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Introduction:
In the early 1900s, Ernest Rutherford devised an experiment which revised the
model of the atom. His gold foil experiment showed that most of the mass (including the
protons) is found in the nucleus and that the electrons were in a region about that nucleus.
Line spectra for elements would later be used to refine the model of the atom. The
main question to be answered was why atoms emitted light of only certain frequencies
instead of a continuous spectrum like that of an incandescent light bulb. Niels Bohr
answered this question and introduced the ideas of quantization and energy levels.
In this experiment, you will use the equations developed by Balmer, Rydberg and
Bohr to predict the wavelengths and energies of light emitted for transitions in the
hydrogen atom. These values will be compared with your experimental values and the
accepted values found in your text.
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the wavelengths and calculate the
energies of the lines in the Balmer series of the hydrogen atom. These values will be
compared with the values predicted from the equations.
Equipment/Materials:
hydrogen discharge tube
spectroscope
Safety:
24-A-1
This experiment poses no unusual safety hazards. Do not touch the discharge
tubes because they can become quite hot.
Procedure:
1. Measure and record the wavelengths of the four lines in the Balmer series of the
hydrogen atom.
2. Using the Rydberg equation, calculate the wavelength that would be predicted for each
transition in the Balmer series. All transition are from higher energy levels to the n = 2
energy level.
1
1
1
2
2
n
2
= R
n>2
3. a. Using the wavelengths measured, calculate the energy per atom for each line in the
Balmer series.
b. Using the equation below, calculate the energy expected for each line in the Balmer
series.
1
1
Rhc 2 2
ni
nf
R = Rydberg Constant
h = Plancks Constant
c = speed of light
c. Find the energy for each transition from the diagram in your text.
4. Construct an energy level diagram showing the energies and colors of light observed in
the Balmer series.
24-A-2
n = 5 to n = 2
n = 4 to n = 2
n = 3 to n = 2
24-A-3
Observed Energies:
Line 1 _______________ J
Line 2 _______________ J
Line 3 _______________ J
Line 4 _______________ J
Predicted Energies:
n = 6 to n = 2
n = 5 to n = 2
n = 4 to n = 2
n = 3 to n = 2
Questions:
1. The Paschen series lines in the atomic spectrum of hydrogen result from transitions
from n > 3 to n = 3. Calculate the wavelength in nm of a line in this series resulting from
an n = 6 to n = 3 transition. Where would this line be found in the electromagnetic
spectrum?
24-A-4
24-A-5
Line 1 ____390________ nm
Line 2 ____410________ nm
Line 3 ____480________ nm
Line 4 ____680________ nm
Predicted Wavelengths:
n = 6 to n = 2
410 nm
n = 5 to n = 2
434 nm
n = 4 to n = 2
486 nm
n = 3 to n = 2
656 nm
24-A-6
Line 1 ____410.2______ nm
Line 2 ____434.1______ nm
Line 3 ____486.1______ nm
Line 4 ____656.3______ nm
Part II
Observed Energies:
-4.85 X 10-19 J
n = 5 to n = 2
-4.58 X 10-19 J
n = 4 to n = 2
-4.09 X 10-19 J
n = 3 to n = 2
-3.03 X 10-19
Answers to Questions:
1. The Paschen series lines in the atomic spectrum of hydrogen result from transitions
from n > 3 to n = 3. Calculate the wavelength in nm of a line in this series resulting from
an n = 6 to n = 3 transition. Where would this line be found in the electromagnetic
spectrum?
1090 nm
Infrared region
Ultraviolet region
24-A-8