DESIGN PROCEDURE BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIELD DATA
A,

CONDUCTOR SIZE
ts,d,Io

TOUCH & STEP

CRITERIA
Etouch70, Estep70

INITIAL DESIGN
D,n,LT,h

GRID RESISTANCE
Rg,LT
MODIFY DESIGN
D,n,LT,LR

GRID CURRENT
IG

YES
GPR < Etouch

NO
MESH & STEP
VOLTAGES
Em,Es,Km,Ks,Ki,Kii

NO
Em<Etouch

YES
NO
Es<Estep

YES
DETAIL
DESIGN

EARTHING CALCULATION

GENERAL DESIGN DATA

Soil Resistivity,

100 Ohm-M

Gravel Resistivity, s

2500 Ohm-M

Symmetrical Short Circuit Current, Iefs

Duration of Earth Fault Current, ts

0.5 Sec

Maximum Allowable Conductor Temp.

700 C

Design Ambient Temperature

40 C

Thickness of Crushed Gravel, hs

0.102 mtr.

Depth of Earth Grid, h

0.5 mtr.

Reference depth of the Grid,

13450 A

ho

1 mtr.

STANDARDS USED
IEEE Gude for Safety in AC Substation
Grounding

IEEE - 80

2000

SIZE OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR :

Amm 2 =

Where

K +T
TCAP104
ln 0 m
t c r r
K 0 +T a

)(

Eqn.: 40 Page : 43
IEEE Std. 80 - 2000

Material Proposed

Copper-clad steel wire

= Resistivity of Conductor Material

0.00378 Ohm - M

= Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at reference temperatur

5.86

Tm

= Max. allowable temperature in C

700 C

Ta

= Ambient temperature in C

Ko

r 1/r - Tr in C

Iefs

= rms current in Ka

40 C
245
13.45 KA

EARTHING CALCULATION

tc

= Duration of Current in s

0.5 Sec.

TCAP

= thermal capacity per unit volume from Table 1

Amm

= Conductor cross section in mm

3.85 J/(cmC)
65.89 mm

A kcmil
Amm
THE SIZE OF CONDUCTOR SELECTED

130.07 kcmil

65.89 mm

Diameter of the Grid Conductor ,d

Rounded of

=
=

9.2 mm
0.00916 mtr.
0.01 mtr.

TOUCH & STEP CRITERIA

K=

+ s

0 . 09 1
C s=

Eqn. 21, Page 21, IEEE 80 2000

Eqn. 27, Page 23, IEEE 80 2000

2 hs+ 0. 09

= Reflection factor between different material resistivities

= Resistivity of the earth beneath the surface material in .m

= Surface material resistivity in .m

hs

= Thickness of the surface material in m

Cs

= Surface layer derating factor

E step70=(1000+6C s s )

0.157
ts

-0.92

Cs

0.71

Eqn. 30, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000

Where

Estep70

= Step Voltage for body weight of 70 kg

Estep 70

2573.75 Volts

EARTHING CALCULATION

Estep 70

Where

Etouch70

Etouch 70 =(1000+1 . 5Cs s )

Eqn. 33, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000

0 . 157
ts

= Touch Voltage for body weight of 70 kg

=

Etouch70
C

809.96 Volts

INITIAL DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

Length
70

Breadth
70

Preliminary Layout of Grid

= Number of parallel conductors

= Conductor Spacing

5 m

= Depth of grid burial

0.5 m

280 m

14

LT =2 Na L
Lp

= Length of the conductor across perimete

Nr

= No. of Ground Rods

10

Lr

= Length of Ground Rods

7.5 m

LR

= Total length of Ground Rods

75 m

LT1

= Total length of buried condcutor

2100 m

LT

= Total length of buried conductors & rods

2175 m

Lx

= Maximum length of conductor in X-Axis

70

Ly

= Maximum length of conductor in Y-Axis

70

GRID RESISTANCE

4900 m

0.67

R g =

1
1
1
+
1+
LT 20 A
1+h 20/ A

)]

Where
A

= Area of the Grid

Rg

= Grid Resistance
Rg

EARTHING CALCULATION
Rg

MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT

IG D f I g
Where
Ig
Df

= Maximum grid current in A

13450 A

= Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault, given in s

IG

0.7

9415 A

GROUND POTENTIAL RISE

GPR=I GR g
GPR

6354.8 V

VERIFICATION FOR HUMAN SAFETY

The safety to personnel is specified by IEEE 80, which requires to limit the development of
electrical potential to dangerous value during earth fault current.
The regulation stipulates the following parameters to be within the permissible limit
a)

Step Voltage (Foot to Foot Contact)

b)

Touch Voltage(Hand to Foot Contact)

CALCULATION FOR ACTUAL DERIVED STEP & MESH VOLTAGE

Mesh Voltage

Emesh( Design )=

I G K m K i

LC + 1. 55+1 . 22

Ki

= Corrective factor for current irregularity

K i= 0. 644 +0 .148 n
Where

n =na nb n c nd
na =

2 LT
LP

Lr
L2x +l 2Ly

)]

LR

Eqn. 80, Page 91,

IEEE 80, 2000

EARTHING CALCULATION

na =

2 LT
LP
na

15.0

nb

= 1 for square grids

nc

= 1 for square and rectangular grids

nd

= 1 for square, rectangular and L-shaped g

Km

15.00

Ki

2.86

= Spacing factor for Mesh Voltage

Km=

Eqn. 68 Page 113 IEEE 80

2

( D +2 h )
1
D2
h
Kii
8
ln
+

+
ln
2
16 hd
8 Dd
4d
Kh
( 2 n1 )

Eqn. 81, Page 93

IEEE 80, 2000

Where

Kii

= Corrective wieghting factor that adjusts the effect of inner conductors on the corner mesh

K ii=

( 2n )

Kh

ho
h

Kii

0.62

Kii

1.00 With Rods

= Corrective weighting factor that empasising the grid depth

=
Where

2
n

h
1+
(
ho )

= Reference depth of grid

= Depth of the ground grid conductor

0.5

Emesh (Design )

Kh

1.22

Km

0.65

786.11 Volts

EARTHING CALCULATION

Emesh (Design )

Calculated Mesh Voltage is Lower than the Tolerable Touch Voltage.HENCE SAFE
B

Step Voltage
Voltage developed for step as per the earthing system proposed during full Earth fault current

Estep ( Design )=

Eqn. 92, Page 94

IEEE 80, 2000

[ ( Ks Ki I G ) ]
[ 0 . 75 LC +0 . 85 LR ]

Where

Ks

= Spacing factor for Step voltage

Ks=

1
1
10 .5 n2
+
+
2 h D +h
D

Ks

)]

Eqn. 94, Page 94, IEEE 80, 2000

0.440

2.864

K i= 0. 644 +0 .148 n
Ki

Estep (Design )

Estep (Design )

Err:502

724.08 Volts

Err:502 Volts

EARTHING CALCULATION
SUMMARY

EARTH GRID CONDUCTOR

Type of Conductor

Copper-clad steel wire

Size of Conductor

mm

Length of Conductor

2100

mtr

Depth of Conductor

0.5

m below GL

Total Length of Ground Rods

75

mtr

Length of Individual Ground Rods

7.5

mtr

No. of Ground Rods

10

No.

GROUND RODS

HUMAN SAFETY

Step Voltage
Mesh Voltage

UNIT

Designed Value

Permissible Value

Volt

2574

Err:502

Volt

809.96

786

TABLE 1 - MATERIAL CONSTANTS

Material
Conductivity
(%)

Description

Copper annealed
1 soft - drawn

Copper, commercial
hard - drawn

Copper-clad steel
3 wire
Copper-clad steel
4 wire
Copper-clad steel
5 rod
Aluminium EC
6 Grade
Aluminium 5005
7 alloy
Aluminium 6201
8 alloy
Aluminium-clad steel
9 wire
10

Steel, 1020

r factor

Fusing
Temperature
Tm (C)

K0 at
(0C)

at 20C

100

0.00393

234

1083

97

0.00381

242

1084

40

0.00378

245

1084

30

0.00378

245

700

20

0.00378

245

1084

61

0.00403

228

657

53.5

0.00353

263

652

52.5

0.00347

268

654

20.3

0.0036

258

657

10

Stainless - clad steel

11 rod
11
Zinc-coated steel
12 rod
12
13 Stanless steel, 304 13

10.8 10

0.0016 10

605 10

1510 10

9.8 11

0.0016 11

605 11

1400 11

8.6 12
2.4 13

0.0032 12
0.0013 13

293 12
749 13

419 12
1400 13

TCAP
Thermal
Capacity [J/
(cm.C]

r
20C(
cm)

1.72

3.42

1.78

3.42

4.4

3.85

5.86

3.85

8.62

3.85

2.86

2.56

3.22

2.6

3.28

2.6

8.48

3.58

15.9 10

3.28

17.5 11

4.44

20.1 12
72 13

3.93
4.03