ENGLISH PAPERS

CLAUSE
COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

Kelompok II
Arifin
Asep Rustandi
Awwaluddin
Danang Suwondo
Deby Tyas Djatmiko
Wahyu Frendi

DOSEN PENGAMPUH
DINA NOVITA

CLAUSE
understanding Clause

Clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate. Clause may be a sentence (can
stand alone as a sentence: independent clause) or as sentence (can not stand alone: dependent
clause) inside the complex sentence.
Sample Clause:

1. Main Clause
Main Clause (main clause) is also called the Independent Clauses is a set of words
containing a subject and a predicate that has had perfect understanding
(obviously), and can stand alone, meaning that the clause does not depend on
others.
example:

1. We study English.
2. English is an international language.
3. She has finished working.
Type a sentence consisting of one independent clause, called simple sentence. This
clause can also be combined with other independent clause to form a compound
sentence (incorporated by coordinate conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so;
adverbial conjunction (however, rather, therefore, etc.), or simply a semicolon) .
Example Independent Clause:

kind
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence

Sample sentence
The ceremony started at 07.00 a.m.
She prefer mango to orange.
I like that bag, but I have no money.
Shes not bad; rather, shes very kind.
Youve already finished my task; you can go home early.

2. Subordinate Clause
Subordinate clause (clause) is also called the Dependent Clause, is a set of words
containing a subject and a predicate, but do not have a perfect understanding, and
can not stand alone, meaning that depending on the words of others (Main Clause).
Dependent clause contains a subject and a predicate but can not express a
complete thought because the clause is preceded by a word (subordinator) which
led to the meaning of the clause hanging. This clause must be connected (to form
complex sentence) or together with an independent clause to make "make sense"
or meaning can be understood as a complete sentence. There are three basic
dependent clause, namely: noun clause, adjective clause, and adverbial clause. A
brief explanation and example as follows.

Wide
clause
Noun
Clause

explanation
This clause functions as a noun or pronoun
(subject, object complement, object) in a
sentence.

Adjective Neither adjective, or adverbial clause is used in

Clause conjunction independent clause (a role as a main
clause) to form a complex sentence. Adjective clause
acts as an adjective that describes a noun or pronoun in
Adverbial
the main clause, while the adverbial clause explain
Clause
verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause.

Sample sentence
That today is my
birthday is not right.
People who chew well may
have healthy digestion.
You were sleeping when
she arrived.

3.Elliptical Clause
Elliptical clause is a dependent clause which one or more constituent elements
removed because they already understood (understood). Usually elements removed
in the form of subject and / or a verb or a relative pronoun.
Elliptical Sample Clause:
When you are in love, keep your mind sharp.

In English there are four (4) types of sentences:

1.

The Simple Sentence

Is: a sentence consisting of a subject and a predicate / verb (verb).

Example: Febby cries.
2.
The Compound Sentence
Is: a sentence consisting of two or more clauses equivalent (MC + MC) which is
connected by (Conjunction).

Example: Jono is smart, but he is poor.

3.
Complex Sentence
Is: a sentence consisting of two or more sentences are not equivalent (no MC and
SC) are associated with complex conjunction / subordinate conjunction.
Example: Yunida was eating while Febby was sleeping.

4.

Compound Complex Sentence

Are: a minimum sentence of three clauses that contain elements of compound and
complex.
Example: Yunida was eating, and Febby was sleeping while someone knocked the
door.
In English there are three (3) subordinates / Clause:
1. NOUN CLAUSE (NC)
Noun cluase is a sentence that is dependent on other sentences. Noun clauses can
not stand alone because he does not yet have a complete meaning or used to say
dependent clause. Noun clause is the clause (sub-clause) which functioned as a
noun (noun). Noun clause in a sentence can be the subject or object position. Where
NC is often identified with 'that' There are several wide commonly used words in
noun clauses such as when, why, Whom, where, how, what, Whose, and roomates
and follow some verbs such as: believe, say, understand, know , suggest.

Example: I believe (that) Andy is sick.

We know what you want.
That the bandits were arrested became big news.
Functions and Examples Noun Clause
1. Noun clause as the subject line (the subject of a sentence)
Example of sentences:

Whatyousaiddoesntconvincemeatall.
Howhebecomessorichmakespeoplecurious.
2. Noun clause as a transitive verb object (the object of a transitive verb)
Example of sentences:
Iknowwhatyoumean.
Idontunderstandwhatheistalkingabout.

3. Noun clause as prepositional object

Example of sentences:

Pleaselistentowhatyourteacherissaying.
Becarefulofwhatyouredoing.
4. Noun clause as a complement
Example of sentences:

Thegoodnewsisthattheculprithasbeenputintothejail.
ThisiswhatIwant.
5. Noun clause as giving additional information (noun in apposition)
Example of sentences:

Theideathatpeoplecanlivewithoutoxygenisunreasonable.
ThefactthatAdamalwayscomeslatedoesntsurpriseme.
6. Noun clause as a yes-no question
Example of sentences:
WheredoesAndylive?IwonderifhelivesinWestJakarta.
IsAndyliveonDewiSartikaStreet?IdontknowifheliveonDewiSartikaStreetornot.
7. Noun Clause as w-h question
Example of sentences:

Why did you stop being friends with her?

Tell me why you stopped being friends with her.
When did they start being close to each other?
I dont remember when they started being close to each other.
2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (AC)
Adjective clause is a clause (sub-clause) which functioned as an adjective (adjective) in the
sentence. Where has the function to describe a noun or pronoun (noun or pronoun modify) the
noun phrase. And usually begins with that, who, where, when or Whose.
Example: Someone who calls you is my father.
The horse which you buy is very big.
Miscellaneous The Adjective Clause
1. Relative Pronoun as Subject (RPS)
RPS is an adjective clause that said connecting (conjunction) replace the subject.
Conjunction used is Who (person), Which (nonperson), That (both).

Example: The man who invites you is Yunida.

2. Relative Pronoun as Object (RPO)

RPO is the adjective clause that said connecting (conjunction) replace the position of the object.
Conjunction is used Whom (person), Which (non-person), That (both).
example: Saeful buys the car which Febby uses.
My girlfriend whom I am calling now visited me yesterday.
3. Relative Pronoun as Possessive (RPP)
RPP is the adjective clause that said connecting (conjunction) replaces ownership (possessive)
used .conjunction is Whose + noun (person), The Which noun + (non-person).
example: The man whose father is my teacher helps me.
I know the girl whose mother you help.
4. Using Quantity and Quality
Is an adjective clause that conjunction is used to replace the quantity and quality. Conjunction is
used Whom (person), which (non-person), Whose + noun (person / non-person).
example: Yesterday, Azis bought some books, the cheapest of which I borrowed.
Our class has many students, one of them is Toni.
5. Relative Adverb (RA)
RA is an adjective clause that the conjunction of its replaced adverb (adverb). Conjunction used
is Where (a), When (time), Why (reasons), which, that.
example: I study in boarding English course that you teach in.
I always remember the day when you married.
3. adverbial clause (AVC)
AVC is the son of clause (sub-clause) that serves as the word Descriptions (adverb)
in a sentence. The position is the initial (first sentence), middle (mid-sentence /
rare), and final (last sentence).

example: When Febby was a child, she often took a bath in the river. (Initial)
Febby, when she was a child, often took a bath in the river. (Middle)
Febby often took a bath in the river when she was a child. (Final)

Miscellaneous The adverbial clause

1. AVC of Time
AVC stating the time of the events, plays at the beginning, middle, and end of the sentence.
Conjunction used since, when, while, as, since, before, after, etc.
example: Since Hady came, I have been here.
Yunida was listening to the music while she was lying.
2. AVC of Reason (cause / reason)
AVC stating the cause of the incident, berposisis beginning, middle, end of sentence.
Conjunction used since (as), now that (because), whereas (as), Because (as) etc.
example: Yuni is sick now that she eats many things.
Since its raining so heavily, I cant go out.
3. AVC of Condition
AVC which states the terms occurrence of an event which is called the conditional tenses,
positioned at the beginning and end of a sentence. Conjunction is used if, even if, so long as, etc.
example: If you invite me tomorrow, I will come.
If you were rich man, I would ask for help to you.
4. AVC of Result
AVC stating the results / consequences of events, plays at the end of the sentence. Conjuction
used so that, that, so much so that, by that, etc. possession of the meaning of "so."
example: Nina is beautiful, so that she is popular in the university.
She studies so hard that she is successful in her study.
5. AVC of Purpose
AVC which states the purpose of the event, positioned at the beginning and end of a sentence.
Plays at the beginning and end of a sentence. Conjunction is used in order that, so that, for the

purpose that, lest, for fear that, etc.

example: Fahmi saves his money in order that he can go to Bali.
Adi avoided fauzi lest he could bite him.
6. AVC of Contrast
AVC which expressed strong opposition to an event, plays at the beginning and end
of a sentence. Conjunction is used even though, Although, granted that, in spite of,
despite, though, etc.
example: Although Edy has done something wrong, he is still my friend.
Even though I dont have much money, I will try to help him.
7. AVC of Manner
AVC which states how to do a job, position in the early, mid, and end of the
sentence. Conjunction is used as if, as though, axles, etc.
example: He looks as if needed to sleep now. (fact: he doesnt need to sleep).
Do as I ask you to do.

8. AVC of Comparison
AVC which stated rate or ratio used to compare between two or more things. Conjuction used
like, unlike, as ... as, the same as, etc.
example: Zery is white, he is same as Saeful is.
Zery is white, Saeful is like Zery.
9. AVC of Place
AVC which states where the occurrence of an event, positioned at the beginning and
end of a sentence. Conjunction where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere, anyplace,
etc.
example: You are always in my heart, wherever you go.
Anywhere you go, sports stars are national heroes.

Comparison
or shape comparison is an adjective used to express the degree of comparison. In English using
the 3 forms of comparison, namely:
1. Positive Degree
2. Comparative Degree
3. Superlative Degree

example:
- Widia is as big as Ajeng. ---------------> Positive Degree
- Rina is bigger than Widia. ---------------> Comparative Degree
- Mira is the biggest.

---------------> Superlative Degree

positive

comparative

superlative

sad

sadder

saddest

happy

happier

happiest

unusual

more unusual

most unusual

1. POSITIVE DEGREE
Positive Degree (Ordinary Level) is an adjective used to indicate that an object or
person in the same situation with the others. The sentence structure is formed by
placing adjectives (adjectives) between the two axles.

to be + as + adjective + as
Example:
- He is as tall as his uncle.
- You are as small as my sister.
- Natalia is as smart as Rania.
2. Comparative DEGREE
Comparative Degree (Level More) is used to declare that a state of an object or
person over another. Rules of sentence formation is as follows:

to be + comparative + than

Specification:
- Add suffix "er" to adjectives are short (usually consisting of one or two syllables),
combine it with the word "than".
- For adjectives longer (more than two syllables) are generally preceded by the word
"more" before the adjective, followed by the word "than".
example:
- My house is larger than Doni's house.
- Mr.Jack is richer than Mr. Black.
- Magazine is more interesting than newspaper.
Specification:
1. The adjectives that end in the letter -e converted into comparative by adding -r.
example:
-

brave ---> braver

large ---> larger
wide ---> wider
safe ---> safer
fine ---> finer

2. The adjective which consists of one syllable and ends in a consonant can be
converted into a comparative by adding er
Example:
- hard ---> harder
- high ---> higher
- low ---> lower
- slow ---> slower
- young ---> younger
3. adjectives ending in consonant after the vowel sounds can be converted into a
comparative by doubling the consonant and then add -er.
example:
-

big ---> : bigger

fat ---> fatter
hot ---> hotter
thin ---> thinner

4. The adjectives that end in the letter y after a consonant can be converted into a
comparative by replacing letters with letters -y -i then add -er.
example:

crazy ---> crazier

easy ---> easier
happy ---> happier
lazy ---> lazier
tidy ---> tidier

5. adjective that ends with the letter r, -er, -LE, -ow can be converted into a
comparative by adding -er.
example:
-

clever ---> cleverer

near ---> nearer
poor ---> poorer
narrow ---> narrower
shallow ---> shallower

6. adjective consisting of three syllables or more can be converted into comparative by adding
more.
Example:
-

beautiful ---> more beautiful

delicious ---> more delicious
difficult ---> more difficult
important ---> more important
useful ---> more useful

7. Some comparative adjective converted into an irregular pattern.

example:
-

good ---> better

bad ---> worse
little ---> less
much ---> more
far ---> farther/further

3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
Superlative Degree (Top Level) is used to declare that an object or person is the
most than others.

to be + the superlative
Specification:
- Add suffix "est" in the short adjective phrase (usually consisting of one or two
syllables). Preceded by the article "the".
- For adjectives (adjectives) longer (more than two syllables) are generally preceded
by the word "most" before adjectives. Preceded by the word "the".

- Adjectives that end with the letter -e converted into superlative by adding the
letter "-est".
example:
Cristiano Ronaldo is the best football player at Real Madrid.
Specification:
1. The adjectives that end in the letter -e converted into a superlative by adding -st.
example:
- brave ---> bravest
- large ---> largest
- wide ---> widest
- safe ---> safest
- fine ---> finest

2. The adjective which consists of one syllable and ends in a consonant can be converted into a
superlative by adding -est
example:
-

hard ---> hardest

high ---> highest
low ---> lowest
slow ---> slowest
young ---> youngest

3. adjectives ending in consonant after the vowel sounds can be converted into a
superlative by doubling the consonant and then add -est.
example:

- big ---> : biggest

- fat ---> fattest
- hot ---> hottest
- thin ---> thinnest
4. The adjectives that end in the letter y after a consonant can be converted into a
superlative by replacing letters with letters -y -i then added -est.
example:

- crazy ---> craziest

- easy ---> easiest
- happy ---> happiest
- lazy ---> laziest
- tidy ---> tidiest
5. The adjective that ends in the letters r, -er, -LE, -ow can be converted into a
superlative by adding -est.
example:

- clever ---> cleverest

- near ---> nearest

- poor ---> poorest

- narrow ---> narrowest
- shallow ---> shallowest
6. adjective consisting of three syllables or more can be converted into a superlative
to add most.
example:
- beautiful ---> most beautiful
- delicious ---> most delicious
- difficult ---> most difficult
- important ---> most important
- useful ---> most useful

7. Some converted into a superlative adjectives with irregular pattern.

Example:
- good ---> beest
- bad ---> worst
- little ---> least
- much ---> most
- far ---> farthest/furthest
hope it is useful

A. Conclusions
From the discussion above it can pull some conclusions are:
- Clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.
- Independent Clause is a complete sentence that can stand alone. Independent
clause is also referred to as the main clause (main clause) .Independent clause
containing the main subject and verb of a sentence.
- Dependent clause is incomplete sentences and can not stand alone. Dependent
clause (clause) must be connected with the Independent clause (main clause).
- There are three (3) subordinates / Clause:
1. Noun clause
2. adjective clause
3. adverbial clause
- Comparison or shape comparison is an adjective used to express the degree of
comparison.
- There are three forms of comparison, namely:

1. Positive Degree
2.Comparative Degree
3. Superlative Degree
- Positive Degree (Ordinary Level) is an adjective used to indicate that an object or
person in the same situation with the others.
- Comparative Degree (Level More) is used to declare that a state of an object or
person over another.
- Superlative Degree (Top Level) is used to declare that an object or person is the
most than others.

B. Suggestions
As for the suggestion writers with respect to this problem definition, to fellow
students in order to further improve, explore and examine more deeply about how
the sense of a sentence, their parts and types of sentences.