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Qualification Testing of
Lean Duplex Stainless Steels
for the Process Industry
3/2014
3/2014 |
Qualification Testing of
Lean Duplex Stainless Steels
for the Process Industry
Rachel Pettersson, Carolina Canderyd, Jan Y. Jonsson,
Avesta Research Centre, Outokumpu Stainless AB, Avesta, Sweden,
Poul-Erik Arnvig, Outokumpu Stainless North America, Schaumberg, IL, USA.
Abstract
Introduction
11000
S32750
1000
900
S32205
800
S32101
S32304
700
600
500
400
300
0.01
(36 s)
(1)
ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959, USA.
0.1
(6 min)
1
Time (h)
10
Figure 1 TTT diagram shown here as the times to obtain 50% reduction
in impact toughness. [2]
100
3/2014 |
Product
UNS S32101
UNS S32304
Plate
12, 30
20, 30
Sheet
0.51.5
1.56
Tube
27x2
27x1.5
Rebar/bar
1625
UNS
EN
Cr
Ni
Mo
Mn
S32101
1.4162
0.03
0.22
21.5
1.5
0.3
S32304
1.4362
0.02
0.10
23
4.8
0.3
1.5
(2)
Trade name.
3/2014 |
qwertyuioplkjh
RESULTS
Electrochemical tests in nitrate inhibited solutions
1.E +04
45C,
5.5% NaCl
1.5% NaNO3
1.E +03
1.E +02
8C,
5.5 NaCl
1.E +01
1.E +00
1.E -01
-1000
-500
0
Potential (mVSCE)
500
1000
1200
1.1% NaCl
0.3% NaNO3
1000
5.5% NaCl
2% NaNO3
5.5% NaCl
800
5.5% NaCl
0.5% NaNO3
600
400
200
0
80
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature (C)
60
70
80
1.1% NaCl
70
60
3.3% NaCl
50
40
5.5% NaCl
30
20
10
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
3/2014 |
60
50
122F
40
104F
30
86F
20
68F
10
70
168F
Annealed
S32304, 30 mm
40
30
20
70
mdd<10
mdd>10
50
122F
40
104F
30
86F
20
68F
10
Annealed
Annealed
0.1
1.0
10.0 100.0
Time at 700C/1292F (hours)
40
30
20
Annealed
70
S32304, 12 mm
mdd<10
mdd>10
50
40
30
20
mdd<10
mdd>10
50
0.1
1.0
10.0 100.0
Time at 700C/1292F (hours)
10
50F
S32101, 1.5 mm
60
10
60
Test temperature (C)
140F
50
0.1
1.0
10.0 100.0
Time at 700C/1292F (hours)
60
mdd<10
mdd>10
10
50F
70
S32101, 12 mm
60
Test temperature (C)
140F
70
mdd<10
mdd>10
S32101, 30 mm
0.1
1.0
10.0 100.0
Time at 700C/1292F (hours)
S32304, 1.5 mm
mdd<10
mdd>10
60
Test temperature (C)
70
168F
the range 35 45C and can thus be treated in the same way as
the base material. [3] For UNS S32304 even longer sensitization
temperatures than 10 hours are really needed to see a clear
degradation in corrosion properties, but it can be argued that this
is hardly realistically likely to be encountered so this material can
be regarded as fairly resistant to structural degradation caused by
inappropriate heat treatment.
50
40
30
20
10
Annealed
0.1
1.0
10.0 100.0
Time at 700C/1292F (hours)
Annealed
0.1
1.0
10.0 100.0
Time at 700C/1292F (hours)
Figure 3 Results of inhibited ferric chloride corrosion testing for different product forms of UNS S32101 (upper three diagrams) and UNS S32304 (lower three).
Each set of vertical points to the left hand side of the diagrams represents a different variant of annealing.
70
S32101
30 mm plate
12 mm plate
1.5 mm sheet
27x2 mm tube
Bar/rebar
60
140F
50
122F
S32304
30 mm plate
20 mm plate
6 mm plate
1.5 mm sheet
60
50
Test temoerature (C)
70
168F
40
104F
30
86F
20
68F
10
40
30
20
10
50F
0
Annealed
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
0
Annealed
0.1
1.0
10.0
Figure 4 Compilation of corrosion data for various product forms of UNS S32101 and UNS S32304. For annealed states the critical temperatures
are arranged in descending order for clarity. An acceptance limit of 20 25C appears appropriate.
100.0
3/2014 |
70
70
S32101, 30 mm
30
20
mdd<10 pass
mdd>10 fail
10
0
70
Start at
test temp.
30
mdd 6.212.0
20
Start
at RT
mdd<10 pass
mdd>10 fail
Pits
0
70
S32101, 12 mm
50
40
30
20
mdd<10 pass
mdd>10 fail
10
0
Start at
test temp.
Start
at RT
As
welded
S32101, 12 mm
60
Test temperature (C)
40
10
60
50
50
50
40
30
20
mdd<10 pass
mdd>10 fail
10
0
Sand blast
+ pickled
70
mdd
10682
8986
3438
3768
40
30
20
10
0
40
60
As rec.
S32101, 12 mm
50
40
30
20
mdd<10 pass
mdd>10 fail
10
0
Acetone
MgO
120#
60
Test temperature (C)
50
70
S32101, 6 mm
60
Test temperature (C)
60
Figure 5 Effect of test variables on results from the inhibited ferric chloride test. Each marked point represents a single sample.
5% FeCl3
+1% NaNO3
1% FeCl3
+0.3% NaNO3
3/2014 |
Inter-laboratory comparison
mdd<10 pass
mdd>10 fail
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
50
40
30
20
10
10
10
Lab A
Lab D
Lab N
60
Test temperature (C)
60
Test temperature (C)
70
70
Lab A
Lab N
As-received
Lab A
Lab N
120# ground
Lab A
Lab N
Figure 6 Results of inter-laboratory comparisons show some difference for solution annealed material (left) but good agreement for sensitized material and tube.
Grade
5% FeCl3 + 1% NaNO3
Max pass temp.
(mdd < 10)
6% FeCl3+1% HCl
ASTM G48 E
1M NaCl
ASTM G150
15C
1520C
40C
5C (visible pit)
10C (mdd>10)
15.4C
25C
0C
9.6C
20 25C
Annealed
30C
27C
1 h, 700C
25C
6C
10 h, 700C
25C
2.8C
Condition
Normal values
UNS S32101
(12 mm)
Lab annealed
5 min 700C
Normal values 11
UNS S32304
(20 mm)
3/2014 |
70
S32101, 12 mm
CV (J)
mdd<10
60
50
200
150
40
100
30
20
50
10
0
0.1
Annealed
1.0
0
100.0
S32304, 30 mm
CV (RT)
mdd<10
CV (-10C)
60
50
300
250
40
200
30
150
20
100
10
50
0
Annealed
0.1
1.0
10.0
70
10.0
0
100.0
3/2014 |
Future prospects
The ASTM subcommittee A01-14 has recently established a
working group to look into the question of standardization of
acceptance testing for lean duplex grades. [12] This group will
establish a proposal for a formal standardization of the test
methods as well as guidelines for acceptance criteria for different
alloys and products. The indications from the present work are that
the lean duplex UNS S32101and UNS S32304 in the dimensions
and products investigated here could be expected to pass an
inhibited ferric chloride corrosion test at 20 25C if correctly heat
treated. The impact toughness values attainable seem to surpass
the minimum values in the transverse direction specified in the
materials standard EN 10088-2/4 of 40J for UNS S32101 and
Grade/condition
ASTM A923
Lean duplex
(this work and [3])
A:
Etching
B:
Requirements impact
C:
Requirements corrosion
UNS S32205
base material
40% NaOH
electrolytic
54J -40C
(40ft-lb -40F)
6% FeCl3,<10 mdd
25C (77F)
UNS S32205
weld metal
40% NaOH
electrolytic
34J -40C
(25 ft-lb, -40F)
6% FeCl3<10 mdd
22C (72F)
UNS S32750
base material
40% NaOH
electrolytic
To be agreed
6% FeCl3<10 mdd
40C (104F)
Grade/condition
Proposal etching
Proposal impact
Proposal corrosion
UNS S32101
base material
10% C2H2O4
6080J, RT
5% FeCl3 + 1% NaNO3
< 10 mdd, 20 25C
UNS S32304
base material
10% C2H2O4
100J, RT
or 6080J, -10C
5% FeCl3 + 1% NaNO3
< 10 mdd, 20 25C
Table 4 Acceptance criteria for UNS S32205 and UNS S32750 from ASTM A923 and comparison with proposed criteria for lean duplex grades
UNS S32101 and UNS S32304 from this work.
3/2014 |
10
Conclusions
References
Acknowledgements
Anette Wallin, ARC, Outokumpu Stainless AB is gratefully acknowledged
for carrying out the immersion tests in FeCl3+NaNO3 and Sukanya
Mameng for the electrochemical work. Thanks are also expressed
to James D. Fritz, TMR, for valuable discussions and to laboratories
N and D for participating in Round Robin testing.
research.stainless@outokumpu.com
outokumpu.com