608
86.31290513
96.66666667
91.08387478
98.8047138
110.001221
114.7699317
99.69141531
115.5821078
91.11928783
107.8516802
97.52068966
100.8668555
86.50164474
117.0416171
98.94124629
110.3609959
96.76164384
103.5334696
104.2394448

98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

83.45235
83.4924
83.4896
83.4187
83.4319
83.4491
83.4692
83.4817
83.4353
83.4745
83.4389
83.4278
83.4479
83.428
83.4421
83.469
83.4259
83.4261
83.441
83.45
83.4547
83.467
83.4615

26.68611
26.7021
26.7266
26.7398
26.6983
26.6994
26.7036
26.7109
26.7288
26.7409
26.7158
26.7085
26.7079
26.7392
26.7379
26.7141
26.7262
26.7175
26.7224
26.7335
26.7202
26.7277
26.7362

39
40
44.5
47
43
44
39
40
44
45.5
41
42
37
43.5
40
43
45
41
37.5
39.5
46
38.5
44

61
60
55.5
53
57
56
61
60
56
54.5
59
58
63
56.5
60
57
55
59
62.5
60.5
54
61.5
56

1.578947368
1.377118644
1.467782427
1.467234043
1.516974645
1.458333333
1.452523524
1.588983051
1.445205479
1.458369099
1.542534722
1.506426735
1.384100418
1.451418745
1.611570248
1.618573798
1.581803005
1.561316872
1.643526263
1.562630917
1.573443983
1.590301003
1.748214286

81.76666667
117.8461538
105.0712657
107.1925754
91.16997167
102.9714286
98.96407538
85.65333333
113.1184834
106.3949382
97.07822172
99.14675768
100.8524788
110.8281991
86.77435897
86.58401639
92.81794195
95.98840274
79.49211196
92.62386059
91.93565401
91.78759201
80.18386108

Table 4.1 Readings of Sample Tested in Laboratory

Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Latitude
83.5056
83.3985
83.3074
83.2656
83.2883
83.3689
83.4866
83.5547
83.5679
83.50881
83.5027
83.51162
83.49389
83.49176
83.48767
83.48333
83.47243
83.48234
83.5179
83.50768
83.49579
83.5261

Longitude
26.836
26.8561
26.8289
26.7825
26.7019
26.6602
26.6632
26.7087
26.7863
26.82884
26.82682
26.82501
26.82894
26.83563
26.83032
26.83591
26.83716
26.82636
26.82037
26.81896
26.82016
26.8121

Liquid limit%
26.6
32
30
34
26
22
36
30
30
25
30
29
19.54
21
29.3
28.2
23.5
24.5
26
25.5
28.2
18

Plastic limit%
14.63
14
12
15
10
9
18
11
14
10
12
11
0
15.32
14.21
0
11.29
0
0
13
11.23
0

P.I.
11.97
18
18
19
16
13
18
19
16
15
18
18
19.54
5.68
15.09
28.2
12.21
24.5
26
12.5
16.97
18

porousity %
51.77862003
46.42857143
45.52129222
49.25227778
45.81347856
49.35472619
38.44827586
47.40538432
46.5781571
53.86624111
48.37662338
48.97959184
51.30049806
45.26642998
45.2635245
48.43103015
49.30986653
51.59960143
47.59105021
51.4867296
43.21818173
55.11294121

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

83.3268
83.3533
83.3735
83.3021
83.3126
83.31948
83.32942
83.33108
83.32964
83.30878
83.27533
83.27243
83.29865
83.3139
83.29427
83.27703
83.31528
83.30201
83.28745
83.29851
83.28846
83.2962
83.3192
83.3128
83.3362

26.829
26.8373
26.8462
26.812
26.8183
26.80616
26.79614
26.77858
26.76479
26.75191
26.76098
26.77181
26.75904
26.7666
26.76955
26.77794
26.79065
26.78061
26.78992
26.79757
26.73103
26.71352
26.735
26.7043
26.7144

32.3
26.5
32
30
36
26
31
29
32
35
34
38
28
35
30
26.5
33
37
36
31
32
34
29
36
28

17.23
0
16
13
18
10
16
14
18
17
15
19
14
19
12
11.5
12
18
19
13
15
16
13
17
14

15.07
26.5
16
17
18
16
15
15
14
18
19
19
14
16
18
15
21
19
17
18
17
18
16
19
14

44.20991021
50.76359369
50.72037533
46.61222021
49.35916542
44.12739471
48.69785387
49.85083267
49.15157889
47.11817746
45.72572054
52.87775488
48.70812582
51.50511224
46.88234957
54.34182424
48.56050876
42.74426925
48.66088441
54.33364399
55.00506811
49.98231986
48.42054469
55.28455285
55.93243152

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

83.3384
83.3623
83.362
83.378
83.34059
83.33818
83.36602
83.39551
83.41707
83.4539
83.54333
83.55947
83.55793
83.55416
83.55711
83.53838
83.49584
83.51193
83.52301
83.46627
83.40081
83.42355
83.44318
83.3687
83.3996

26.6888
26.6718
26.6814
26.6873
26.79951
26.76606
26.82194
26.84388
26.8464
26.83895
26.7941
26.77892
26.76161
26.72577
26.74058
26.70128
26.67224
26.68352
26.69151
26.66673
26.67029
26.66691
26.66602
26.7269
26.6948

30
29.5
34
30
32
29
35
33
30
29
33
35
33
26
27
33
30
34
29.5
36
33
29
37
25
31

16
12.5
15
14
14.5
15
15
16
12.5
11
13
18
14
10
13
14
15
17
13
19
15
14
16
10
13

14
17
19
16
17.5
14
20
17
17.5
18
20
17
19
16
14
19
15
17
16.5
17
18
15
21
15
18

54.7485183
58.38063811
46.02400882
48.14372906
53.90377413
54.09312374
49.12249068
46.01821329
50.89603866
52.95371914
47.04465659
52.57166948
50.80591408
53.49822573
49.62288642
54.64790448
43.06598712
44.83253901
46.65469184
48.1033588
48.99241539
53.40494402
50.30703511
48.94695552
50.15165578

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97

83.4466
83.4172
83.3568
83.3534
83.3739
83.40152
83.5401
83.5351
83.3661
83.3816
83.3723
83.3866
83.4268
83.4713
83.5057
83.4222
83.4574
83.3959
83.4696
83.3984
83.4088
83.4213
83.4943
83.4966
83.5068

26.7506
26.7793
26.26797
26.7623
26.81371
26.83503
26.7649
26.7228
26.7619
26.7542
26.7828
26.8041
26.8176
26.811
26.7855
26.6807
26.7762
26.7805
26.7614
26.7557
26.7668
26.7623
26.6852
26.7577
26.7198

28
29
36
29
33
28
34
33
30
26
30
24
27
33
29
26
30
33
28
24
33
29.5
28.5
24
32

14
12
19
16
15
11
15
15
12
12
12.5
10
12
16
12
10
14
17
13
9
14
12.5
13
10
15

14
17
17
13
18
17
19
18
18
14
17.5
14
15
17
17
16
16
16
15
15
19
17
15.5
14
17

51.55855097
48.72786788
51.35984622
50.1010101
46.11797794
50.71747005
46.3268527
49.15254237
47.66696033
49.69938183
52.38122925
53.43854737
49.92273461
53.61396129
47.67665727
51.88876996
49.37239224
50.21577864
46.38116991
53.92588697
49.73390292
52.46267037
49.17708652
50.86803158
51.03786141

98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

83.45235
83.4924
83.4896
83.4187
83.4319
83.4491
83.4692
83.4817
83.4353
83.4745
83.4389
83.4278
83.4479
83.428
83.4421
83.469
83.4259
83.4261
83.441
83.45
83.4547
83.467
83.4615

26.68611
26.7021
26.7266
26.7398
26.6983
26.6994
26.7036
26.7109
26.7288
26.7409
26.7158
26.7085
26.7079
26.7392
26.7379
26.7141
26.7262
26.7175
26.7224
26.7335
26.7202
26.7277
26.7362

33
33
31
29
33
31
34
34
30
27.5
33
32
35
30
33
33
31
29
29.5
30.5
32.4
28
26.5

16
14
14
15
13
13
15
16
14
11.5
15
14
16
10.5
15
16
15
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.6
11
11

17
19
17
14
20
18
19
18
16
16
18
18
19
19.5
18
17
16
18.5
18
18
18.8
17
15.5

44.98441225
54.0960452
51.23646423
51.73572228
47.69052947
50.73198198
49.73967044
46.13616777
53.07774417
51.54919938
49.25872624
49.78577549
50.21221517
52.56801488
46.4594602
46.40484114
48.13760639
48.9765728
44.28724532
48.08535158
47.89920585
47.8589835
44.50113379

Table 4.1 Readings of Sample Tested in Laboratory

Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Latitude
83.5056
83.3985
83.3074
83.2656
83.2883
83.3689
83.4866
83.5547
83.5679
83.50881
83.5027
83.51162
83.49389
83.49176
83.48767
83.48333
83.47243
83.48234
83.5179
83.50768
83.49579
83.5261

Longitude
26.836
26.8561
26.8289
26.7825
26.7019
26.6602
26.6632
26.7087
26.7863
26.82884
26.82682
26.82501
26.82894
26.83563
26.83032
26.83591
26.83716
26.82636
26.82037
26.81896
26.82016
26.8121

air content %
78.12844166
63.30769231
51.53064516
52.70427988
50.0282318
45.22932862
35.96412556
49.65802469
64.04377333
66.04174522
64.7852349
60.1875
44.00323625
53.88934595
40.06786355
60.11928323
47.14220884
74.87812311
47.65442653
37.78100585
38.6180063
75.5133841

saturation %
21.87155834
36.69230769
48.46935484
47.29572012
49.9717682
54.77067138
64.03587444
50.34197531
35.95622667
33.95825478
35.2147651
39.8125
55.99676375
46.11065405
59.93213645
39.88071677
52.85779116
25.12187689
52.34557347
62.21899415
61.3819937
24.4866159

air void%
40.45382894
29.39285714
23.45741557
25.95805833
22.91967325
22.3228113
13.82758621
23.54057745
29.83040936
35.57420572
31.34090909
29.47959184
22.57387936
24.39378305
18.13612723
29.11638819
23.24576026
38.63681308
22.67924206
19.45220432
16.69000014
41.61764698

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

83.3268
83.3533
83.3735
83.3021
83.3126
83.31948
83.32942
83.33108
83.32964
83.30878
83.27533
83.27243
83.29865
83.3139
83.29427
83.27703
83.31528
83.30201
83.28745
83.29851
83.28846
83.2962
83.3192
83.3128
83.3362

26.829
26.8373
26.8462
26.812
26.8183
26.80616
26.79614
26.77858
26.76479
26.75191
26.76098
26.77181
26.75904
26.7666
26.76955
26.77794
26.79065
26.78061
26.78992
26.79757
26.73103
26.71352
26.735
26.7043
26.7144

53.05092251
66.69794457
55.56122252
47.7715769
37.92904589
60.40065946
51.79282
44.34088696
48.44973689
52.02741819
50.96697311
55.13037481
55.8752862
57.49821448
42.60227579
49.63821894
52.10965744
53.68294527
58.83766563
60.1948542
62.70509236
55.29239371
51.14387594
48.28382353
63.38367224

46.94907749
33.30205543
44.43877748
52.2284231
62.07095411
39.59934054
48.20718
55.65911304
51.55026311
47.97258181
49.03302689
44.86962519
44.1247138
42.50178552
57.39772421
50.36178106
47.89034256
46.31705473
41.16233437
39.8051458
37.29490764
44.70760629
48.85612406
51.71617647
36.61632776

23.45376521
33.85827358
28.1808606
22.26739262
18.72146051
26.65323741
25.2219918
22.10430136
23.81381065
24.51437123
23.30501569
29.15170446
27.21580471
29.61451991
19.97294786
26.97431369
25.30471476
22.94638267
28.63092846
32.70605778
34.49097876
27.63642108
24.7641433
26.69349593
35.45202907

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

83.3384
83.3623
83.362
83.378
83.34059
83.33818
83.36602
83.39551
83.41707
83.4539
83.54333
83.55947
83.55793
83.55416
83.55711
83.53838
83.49584
83.51193
83.52301
83.46627
83.40081
83.42355
83.44318
83.3687
83.3996

26.6888
26.6718
26.6814
26.6873
26.79951
26.76606
26.82194
26.84388
26.8464
26.83895
26.7941
26.77892
26.76161
26.72577
26.74058
26.70128
26.67224
26.68352
26.69151
26.66673
26.67029
26.66691
26.66602
26.7269
26.6948

57.03513822
56.52185853
58.69941463
52.75240682
58.91651523
55.78801037
60.89093356
36.26101162
58.33460264
53.96984668
34.00373157
48.98797113
48.12661454
46.43861004
50.49685761
66.53857987
44.15795702
49.13018785
46.26901128
48.83197431
42.54511573
54.17617264
64.79503781
58.88383676
55.4222417

42.96486178
43.47814147
41.30058537
47.24759318
41.08348477
44.21198963
39.10906644
63.73898838
41.66539736
46.03015332
65.99626843
51.01202887
51.87338546
53.56138996
49.50314239
33.46142013
55.84204298
50.86981215
53.73098872
51.16802569
57.45488427
45.82382736
35.20496219
41.11616324
44.5777583

31.22589309
32.99782168
27.01582377
25.39697582
31.7582253
30.17747748
29.91114317
16.68666967
29.69000191
28.57904103
15.99693875
25.75379427
24.45116644
24.84383242
25.0579983
36.36193957
19.01706009
22.02631064
21.58666463
23.48981981
20.84387983
28.93275467
32.59646242
28.82184539
27.79517188

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97

83.4466
83.4172
83.3568
83.3534
83.3739
83.40152
83.5401
83.5351
83.3661
83.3816
83.3723
83.3866
83.4268
83.4713
83.5057
83.4222
83.4574
83.3959
83.4696
83.3984
83.4088
83.4213
83.4943
83.4966
83.5068

26.7506
26.7793
26.26797
26.7623
26.81371
26.83503
26.7649
26.7228
26.7619
26.7542
26.7828
26.8041
26.8176
26.811
26.7855
26.6807
26.7762
26.7805
26.7614
26.7557
26.7668
26.7623
26.6852
26.7577
26.7198

47.29166667
47.33670229
67.82315396
53.6875
50.02375221
52.8294465
65.04230746
48.73103448
44.55110729
39.00088601
53.65324172
53.70215942
47.5702097
56.88779091
60.45184191
48.30678585
49.0508115
38.99879234
43.14674576
59.78866222
56.32155282
51.1793097
36.86547936
38.84586284
47.11215114

52.70833333
52.66329771
32.17684604
46.3125
49.97624779
47.1705535
34.95769254
51.26896552
55.44889271
60.99911399
46.34675828
46.29784058
52.4297903
43.11220909
39.54815809
51.69321415
50.9491885
61.00120766
56.85325424
40.21133778
43.67844718
48.8206903
63.13452064
61.15413716
52.88784886

24.38289806
23.06616575
34.83386757
26.8979798
23.06994301
26.79375871
30.13205397
23.95254237
21.23615864
19.38319925
28.10422755
28.6976539
23.74834954
30.4997982
28.82141748
25.06579699
24.21755905
19.58354723
20.01196547
32.24156641
28.0109064
26.85003255
18.12936868
19.76012578
24.04503441

98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

83.45235
83.4924
83.4896
83.4187
83.4319
83.4491
83.4692
83.4817
83.4353
83.4745
83.4389
83.4278
83.4479
83.428
83.4421
83.469
83.4259
83.4261
83.441
83.45
83.4547
83.467
83.4615

26.68611
26.7021
26.7266
26.7398
26.6983
26.6994
26.7036
26.7109
26.7288
26.7409
26.7158
26.7085
26.7079
26.7392
26.7379
26.7141
26.7262
26.7175
26.7224
26.7335
26.7202
26.7277
26.7362

50.86017122
54.17754569
44.13791476
50.36969697
47.99274462
42.50832408
50.64774787
38.00591532
54.25681247
53.32014771
52.40127067
49.46884682
46.24822253
54.99520842
27.15590095
28.1484013
34.93714822
31.4604701
27.41166566
37.11825481
32.65942287
34.87137129
52.85834395

49.13982878
45.82245431
55.86208524
49.63030303
52.00725538
57.49167592
49.35225213
61.99408468
45.74318753
46.67985229
47.59872933
50.53115318
53.75177747
45.00479158
72.84409905
71.8515987
65.06285178
68.5395299
72.58833434
62.88174519
67.34057713
65.12862871
47.14165605

22.87914909
29.3079096
22.6147069
26.05912654
22.88799401
21.56531532
25.19202287
17.53447285
28.79829212
27.48610925
25.81219846
24.62844901
23.22225701
28.90988934
12.61648499
13.0622209
16.81790689
15.40826004
12.13987162
17.84844333
15.64360419
16.68908383
23.52256236

CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 THEMATIC MAPS OF STUDY AREA (GORAKHPUR CITY)

The thematic maps of soil properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, liquid
limit, plastic limit etc were generated by using Vector analysis module of GPS and GIS
software. These will be very helpful to know the variation of soil profile from place to place.
Geotechnical engineers can very easily locate the suitable soil strata for laying foundation of
structures. Some of the typical thematic maps are given in Figures. The thematic maps of
specific gravity, liquid limit for typical Gorakhpur city soil respectively. The method
suggested in this project will help all the soil exploration agencies and practising geotechnical
engineers for immediate decision making process about soil suitability as foundation
materials.

5.1.1 THEMATIC MAP OF STUDY AREA WITH WATER BODY

Fig 5.1 Thematic map of study area with water body

5.1.2 THEMATIC MAP OF IN-SITU DENSITY OF STUDY AREA (GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.2 Thematic map of study area with In-situ density >1.50 g/cc

Fig. 5.3 Thematic map of study area with In-situ density >1.65 g/cc

5.1.3 THEMATIC MAP OF DRY-SITU DENSITY OF STUDY AREA

(GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.4 Thematic map of study area with Dry-situ density >1.25 g/cc

Fig. 5.5 Thematic map of study area with Dry-situ density >1.40 g/cc

5.1.4 THEMATIC MAP OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF STUDY AREA

(GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.6 Thematic map of study area with Moisture Content >15 %

Fig. 5.7 Thematic map of study area with Moisture Content >17.5 %

5.1.5 THEMATIC MAP OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF STUDY AREA

(GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.8 Thematic map of study area with Specific Gravity >2.65

Fig. 5.9 Thematic map of study area with Specific Gravity >2.80

5.1.6 THEMATIC MAP OF LIQUID LIMIT OF STUDY AREA (GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.10 Thematic map of study area with Liquid Limit > 27%

Fig. 5.11 Thematic map of study area with Liquid Limit > 30%

5.1.7 THEMATIC MAP OF PLASTIC LIMIT OF STUDY AREA (GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.12 Thematic map of study area with Plastic Limit > 15.0%

Fig. 5.13 Thematic map of study area with Plastic Limit > 17.5%

5.1.8 THEMATIC MAP OF PLASTICITY INDEX OF STUDY AREA

(GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.14 Thematic map of study area with Plasticity Index > 15 %

Fig. 5.15 Thematic map of study area with Plasticity Index > 17.5 %

5.1.9 THEMATIC MAP OF VOID RATIO OF STUDY AREA (GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.16 Thematic map of study area with Void Ratio> 65%

Fig. 5.17 Thematic map of study area with Void Ratio> 80%

5.1.10 THEMATIC MAP OF POROSITY OF STUDY AREA (GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.18 Thematic map of study area with Porosity > 30%

Fig. 5.19 Thematic map of study area with Porosity > 40%

5.1.11 THEMATIC MAP OF SAND PERCENTAGE OF STUDY AREA

(GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.20 Thematic map of study area with Sand > 35%

Fig. 5.21 Thematic map of study area with Sand > 40%

5.1.12 THEMATIC MAP OF SILT & CLAY PERCENTAGE OF STUDY AREA

(GORAKHPUR)

Fig. 5.22 Thematic map of study area with Silt & Clay > 60%

Fig. 5.22 Thematic map of study area with Silt & Clay > 65%

5.2 RESULTS
Typical index properties of Study Area (Gorakhpur) soil are given in Table 5.1 for
different locations. Using GPS (Global Positioning System) coordinates are taken and
converted in required form in Latitude and Longitude or Easting and Northing using UTM
software and mapping will done using Q-GIS 2.8.

Table 5.1 Index Properties of Soil of Study Area (Gorakhpur).

S.NO.

INDEX PROPERTIES

TYPICAL VALUES

1.

In-Situ Density

1.70 g/cc

2.

Moisture Content

16.5 %

3.

Dry Density of Soil

1.35 g/cc

4.

Specific Gravity

2.85

5.

Liquid Limit

33

6.

Plastic Limit

15

7.

Plasticity Index

18

8.

Sand Percentage

40%

9.

Silt & Clay Percentage

60%

Mapping of soil index properties of study area shown in fig. 5.2- fig.5.22. It is
observed that in this project work, Soil was collected from Study Area (Gorakhpur). The soil
samples were collected from a depth of about 0.2 to 0.3 m below the ground surface. The
Index properties of soil are given in the Table5.1 Classification indicating that it is a clayey
soil of Medium Plasticity.

5.3 CONCLUSIONS
Geotechnical engineers can run more queries of various combinations regarding the
various properties of soil which will help in decision making process. This Project will
benefit to Geotechnical Engineers, Consultants, Investigators and Clients in the following
manner:

Updated information can be maintained regarding soil index properties.

Reduces time for decision making as all information is in one system.

Various maps can be generated in vector Analysis module which will depict the
updated soil characteristics.

Helps to the contractors in knowing about the soil profile beforehand about the start of
their work.

GPS can be used for mapping positioning of boreholes during night shift or any
weather condition.

It helps in selection of site for different engineering project. Dry density of soil help in
determining amount of water for compaction of soil for road construction.

Soil index properties predict the engineering property of soil such compressibility,
shear strength durability etc.

Mapping of soil index property will help in identification of soil without performing
any test which will save time and cost.

Map of different area having different soil properties can be prepared.

Mapping of soil index property help in determining suitability of foundation

according to soil.

5.4 REFERENCES
1. Jumikis, A.R. (1965). Soil Mechanics, An East-West Edition,
2. D. Van Nostrand Company.
3. Kulkarni, M.N. (2003). Global Positioning System and its Application, CEP Training
Course, IIT Bombay, pp. 115.
4. Phadake, V.R. and Jain, R.K. (1998). Geotechnical Engineering, Nirali Prakashan.
5. Ramamurthy, T.N. and Sitharam, T.G. (2005). Geotechnical Engineering [Soil
Mechanics], S. Chand.
6. Venkatachalam, P. (2006). DST-NRDMS Sponsored Training Programme: Geospatial
Technologies and Applications: Principle of GIS, GRAM++ GIS Package
Development and Applications, CSRE, IIT Bombay, Mumbai.

7. IS: 2720(Part 2), 1973 Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of water content.
8. 14. IS 2720(III/SEC-I): 1980 Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of specific
gravity.
9. 15. IS 2720(VII):1980 Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of water content dry
density relation using light compaction.
10. 18. IS 2720(IV):1985 Methods of Test for Soils, determination of grain size analysis.