ii) Category the pollutants based on physical, chemical and biological or toxicological.

Properties
Molar mass
Appearance
Odor
Melting point

Boiling point
Physical

Density
Viscosity

Solubility

Definition

Example and Application

The mass of a given substance (chemical element or

chemical compound) divided by its amount of substance.
The way something looks
A quality of something that is perceived by the sense of
smell.
The melting point of a solid is the temperature at which it
changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric
pressure. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase
exists in equilibrium.
The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to
vapour

78.11g mol-1

Density is defined as mass divided by volume

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to
gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For
liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of
"thickness".
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous
chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid,
liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous
solution of the solute in the solvent.

876.50 kg/m

Colourless liquid
Aromatic, gasoline-like
5.5 C is a transition temperature
both solid and liquid phases exist.
Temperature below 5.5 C benzene
is a solid.
80.1 C is a transition temperature
and both liquid and gas phase exist.
Temperature greater 80.1 C
benzene is a solid.
Temperature between 5.5 C and
80.1 C benzene is a liquid.
0.7528 cP (10 C)
0.6076 cP (25 C)
0.4965 cP (40 C)
0.3075 cP (80 C)
Soluble in alcohol, CHCI3,
CC14,diethyl ether, acetone, acetic
acid

Solubility in water a very polar (hydrophilic) solute such as urea is very

soluble in highly polar water, less soluble in fairly polar
methanol, and practically insoluble in non-polar solvents

Electrophilic
Substitution
reaction
Chemical
Addition reaction

Oxidation

1.53 g/L (0 C)
1.81 g/L (9 C)
1.79 g/L (15 C)
1.84 g/L (30 C)
2.26 g/L (61 C)
3.94 g/L (100 C)
21.7 g/kg (200 C, 6.5 MPa)
17.8 g/kg (200 C, 40 MPa)
The most common substitution with benzene is
Electrophilic Substitution reactions:
electrophilic substitution reaction which is a multi step
Halogenation
reaction. The catalysts and co-reagents react to generate
Nitration
a strong electrophilic species in initial step of the
Sulphonation
substitution.
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
Friedel-Crafts Acylation
Benzene shows some of addition reactions like alkene Addition reaction
and alkyne under more drastic condition to form additional
Hydrogenation
products. These additional products are more stable and
Halogenation
behave as saturated hydrocarbons.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in The combustion of benzene forms
oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction is carbon dioxide and water like other
the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a hydrocarbons. It burns with sooty
molecule, atom, or ion.
flame due to high carbon content
compare to other hydrocarbons.
While the controlled oxidation in the
presence of catalyst like vanadium

pentaoxide (V2O5) at 725 K

temperature results maleic
anhydride

Dose response
relationship
Biological
and
Toxicological Toxic in nature
and cause
adverse effect

Toxic cause
human effect

The total amount of toxic substance.

The high dose of substance can be toxic and poisonous for body. The higher dose of substance
severs more response and exhibits the toxic effect. However the effect of toxic substances
depends upon the reactivity of substance as well as on individuals.
It mainly present at automobile service stations, industrial emissions, in tobacco smoke
and in exhaust from motor vehicles.
Out of these sources, tobacco smoke contributes about 50% of the entire exposure. The
workers employed in benzene production industries like storage or transport of benzene,
coke and coal chemical manufacturing, rubber tire manufacturing and petroleum refining
are mainly exposed by high level of benzene.
Around 50% of the benzene in air is absorbed through lungs and absorbed through the
gastrointestinal tract. This absorbed benzene is rapidly distributed in body and
accumulates in fatty tissues.
The metabolism of benzene produces many reactive metabolites in liver. The low level of
these metabolites can rapidly excrete as conjugated urinary metabolites like muconic acid
and S-phenyl mercapturic acid.
the urinary benzene level is a sensitive bio-marker of low level of exposure of benzene.
The permissible level for benzene in blood is 0.06-0.05 g/L.
The acute exposure of benzene mainly affects the hematopoietic system, nervous
system, and immune system. Since it is carcinogenic in nature, it can also responsible for
acute myelogenic leukemia.

iii) Why do we have to know about the properties of toxic or hazardous pollutants?
Because toxic or hazardous waste will effects the human health.