Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
1.
INTRODUCTION
Myanmar is geographically located between 9 58' and 28 31' North latitudes and
92 10' and 101 9' East longitudes. The country is endowed with rich natural resources, such
as land, water, forest, minerals and gas. Myanmar has diverse climatic conditions from
humid tropic to sub-tropic and temperate favourable for growing no less than 60 different
crop species. Gigantic tropical mountain ranges and plateau serve as tropical highland
ecosystem rendering favorable natural endowment for agricultural livelihood..
Out of a total population of 57.5 million in 2007/08, about 68% of Myanmar
population and 63 % of its active population is rural. The average farm size is roughly 2
hectares. The population density is 84 per km2 (Myanmar Agriculture in Brief, 2008).
Statistics indicated that about 3 million people are directly involved in the fisheries sector
and about 12 to 15 million people are benefiting indirectly from it through post harvest
processing, handling, marketing..
2
development for external assistance from UN system and possibly other bi/multilateral
agencies.
2.
SITUATION ANALYSIS
3
2.2 Agriculture Sector Development
The provision of support by the State in the areas of research and extension,
agricultural credit, irrigation water, farm mechanization, and development of new
agricultural land are critically instrumental in the development of agriculture sector as
observed below table.
2006-2007
2007-2008
Growth of GDP
13.6
13.1
11.9
12.1
9.7
8.0
46.7
45.2
43.6
(10.7)
(9.2)
(7.6)
(38.4)
(36.0)
(34.9)
41.5
33.5
29.3
(30.2)
(25.3)
(22.3)
Note: (1) Figures in parentheses refer to crop sub-sector, exclusive of livestock and fishery
sub-sectors.
(2) Percentage of GDP growth directly contributed by agricultural growth is
computed as
4
Presently, there are about 11.25 million hectares of crop land in Myanmar and there is
tremendous room for expanding agriculture production in 290,000 hectares of fallow land
and 5.90 million hectares of unutilized cultivatable land. Some 60 per cent of the cropped
areas are owned by small farming households possessing less than four hectares while
majority of these households are having no more than 2.3 hectares per households.
Fisheries and aquaculture are labor- intensive enterprise and thus, is creating jobs,
directly and indirectly, for hundreds of thousands of both rural and urban households. Postharvest treatment of the catches, such as freezing, drying, smoking, salting and the
preparation of fermented fish products, are demanding huge labor force of women.
5
FAO/NACA mission to Myanmar in 2003 concluded that a significant number of poor and
vulnerable people are living in the coastal areas and that these people have their livelihoods
strongly linked to small-scale fisheries and aquaculture. The development of aquaculture
systems and management of small-scale fisheries in a sustainable way are therefore essential
for the future of these people and to maintain the unique mangrove ecosystem which supports
high biodiversity.
2.2.4. Forestry sub sector
The role of the forestry sector remains vital in Myanmar because of its substantial
contribution towards the country's economy and its strong influence on climate stability, soil
and water conservation and environmental protection.
The forest cover of Myanmar was recorded as 32.2 million hectares which is
equivalent to 49 per cent of the country's total land areas of about 67 million hectares ( FRA
2005). Permanent Forest Estate constituted about 24% while the rest belongs to the other
forest categories. Apart from highly valued timber such as teak and hardwoods Myanmar
forests have abundant non-timber forest products such as bamboo and rattan, which could be
regarded as the main source of income rural poor and landless households.
2.2.5. Export
Myanmar's major export items are mainly of primary products of agriculture,
livestock & fisheries and forestry sectors. Gas and garment could also be regarded major
export commodities of Myanmar.
2.3 Review of the existing national policies and priorities
The Government of the Union of Myanmar has laid down the four economic
objectives to ensure the uplifting of social wellbeing of Myanmar people. The first economic
objective is to develop agriculture as the base and all-round development of other sectors of
the economy. Therefore, development of agriculture sector means the elevating the nation's
economy and widening the social safety nets for the people. The objective was further linked
and supported by the other objectives as (a) to evolving the market- oriented economic
system, (b) to develop economy through inviting participation from the sources inside the
country and abroad in terms of technical know-how and investment, and (c) the initiative to
shape the national economy must be kept in the hands of the state and the national peoples.
6
2.3.1 National Policies
The Fourth Short -Term Five -Year Plan (2006/2007 to 2010/2011) set a vision for
the country to become a peaceful, modern and developed nation. The special focuses of the
financial year 2010-11 are to materialize the following national development objectives:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
To alleviate poverty
(6)
(7)
(8)
Under the Fourth Short -Term Five -Year Plan (2006/2007 to 2010/2011) periods, the
following planned activities must be implemented by the year 2010-2011 which are related
to agriculture, livestock & fisheries and forestry sectors;
(1) To extend the establishment of agro-based industries and other required industries in
building an industrialized nation
(2) To extend agriculture, livestock and fishery sectors in order to meet ever increasing
local demand and to promote exports
(3) To make endeavors for meeting the targeted yield of the designated crops
(4) To expand new cultivable land for agriculture use
(5) To drive for the fulfillment of shortages in edible oil and lubricant oil
(6) To promote widespread use of bio-diesel to supplement lubricant and fuel needs
(7) To restore and expand forest area coverage for greening
(8) To conserve natural resources and protect the environment
7
2.3.2 Agriculture Policy and Strategy
As a result of rapid urbanization process, people from rural areas are migrating
inevitably to urban areas to find jobs and earn extra income for the family.
The responsibility of crop sub-sector development of the overall agriculture sector rests with
the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MoAI) to achieve the planned targets of the Forth
Short-term Five Year Plan. With a view to realize the planned targets MoAI adopts the
following policies and measures, they are:
(1) freedom of choice in agricultural production,
(2) expansion of agricultural land and safeguarding the right of farmers,
(3) promotion of private sector participation in commercial production of seasonal and
perennial crops, and in the distribution of farm machineries and essential inputs.
Agriculture policies are reviewed from time to time for necessary adjustment to fully comply
with the prevailing circumstances. Some policies which are constraining the development of
crop sub-sector have been changed and the most recent policy changes made is:
(1) removal of state procurement policy imposed on commodities such as
cotton, sugarcane, and rubber to promote freedom in the production and
trading of commodities. The new policy (i) encourages farmers and
investors to expand the areas of, but not limited to, rubber, and oil palm for
export; (ii) allows State Owned Enterprises (SOE) to purchase raw cotton,
sugarcane, and rubber for its own use, at prevailing market prices; (iii)
permits producers and exporters to export surplus rubber after due payment
of taxes, and; (iv) permits SOE to invest in area expansion of cotton,
sugarcane, and rubber plantations to meet the increasing demands.
In its thrust to increase the overall crop production and improve crop productivity, MoAI
sets the following objectives for crop sub-sector:
(1) To fulfill the needs of local consumption
(2) To export more agricultural products which are in surplus, and
(3) To provide assistance for rural development
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation's Forth Five Year Short Term Plan has
five key strategies for agricultural development: (i) development of new agricultural land,(ii)
8
provision of sufficient irrigation water, (iii)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
9
shrimp aquaculture, (c) sustain and increase fisheries resources of both of inland and marine
waters, (d) accelerate integrated fisheries development process without having impact on
natural environment, (e) adopt and implement extension program to ensure sustainable
fisheries development.
2.3.4. Ministry of Forestry's Policies
The National Forest Master Plan (NFM), the roadmap for effective and efficient
conservation of forest resources, was prepared for a 30 year period from 2001-02 to 2030-31.
The Plan reflects not only the current status of forests in Myanmar but also the social and
macro-economic policies of the country. The Plan focuses on the development of rural
communities and contains strategies for poverty alleviation through the creation of job
opportunity, permission to use forest lands and extraction of non-wood forest products and
diversification of cooking energy sources and income through participatory extension
activities, training and demonstrations. Establishment of forest plantations and community
forests; promotion of bio-energy and non-wood forest products; human resource
development; and forestry extension services are major thrusts of the NFMP.
2.4.5
Being a member country of the United Nations, Myanmar has the obligations to achieve the
set Millennium Development Goals in the areas of food security, poverty, spread of
HIV/AIDS, children education, survival of mothers, environmental protection etc by the year
2015. Myanmar is using available resources within its own capacity to gain momentum in
health activities. At the country level, national plans of action and strategic plans were set up
and with the cooperation and assistance from the UN and WHO, project activities are being
implemented. Myanmar encountered some challenges such as acceleration of human
resource development, upgrading of laboratory network, strengthening drug management;
however concerted efforts will be used to reach the MDGs as targeted in the Millennium
Declaration.
Myanmar, while implementing the formulated national plans and programmes in line
with the Nation/s political, economic and social objectives, has, at the same time, achieved
some of the targets as outlined in the Millennium Goals.
10
Under MDG No. 1, there are indicators to express to eradicate poverty and hunger and
for prevalence of underweight children under5 years of age and for proportion of population
below minimum level of dietary energy consumption. For "Eradicate Extreme Poverty and
Hunger",
Myanmar had set food security program giving priority on expanding the
production of agriculture, livestock and fishery for self sufficiency and only the surplus for
export. Food produced from agriculture sector such as cereals, vegetables and meat and fish
from livestock and fishery sectors provide enough calories intake for the people.
Regarding meat and fish, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries has taken responsibilities to
implement sufficiency of domestic consumption of meat and fish and at the same time to
overcome poverty. For food sufficiency of people living in rural area, releasing of fish
fingerlings are carried out in lakes, dams, reservoirs and open natural waters and also the
production is carried in contribution of fish and paddy in the same area which is known as
Paddy Plus Fish Project. Regarding Goal 1, Myanmar doesn't seem to have any problem with
hunger for present as well as in the future.
11
term and also short term health plans for uplifting the health status of the entire nation.
Myanmar Vision 2030 which is a long term 30 years plan has been drawn up with one of its
objectives as reducing the Under-5 and infant mortality rates to 52 per 1000 live births
(LB) and 40 per 1000 live births(LB)
mortality rate is in the descending trend and it declines from 82.4/1000LB in 1995 to
66.1/1000 ( LB) in 2003. However infant mortality rate is not markedly changed and it
fluctuates between 49 to 55/1000LB.
12
multilateral financial institutions has been suspended since 1989, the challenge is to attract
more foreign and national investments.
Nearly ten years have passed since the adoption of a global agenda for the better of all,
the vision for future becomes more and more vital as the targeted time becomes nearer and
nearer. Yet, it is still a long way to go to reach the targets. But Myanmar will always strive
for the achievement of all the goals with relentless effort and will of the Myanmar people.
We should not be dwelling too much on this.
13
livestock production, (h) Issuing of health certificate for the export of animals and animal
products in compliance to sanitary requirement of the importing countries, (i) Controlling of
animal diseases through animal movement across border and importation by establishing
check points and quarantine facilities at point of entry.
In addition, the following activities are carried out under the special program of
Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries as well;
1.
Breeding and Veterinary Department has undertaken the native chicken model farming as
follows;
(a)
(b)
2.
Veterinary Department provided chicken and pig as a banking system to the livestock
farmers as the following up to 2008-2009 fiscal year.
3.
(a)
Chicken 746,248
(b)
Pig
47,501
developed in Chin State and Sagaing Division by lending livestock Development loan. In this
regard, mythun become increasing dramatically.
4.
(b)
(c)
Chin State
(1)2006
kyat ( lakh)
500
for Mythum
(8 Township)
(2) 2008
"
1,500
"
(1) Taungkok
"
250
(2)Manaung
"
500
"
(1) Khamti
"
120
"
Rakhine
Sagaing
14
(d)
(e)
(f)
Mandalay
Tanintharyi
"
800
for Mythum
(2) Magwe
"
350
for goat
(3) Thayet
"
950
for goat
(4) Minbu
"
1,030
"
(5) Pakhokku
"
1,400
"
1,000
"
for dairy cow
"
1,150
(3) Sintkaing
"
315
(1) Tanintharyi
"
560
for goat
for
sheep
goat,
chicken
(g)
Shan ( Southern)
"
1,100
"
Farming/ Processing
cattle, sheep, goat, pig and chicken
farming
2.Kayin ( 7areas)
3. Sagaing ( 7 areas)
4.Shan ( Northern)
chicken farming
(Kyaukme township)
5.Yangon ( Nyaungnapin)
under processing
15
7. Pasture Development
Cattle, sheep and goat need pastures in order to develop livestock sector. There are
over 0.9 million acres for pasture during the colonial period, however, only over 0.7 millions
acre is still existing for pasture. In this connection, we needs enough pasture in line with
animal population.
2.5.3. Fishery sub sector
The Department of Fisheries (DoF) is a lead national agency in policy development
for fisheries in Myanmar. The Department of Fisheries is the sole responsible institution and
competent authority for the management and sustainable development of the fishery sector.
The main function includes effective uses of fisheries resources, support fish food security,
integration of fisheries livelihoods for poverty alleviation, implementing research and
extension services and conducting human capacity development training.
Myanmar Fisheries Federation ( MFF) is the sole noon government organization (
NGO) has a variety of roles in supporting its members in co-operation with relevant
agencies. Under this federation, there have been formed six national level fishery
associations namely Myanmar Shrimp Association, Myanmar Fish Farmers Association,
Myanmar Processors and Exporter Association, Myanmar Marine Fishing Association,
Myanmar Inland Fishing Association, and eel association, Crab association and Ornamental
fish association. Fisheries stakeholders from aquaculture, fisheries operators, processors,
exporters, feed producers and ornamental fish breeders are member of MFF. The Federation
is a part of ASEAN Fisheries.
Conservation of natural resources and non- degradation of the environment is the top
priority and concern of the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries. In addition to measure
undertaken for the conservation and sustained exploitation of fishery resources, the Fisheries
Department has dispersed and released million of fresh-water fingerlings into reserviors,
rivers, lakes, streams, and other bodies in mature so as to increase fish population. To combat
over fishing, fishing during closed seasons and in closed areas are strictly monitored and
prohibited by Department of Fisheries and harsh penalties imposed on violators.
2.5.3. Forestry sub sector
It is needed to apply effective implementation of the Myanmar Selection System,
encouragement to adopt a proper integrated land use policy, increase of reserved forests to 30
per cent as stipulated in the forest policy, protection of the forests not only by legislative
means but also through people participation, establishment of community fuel wood
16
plantation and encouragement to increasingly use wood fuel substitutes or fuel efficient
stoves to ease pressure on the natural forests, increased utilization of lesser used species and
promotion of downstream processing to produce value added wood products.
2.5 Review of past and on-going interventions and their achievement
FAO is one of the most important international organizations for the development of
Agriculture, Forestry, Livestock and Fisheries sectors. And Myanmar works together with
international organizations and maintains bi- lateral co-operation with other foreign
countries. Myanmar became FAO member country on 11th September 1947. The mandate of
the FAO is to raise level of nutrition, and standards of living and to improve agricultural
productivity, and better conditions of the rural populations.
Over the past 30 years from 1978-2008, FAO has provided assistance to Myanmar
through over national projects and other regional field projects amounting over 68 million
USD.
These
projects
covered
most
of
FAO's
mandatory
sectors
(agriculture,
livestock/fisheries and forestry) including agriculture and rural investment planning, census
and statistics, research in all sectors, food and industrial crops, crop processing and food
technology, plant protection , capacity building and emergency assistance.
FAO provided technical assistance to Livestock and Fisheries sector with the total
budget of over 29 million US$ during 1978-2008 including HPAI programme, and
emergency and rehabilitation programme-Nagis. For the livestock sector development, the
followings are the past and on going projects regarding the interventions of International
organizations and Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department.
The Past and On- going Projects
Project Title/ Code
1. Small Scale Dairy Technology Transfer and
Funding Source
FAO
FAO,UNOPS(CFC)
17
5. Immediate Technical Assistant to Strengthen Emergency
FAO
FAO
OIE-RCU,
OIE- AUSAID
Disease Freedom
10. Strengthening Capacity and Capability of
Epidemiology and Diagnosis for Highly Pathogenic
ACIAR
IAEA
IAEA
(MYA/5/009)
14.
IAEA
IAEA
IAEA
18
17.
IAEA
19.
IAEA
Environment ( IAEA/RAS/5/044)
20. Technical Cooperation Project for Animal Disease
JICA
22.
PR China
JapaneseTrust Fund
( through FAO)
23.
Care Myanmar
On-going Projects
1. Dairy Cattle Improvement Project
Funding Source
FAO
( FAO-TCP/MYA/3201(D))
2. Strengthening crass border activities among Bangladesh,
India, Nepal and Myanmar to control possible cross-
USAID
( through FAO)
World Bank
( through FAO)
(OSRO/MYA/801/WB)
4. Immediate Technical Assistant to Strengthen Emergency
USAID
( through FAO)
coopers charitable
foundation, British
( through FAO)
Myanmar( OSRO/MYA/809/PWC)
6. Restoration of Food Security and Agriculture based
Livelihoods in the most Cyclone Nargis affected areas of
19
the Ayeyarwaddy Delta of Myanmar ( OSRO/MYA/901/JPN)
7. Strengthening the National Capacity for the Production of
IAEA
JICA
TICA
FAO used over 45 million USD for technical assistance including UNDP's support to
the forest sector as Forest Management, Watershed Management Strategy, Restoration of the
Mangrove Ecosystem natural Resources and Environmental Issues during this 3 decades.
In fishery sector, international, regional and bilateral donors and aid agencies such as
FAO, SEAFDEC, JICA, NACA, BIMSTEC are involve and provide technical and financial
assistance. Since Myanmar has become one of the SEAFDEC member countries in 1999,
Myanmar received more financial and technical support from that regional organization and
become more active country in the ASEAN region.
Especially, FAO and UNDP funded "Marine Fishery Resources Survey and
Exploratory Fishing Project were conducted in 1980 to 1983 and the results obtained from
that project are still useful in fisheries management and capture fisheries. In 1997, two
Technical Cooperation Project (TCP) "Reformulation and Strengthening of the Fishery
Statistics" and "Shrimp Farming Development " were provided by FAO to promote fishery
statistics system and shrimp farming systems in Myanmar. Due to series of training,
workshop and technical consultation meeting provided by the donors, Myanmar fisheries
become more developed and now it stand as a fourth biggest share of Myanmar's economy.
FAO is the cluster lead for the United Nations Agriculture Cluster for the Cyclone
Nargis response to relief and recovery in the crops, livestock and fisheries sub-sectors and
forestry sector. The Agriculture Cluster includes three working groups on crops, livestock
and fisheries, and forests and mangroves, which all meet on a fortnightly basis to share
technical knowledge and experiences.
FAO is now assisting the Government of the Union of Myanmar to seek additional
support for a medium-term programme for the recovery of the agriculture sector and
rehabilitation of rural livelihoods in impoverished areas of Myanmar, including those
20
seriously affected by Cyclone Nargis and recent soaring prices in agricultural inputs and
food. This projects is one of a series of agricultural recovery and livelihood rehabilitation
projects proposed by FAO and the Government of the Union of Myanmar under this program
for consideration by bilateral and multi-lateral donors. Their preparation was based on the
findings of the FAO needs assessment for Cyclone Nargis affected area (agriculture sector)
and the Government of the Union of Myanmar, ASEAN and United Nations post- Nargis
joint assessment. Most importantly, these projects also aim at the initial implementation of
disaster risk reduction initiatives in a country which has regions such as the Ayeyarwady
Delta which are one of the most vulnerable to natural disasters and climate change.
2007-08
2008-09
Meat ( Kg)
22.5
24.4
26.17
Milk ( Kg)
19.2
20.9
22.24
Eggs (number)
87
93
105
21
Fisheries industry faces threats in exploiting of fisheries resources, sustainable
production and effective utilization of its catch. The following areas are to be considered for
the sustainable development of the fisheries sector.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
2.7.4.Forestry sector
Forestry management is faced with constraints and problems. Due to the increase in
population, consequently, demands for forest products and agriculture, unauthorized human
interventions in the forms of shifting cultivation, agricultural expansion, etc. have resulted in
some forest depletion and degradation. The annual deforestation is estimated to be 466,000
hectares during a period from 2000 to 2005 (FRA 2005). Measures are being taken to reverse
the current trend of deforestation.
The main problems currently encountered are
(1) Encroachment in forestland for agriculture, infrastructure, factories and dwellings
as population increase,
(2) Some illicit cutting of trees for commercial use,
(3) Extension of grazing land,
(4) Shifting cultivation, and
(5) Excessive utilization of fuel-wood
3.
22
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Rural Development
(6)
(7)
3.1.1
Food security means ensuring everyone has enough to eat. Myanmar had set food
security program giving priority on expanding the production of agriculture, livestock and
fishery for self sufficiency and only the surplus for export. Food security depends in the three
main sources, such as crop plants, livestock products and marine and fresh water products,
generally known as fish and fish products. Food security in Myanmar means ensuring that all
people at all times have access to the food they need for a healthy, active life. In Myanmar,
there are many promising agricultural products in addition to rice. For examples, such
products have big potential as oil- producing plants ( sesame, sunflower, peanuts, palms, etc),
industrial agricultural products ( sugar cane, cotton, rubber, etc.) Fish and fish products play
a pivotal role in food security. Food produced from agriculture sector such as cereals,
vegetables and meat and fish from livestock sector provided enough calorie intakes for the
people. At current, for fishery sector, the major constraint for aquaculture development is the
inadequate supply of seed for short period to expand culture purpose. The development of
hatchery technology with appropriate culture systems and development of appropriate
formulated feed would ensure greater consistency in quality, steady supply and reduction of
the pollution problem.
23
control over resources, access to opportunities and improved governance, (d)
rehabilitation and restoring sustainable livelihood in Cyclone Nargis affected
areas,(e) sustainable water sector development for promoting access to
irrigation water, (f) reestablishment of plantation and perennial tree crops
through the use of applied biotechnology in the context of transforming
resources based to knowledge based agriculture in Cyclone Nargis affected
areas, (g) development of food related enterprises from small to medium scale
through effective supply chain and management, (h) provision and
arrangement of essential seed supply of rice and other crops as well as
vegetable crops, (i) the development of integrated farm mechanization:
combined use of animal and machine power,
(ii)
Developing measures for poverty reduction through (a) the formulation of risk
preparedness and risk spreading guidelines for possible market crisis and (b)
diverting resources and investment to agricultural development,
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii) Ensuring greater availability of seed supply and hatchery development for
grouper, sea bass and mud crab through the development of hatchery
technologies, including disease prevention and control, development of larval
nutrition and feeds, water quality management for a variety of species,
particularly marine finfish, through basic and applied research and testing in
pilot effects,
24
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
3.1.2
technology with particular emphasis on some crops. For food safety, it is needed the
provision and arrangement of essential seed supply of rice and other major crops as
well as vegetable crops through strengthening exiting quality seed production and
distribution system. And the effective supply chain and management for food related
rural enterprises are essential for quality improvement. The environment assessment
for food safety as regards to pesticides and other hazardous substances called for to
develop in laboratory practices for bio safety and bio security diagnostics.
25
(ii)
(iii)
3.1.3
(ii)
Sustainable land use towards sustainable agriculture and food security from
soil fertility maintenance and conservation
(iii)
26
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
3.1.4
With the growth of the economy and improvement in the standard of living of the
people, the relative importance of human resource development can not be ignored. In order
to strengthen the research and development programs, it is necessary to enhance both
quantity and quality of the value-added products. To meet the country economic
development, Myanmar has been focusing on the value added products. Local procession of
raw products into value added products will create employment opportunities, to raise the
export income of the nations, and strengthen to investigate different kinds of research areas at
the university and research institution on utilization of potential market access products.
27
Major priority outputs/ focused activities
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Study visit of expert on cold water fish aquaculture, to learn technical knowhow about cold water fish farming from some BIMSTEC member countries
such as Nepal and Bhutan and to introduce cold water fish farming in some
appropriate areas of hilly region in pilot scale
(iv)
3.1.5
To further develop the economic and social conditions of the rural population,
amenities and facilities for production of foods and goods should be provided. The rural
people build their livelihoods based on the exploitation of the physical (infrastructure),
natural ( land, forests, fisheries) and human assets( such as health, fitness and skills.) Further
assets which play a vital role include financial capital ( including access to credit), and the
relationships of trust which link people with each other and which can be also affect their
access to services and support from service providers. Activities such as animal husbandry
and fisheries development can reduce the reliance of the rural population in farming alone,
and can also broaden the base of economic activities which generate income and
employment.
Major priority outputs/ focused activities
(i)
(ii)
28
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
3.1.6
Myanmar has suffered from unprecedented natural disaster caused by the Cyclone
Nargis in May 2008. It was the worst in the history of Myanmar by inflicting extended
damages and losing human lives, properties and livelihoods. In tropical waters, impacts of
climate change, are generally found such as sea level rise and increases in sea-surface
temperature, which are the most probable major climate-related stress on coastal ecosystems.
Since the climate change phenomena is well evident and did not spare Myanmar, future
agriculture is vulnerable especially in delta areas. The Cyclone Nargis highlighted the
Myanmar vulnerability to high- impact, low frequency natural hazard, and also the need for
the country to undertake a range of action for reducing, mitigating and managing disaster
risks.
(ii)
29
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
3.2.4
Convention, Montreal Protocol, and London Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Although
typical law for climate change has not yet had in the country, there are a number of
environment related laws which are applicable for climate change. Myanmar as the
member of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has already acceded
Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change. Today climate change is a reality, not
a myth. The impacts of climate change on economic and social development of the people
are obvious. The powerful tropical cyclone Nargis recently hit the lower parts of Myanmar,
causing several thousands of causalities and enormous damages. The contribution of forests
as a sink to mitigate of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is significant. On the
other hand, the forests are a source of carbon dioxide when depleted mainly by
anthropogenic activities.
Major priority outputs/ focused activities
(i)
through
Enhancing
crop-water
use
efficiency(e)
through
the
30
development of coping strategies for possible sea level rise in relation
to food crop production in coastal and delta areas (f)
from the
and
eco-friendly agricultural
practices to
counter
anthropogenic GHG,
(iii)
3.3
FAO has a long history of partnership with the Government of Myanmar in its quest
to eradicate hunger, malnutrition and poverty through the development of the agriculture
sector. FAO has also been an active partner of the Government of Myanmar in protecting the
environment and promoting sustainable development and disaster risk management
strategies. Moreover, FAO has gained valuable experience through implementation of the
above mentioned livelihood protection and rehabilitation projects in the cyclone-affected
areas of the Ayeyarwady Delta during 2008.
4.
4.1.
Financial resources
The total financial resource requirement for the implementation of NMPTF is
NMPTF depends very much on the availability of financial resources for which various types
of resources, including those from FAO's regular programme ( TCP, TCP Facility), Trust
Funds from external donors should be explored and tapped. FAO's TCP resources can be
utilized for the implementation of small and medium size national projects which meet TCP
criteria.
TCP Facility will be used for the implementation of projects which fall under the
following categories:
(1) rapidly solve a specific technical problem for which the expertise may not
be immediately available within government services,
31
(2) formulate project proposals or documents in the areas of FAO' mandate,
required for submission to potential funding sources, including to the TCP,
(3) prepare background documents required by the Government, and
(4) carry out small sector and sub sector related studies or assessments as
required by the Government, including facilitating field programme
development and participation in related UN process.
4.2.
outcome where FAO has comparative advantage. Since Myanmar is a country of transition in
economy, whose economic development largely depends on its agricultural development, the
priority area and the need for development is very comprehensive. The NMTPF for 2010 to
2014 is actually designed to serve as the priority outcomes for the development of
agricultural sector aiming to serve as a package which contains several priority activities in
which some activity will be in similar nature and found in more than one package. Therefore,
each priority package serves as all in one and relates to each other. These packages are
supposed to be formulated for better cooperation between Myanmar Government and FAO
through efficient allocation of scare resources.
Actual implementation will depend on the availability of funding from the
Government of Myanmar as well as FAO and other sources. Each priority package will be
subjected to operational level and formulated the program and project accordingly to meet
the desired objectives. The NMTPF is co-owned by the Government of Myanmar and the
FAO and the coordination and implementation mechanism is established based on the
following principle.
In order to implement effectively, a national level project steering committee and
technical sub-committee will be formed. The national level project steering committee will
be comprised the head of concerned institutions under the line ministries. The technical subcommittee will be involved the senior officials with well verse on relevant subject matters
from all institutions under the line ministries and project personals from both concerned
32
ministries and FAO. The technical sub- committee is the implementation body of the priority
package.
The evaluation of the project implementation will be carried out by holding regular
meeting of steering committee at quarterly basic followed by technical sub- committee. The
ad hoc committee meeting will be held if it is needed. The technical sub-committee will
prepare the annual progress report of the implementation of the NMTPF which will be and
discussed at the annual NMTPF Implementation Review Workshop prior to its finalization
and submission to the NMPTF Implementation Committee for clearance and further
submission to the project steering committee.
4.3.
though there is a problem that agriculture is vulnerable to changes of weather, for the time
being, emphasis should be placed on agriculture in order to promote the industrial
development. Also, since it is highly likely that the worldwide demand-supply balance for
foods will be tight in the future, agriculture is a promising industry.
Immediately after submission to the NMTRF steering committee, final consultation
on various partners including the officials of line ministries and departments, UN agencies,
donors, aid agencies, INGOs and academic institutions, NMTPF document is proposed to be
finalized jointly by FAO and concerned ministries. Once finalized the NMTPF by relevant
authority, holding Government and donor briefing meeting is suggested to be organized,
aiming to brief donors and partners on the content of the NMTPF document and its priority
interventions and seek their collaboration and financial support on the implementation of
NMPTF.
5.
CONCLUSION
Myanmar welcomes NMTPF which are an ambitious agenda for agricultural
33
issues as the result of sustainable land use practices, need of clear-cut land use policy, illegal
wildlife trade along transboundary, weak law enforcement, inadequacy of trained staff and
human resources, insufficient availability of fund and equipment, etc.